Shape characteristics of freshly fallen snowflakes and their short-term changes

IAHS-AISH Publication

Volumn , Issue 256, 1999, Pages 111-122

  Fassnacht, S R ^a   Soulis, E D ^a   Kouwen, N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC SCAVENGING; SNOWFLAKES;

CLIMATE CHANGE; FUNCTIONS; PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS; SNOW;

CLIMATOLOGY;

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; SHAPE ANALYSIS; SNOW;

EID: 0033385501     PISSN: 01447815     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Adamson, A. W. & Dormant, L M. (1966) Adsorption of nitrogen on ice at 78 K. J Am Chem. Soc. 88(9), 2055-2057
2. Auer, A. H., Jr & Veal, D L. (1970) The dimensions of ice crystals in natural clouds J. Atmos. Sci 27, 919-926.
3. Calvert, B. & Brock, D. (1972) Silver machine. Part 6 in: Psychedelic Warlords, reissue 1996. Cleopatra, Los Angeles, California.
4. Ghormley, J. A. (1967) Adsorption and occlusion of gases by low temperature forms of ice. J Chem. Phys. 46(4), 1321 -1325.
5. Grunow, J. & Huefner, D. (1959)Observations and analysis of snow crystals for proving the suitability as aerological sonde. Final Report USA Contract DA 91 508 EUC 285, Hohenpeissenberg, Oberbayern AD 217431.
6. Hobbs, P. V., Chang, S. & Locatelli, J. D. (1974) The dimensions and aggregation of ice crystals in natural clouds. J Geophys Res. 79(15), 2199-2206.
7. Hoff, J. T., Gregor, D., Mackay, D., Wania, F. & Jia, C. Q. (1998a) Measurement of the specific area of snow with the nitrogen adsorption technique. Environ Sci. Technol. 32(1), 58-62.
8. Hoff, J T., Wania, F., Mackay, D., Semkin, R. & Jia, C. Q (1998b) Quantifying the atmospheric delivery of organic contaminants into the high arctic manne ecosystem as influenced by snow and ice. Progress Report to the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada.
9. Hogan, A. W. (1994) Objective estimates of airborne snow properties. J Atmos Oceanic Tech. 11, 432-444.
10. Jellinek, H. H. G. & Ibrahim, S. H. (1967) Sintering of powdered ice. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 25, 245-254.
11. Lettau, H. (1969) Note on aerodynamic roughness-parameter estimation on the basis of roughness-element description. J Appl. Met 8(5), 828-832.
12. Li, L. & Pomeroy, J. W. (1997) Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data. J. Appl. Met 36, 205-213.
13. Light, P. (1941) Analysis of high rates of snow-meltig. Trans. Am. Geophy. Un , 195-205.
14. Magono, C. & Lee, C. W. (1966) Meteorological classification of natural snow crystals. J Fuc. Sci Hokkaido Univ , series 7(11), 321-335.
15. Martinelli, M., Jr (1960) Moisture exchange between the atmosphere and alpine snow surfaces under summer conditions (preliminary results). J. Met 17, 227-231.
16. Nakaya, U. (1954) Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial Harvard University Press.
17. Oke, T. R. (1987) Boundary Layer Climate, 2nd edn. Routledge.
18. Ono, A. (1970) Growth mode of ice crystals in natural clouds. J Atmos Sci. 27, 649-658.
19. Rango, A., Wergin, W. P. & Erbe, E. F. (1996)Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy Hydrol. Sci J 41(2), 219-233.
20. Sverdrup, H. U. (1936)The eddy conductivity of the air over a smooth snow field. Geofysiske Publikasjoner 11(7).
21. Thorpe, A. D. & Mason, B. J. (1966)The evaporation of ice spheres and ice crystals. Brit J. Appl. Phys 17, 541-548.
22. Wania, F, (1997) Modelling the behaviour of non-polar organic chemicals in an aging snowpack. Chemosphere 35, 2345-2363.
23. Williams, G. P. (1959) Evaporation from snow covers in Eastern Ontario. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, Res Pap. no. 73.