Reforming the Russian electoral system

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 17-40

  White, Stephen ^a   McAllister, Ian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM; ELECTION; POLITICAL SYSTEM; REFORM PROCESS;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0033381894     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279908415419     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Yu.A. Novikov, Izbiratel'naya sistema Rossii (Moscow: Manuskript, 1996), p.40.
2. Richard Rose, Getting Things Done With Social Capital: New Russia Barometer VII (Glasgow: University of Strathclyde, Centre for the Study of Public Policy, SPP 303, 1998), pp.35-6.
3. Igor' Malashenko, Interview on 'Face to Face', Radio Liberty from Moscow, 23 June 1996.
4. By the late 1990s mixed electoral systems of various kinds had been introduced in 25 states, representing 16 per cent of the world's population: Andre Blais and Louis Massicotte, 'Mixed Electoral Systems: An Overview', Representation, Vol.33 (1996), pp.115-18 (p.115). For a review of the changes that had taken place in the former communist world in particular, see John T. Ishiyama, 'Transitional Electoral Systems in Post-communist Eastern Europe', Political Science Quarterly, Vol.112, No.1 (Spring 1997), pp.95-115, and Olga Shvetsova, 'A Survey of Post-communist Electoral Institutions: 1990-1998', Electoral Studies, Vol.18, No.3 (Sept. 1999), pp.397-409.
5. By the late 1990s mixed electoral systems of various kinds had been introduced in 25 states, representing 16 per cent of the world's population: Andre Blais and Louis Massicotte, 'Mixed Electoral Systems: An Overview', Representation, Vol.33 (1996), pp.115-18 (p.115). For a review of the changes that had taken place in the former communist world in particular, see John T. Ishiyama, 'Transitional Electoral Systems in Post-communist Eastern Europe', Political Science Quarterly, Vol.112, No.1 (Spring 1997), pp.95-115, and Olga Shvetsova, 'A Survey of Post-communist Electoral Institutions: 1990-1998', Electoral Studies, Vol.18, No.3 (Sept. 1999), pp.397-409.
6. By the late 1990s mixed electoral systems of various kinds had been introduced in 25 states, representing 16 per cent of the world's population: Andre Blais and Louis Massicotte, 'Mixed Electoral Systems: An Overview', Representation, Vol.33 (1996), pp.115-18 (p.115). For a review of the changes that had taken place in the former communist world in particular, see John T. Ishiyama, 'Transitional Electoral Systems in Post-communist Eastern Europe', Political Science Quarterly, Vol.112, No.1 (Spring 1997), pp.95-115, and Olga Shvetsova, 'A Survey of Post-communist Electoral Institutions: 1990-1998', Electoral Studies, Vol.18, No.3 (Sept. 1999), pp.397-409.
7. Viktor Zaslavsky and Robert J. Brym, 'The Function of Elections in the USSR', Soviet Studies, Vol.30, No.3 (July 1978), pp.362-71.
8. T.H. Rigby, 'Crypto-politics', Survey, No.50 (Jan. 1964), pp. 183-94.
9. Oliver H. Radkey, The Election of the Russian Constituency Assembly of 1917 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950).
10. Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti, Vol.1 (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1957), p.336; this also contains Lenin's draft of the decree, pp.333-5.
11. Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti, Vol.1 (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1957), p.336; this also contains Lenin's draft of the decree, pp.333-5.
12. B.N. Ponomarev (ed.), Konstitutsiya SSSR. Politiko-pravovoi kommentarii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1982), p.267.
13. Spisok lits, lishennykh izbiratel'nykh prav po g. Samare na 1930 g. (Samara: n.p., 1930; a copy is preserved in the Historical Library in Moscow).
14. Roy Medvedev, How I Ran for Election and How I Lost (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1979).
15. Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1984, No.11, pp.200-203.
16. John Maynard, The Russian Peasant, 2 vols (London: Gollancz, 1942), Vol.2, p.438.
17. Pravda, 7 March 1984, p.1.
18. 'Polozhenie o vyborakh', in Sobranie zakonov SSSR, 1937, No.43, art. 182; and 'Polozhenie o vyborakh' (1950), reprinted in Novikov, Izbiratel'naya sistema, pp.216-45.
19. 'Polozhenie o vyborakh', in Sobranie zakonov SSSR, 1937, No.43, art. 182; and 'Polozhenie o vyborakh' (1950), reprinted in Novikov, Izbiratel'naya sistema, pp.216-45.
20. Jerome M. Gilison, 'Soviet Elections as a Measure of Dissent: The Missing One Percent', American Political Science Review, Vol.62, No.3 (Sept. 1968), pp.814-26.
21. Rasma Karklins, 'Soviet Elections Revisited: Voter Abstention in Noncompetitive Voting', American Political Science Review, Vol.80, No.2 (June 1986), pp.449-69.
22. Philip G. Roeder, 'Electoral Avoidance in the Soviet Union', Soviet Studies, Vol.41, No.3 (July 1989), pp.462-83.
23. M.S. Gorbachev, Izbrannye rechi I stat'i, 7 vols. (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987-90), Vol.4, p.322.
24. Raisa Gorbacheva, Ya nadeyus' (Moscow: Novosti, 1991), p.14.
25. 'O vyborakh narodnykh deputatov SSSR', Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR, 1988, No.49, art. 729.
26. Izvestiya, 22 Nov. 1988, p.2.
27. His own account of the campaign appeared in B.N. Yel'tsin, Ispoved' na zadannuyu temu (Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel', 1990).
28. Izvestiya, 5 April 1989, p.2.
29. Argumenty i fakty, 1989, No.21, p.8.
30. Stephen White, 'The Soviet Elections of 1989: From Acclamation to Limited Choice', Coexistence, Vol.28, No.3 (Dec. 1991), pp.513-39.
31. Sed'moi s"ezd narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii 1-14 dekabrya 1992 goda: stenograficheskii otchet, 4 vols. (Moscow: Respublika, 1993), Vol.3, pp. 126-31.
32. Rossiiskie vesti, 30 April 1993, pp.3-6.
33. Ruslan Khasbulatov, 'Kayaya vlast' nuzhna Rossii', Narodnyi deputat, 1992, No.12, pp. 13-14, and 1992, No. 13, pp.7-8.
34. Proekt Konstitutsii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, podgotovlennyi Konstitutsionnoi komissiei S"ezda narodnykh deputatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii: dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: Respublika, 1993).
35. Rossiiskie vesti, 15 July 1993, pp.3-6.
36. Izvestiya, 25 Dec. 1993, p.1.
37. Yegor Gaidar, Dni porazhenii i pobed (Moscow: Vagrius, 1996), p.294.
38. The revised draft appeared in Izvestiya, 10 Nov. 1993, pp.3-5.
39. Literaturnaya gazeta, 1993, No.46, p.1.
40. Rabochaya tribuna, 9 Dec. 1993, pp.1-3.
41. The official results were published in Byulleten' Tsentral'noi izbiratel'noi komissii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1994, No. 1(12), pp.34-8. For the independent estimate of a turnout of between 38 and 43 per cent see O.G. Rumyantsev, Osnovy konstitutsionnogo stroya Rossii (Moscow: Yurist, 1994), pp.216-17.
42. The official results were published in Byulleten' Tsentral'noi izbiratel'noi komissii Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1994, No. 1(12), pp.34-8. For the independent estimate of a turnout of between 38 and 43 per cent see O.G. Rumyantsev, Osnovy konstitutsionnogo stroya Rossii (Moscow: Yurist, 1994), pp.216-17.
43. Vyacheslav Kostikov, Roman s prezidentom (Moscow: Vagrius, 1997), pp.266-7. Ryabov's private admission was to the philosopher Alexander Tsipko: see Robert Sharlet, 'Transitional Constitutionalism: Politics and Law in the Second Russian Republic', Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol.14, No.3 (Summer 1996), pp.495-521 (p.495).
44. Vyacheslav Kostikov, Roman s prezidentom (Moscow: Vagrius, 1997), pp.266-7. Ryabov's private admission was to the philosopher Alexander Tsipko: see Robert Sharlet, 'Transitional Constitutionalism: Politics and Law in the Second Russian Republic', Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol.14, No.3 (Summer 1996), pp.495-521 (p.495).
45. Moskovskie novosti, 1993, No.25, p.A9.
46. Rossiya, 1993, No.35, p.3.
47. Rossiiskie vesti, 22 June 1993, p.2.
48. Izvestiya, 22 Sept. 1993, p.1, and 24 Sept. 1993, p.3.
49. For the text see Polozhenie o vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy v 1993 godu (Moscow: Izvestiya, 1993).
50. Trud. 2 July 1993, p.1.
51. Rossiya v tsifrakh. Kratkii statisticheskii sbornik (Moscow: Goskomstat Rossii, 1998), p.9.
52. See, for example, Stephen White, Richard Rose and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997), Ch.6;
53. the fullest available account is Timothy J. Colton and Jerry F. Hough (eds.), Growing Pains: Russian Democracy and the Elections of 1993 (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1998).
54. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 31 March 1994, p.4.
55. Ibid., 12 April 1995, p.2.
56. Rossiiskie vesti, 1 April 1995, p.2.
57. Moskovskie novosti, 1995, No. 19, p.8; The figure of 31.4 percent is from Russkaya mysl', 25-31 Dec. 1997, p.3.
58. Moskovskie novosti, 1995, No. 19, p.8; The figure of 31.4 percent is from Russkaya mysl', 25-31 Dec. 1997, p.3.
59. Novoe vremya, 1995, No. 18, pp.8-9.
60. Segodnya, 2 June 1995, p.2.
61. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 12 April 1995, p.2.
62. For these developments, see Robert Orttung, 'Battling Over Election Laws', Transition, Vol.1, No. 15 (25 Aug. 1995), pp.32-6; Vladimir Razmustov, 'Istoriya prinyatiya zakona o vyborakh v Dumu', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, pp.1, 5 (also in Rossiiskii monitor, vyp.7, 1996, pp.9-28); and A.E. Postnikov, Izbiratel'noe pravo Rossii (Moscow: Infra.M-Norma, 1996).
63. For these developments, see Robert Orttung, 'Battling Over Election Laws', Transition, Vol.1, No. 15 (25 Aug. 1995), pp.32-6; Vladimir Razmustov, 'Istoriya prinyatiya zakona o vyborakh v Dumu', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, pp.1, 5 (also in Rossiiskii monitor, vyp.7, 1996, pp.9-28); and A.E. Postnikov, Izbiratel'noe pravo Rossii (Moscow: Infra.M-Norma, 1996).
64. For these developments, see Robert Orttung, 'Battling Over Election Laws', Transition, Vol.1, No. 15 (25 Aug. 1995), pp.32-6; Vladimir Razmustov, 'Istoriya prinyatiya zakona o vyborakh v Dumu', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, pp.1, 5 (also in Rossiiskii monitor, vyp.7, 1996, pp.9-28); and A.E. Postnikov, Izbiratel'noe pravo Rossii (Moscow: Infra.M-Norma, 1996).
65. For these developments, see Robert Orttung, 'Battling Over Election Laws', Transition, Vol.1, No. 15 (25 Aug. 1995), pp.32-6; Vladimir Razmustov, 'Istoriya prinyatiya zakona o vyborakh v Dumu', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, pp.1, 5 (also in Rossiiskii monitor, vyp.7, 1996, pp.9-28); and A.E. Postnikov, Izbiratel'noe pravo Rossii (Moscow: Infra.M-Norma, 1996).
66. Rossiiskie vesti, 14 April 1995, p.1.
67. Segodnya, 16 May 1995, p.2.
68. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5. The text of the law as adopted is in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and also in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1995, No.26, art. 2398. For a legal commentary see V.I. Vasil'ev and A.E. Postnikov, Kommentarii k Federal'nomu zakonu o vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy (Moscow: Bek, 1995).
69. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5. The text of the law as adopted is in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and also in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1995, No.26, art. 2398. For a legal commentary see V.I. Vasil'ev and A.E. Postnikov, Kommentarii k Federal'nomu zakonu o vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy (Moscow: Bek, 1995).
70. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5. The text of the law as adopted is in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and also in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1995, No.26, art. 2398. For a legal commentary see V.I. Vasil'ev and A.E. Postnikov, Kommentarii k Federal'nomu zakonu o vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy (Moscow: Bek, 1995).
71. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Nov. 1995, p.5. The text of the law as adopted is in Rossiiskaya gazeta, 28 June 1995, pp.3-7, and also in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1995, No.26, art. 2398. For a legal commentary see V.I. Vasil'ev and A.E. Postnikov, Kommentarii k Federal'nomu zakonu o vyborakh deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy (Moscow: Bek, 1995).
72. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11 June 1995, p.1.
73. For the full results and a discussion see White et al., How Russia Votes, Chs.10 and 11; the official results were published in A.G. Beloborodov et al., Vybory deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy. 1995. Elektoral'naya statistika (Moscow: Ves' mir, 1996).
74. For the full results and a discussion see White et al., How Russia Votes, Chs.10 and 11; the official results were published in A.G. Beloborodov et al., Vybory deputatov Gosudarstvennoi Dumy. 1995. Elektoral'naya statistika (Moscow: Ves' mir, 1996).
75. Otto Latsis in Izvestiya, 23 Dec. 1995, p.1.
76. Rossiiskie vesti, 23 Dec. 1997, p.2.
77. Izvestiya, 23 Jan. 1998, p.1. Survey results suggested that only 16 per cent of Russians favoured retaining party lists, and that 50 per cent wanted to abolish them: Rossiiskie vesti, 30 Oct. 1997, p.1.
78. Izvestiya, 23 Jan. 1998, p.1. Survey results suggested that only 16 per cent of Russians favoured retaining party lists, and that 50 per cent wanted to abolish them: Rossiiskie vesti, 30 Oct. 1997, p.1.
79. Izvestiya, 20 Nov. 1997, p.2.
80. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 28 Jan. 1998, p.3.
81. Ibid.
82. Izvestiya, 20 Nov. 1997, p.2.
83. Viktor Sheinis in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 29 Jan. 1998, p.3.
84. Novye izvestiya, 18 Nov. 1998, p.1.
85. For this figure see Nezavisimaya gazeta, 5 Sept. 1997, p.5.
86. Izvestiya, 19 Dec. 1998, p.5; Sheinis argued similarly in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 4 Sept. 1997, p.5.
87. Izvestiya, 19 Dec. 1998, p.5; Sheinis argued similarly in Nezavisimaya gazeta, 4 Sept. 1997, p.5.
88. V.V. Lapaeva in Gosudarstvo i pravo, 1996, No. 9, p.31.
89. Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 1997, No. 1, p.23; the Political Consultative Council attached to the presidency made a similar recommendation (Segodnya, 3 Oct. 1998, p.2).
90. Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 1997, No. 1, p.23; the Political Consultative Council attached to the presidency made a similar recommendation (Segodnya, 3 Oct. 1998, p.2).
91. Gosudarstvo i pravo, 1996, No. 9, p.32.
92. For the text of the law see note 84 below.
93. Izvestiya, 18 Feb. 1998, p.2.
94. Ibid., 19 March 1998, p.2.
95. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 30 July 1999, p.1.
96. Izvestiya, 15 Jan. 1999, p.4.
97. Ibid., 19 Jan. 1999, p.4.
98. Rossiiskaya Federatsiya, 1997, No. 1, p.22.
99. S.A. Avak'yan et al., Izbiratel'noe pravo i izbiratel'naya praktika v Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Izdatel'stvo NORMA, 1999), p.154.
100. Izvestiya, 3 Feb. 1998, p.4; a riposte appeared in ibid., 25 Feb. 1998, p.5.
101. Izvestiya, 3 Feb. 1998, p.4; a riposte appeared in ibid., 25 Feb. 1998, p.5.
102. Ibid., 27 Feb. 1998, p.2.
103. Text in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1997, No.38, item 4339; for the revisions see ibid., 1999, No. 14, art. 1653. There is a discussion of the law in Joseph Middleton, 'The New Russian Law on Electoral Rights', East European Constitutional Review, Vol.7, No.3 (Summer 1998), pp.59-63.
104. Text in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1997, No.38, item 4339; for the revisions see ibid., 1999, No. 14, art. 1653. There is a discussion of the law in Joseph Middleton, 'The New Russian Law on Electoral Rights', East European Constitutional Review, Vol.7, No.3 (Summer 1998), pp.59-63.
105. Text in Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1997, No.38, item 4339; for the revisions see ibid., 1999, No. 14, art. 1653. There is a discussion of the law in Joseph Middleton, 'The New Russian Law on Electoral Rights', East European Constitutional Review, Vol.7, No.3 (Summer 1998), pp.59-63.
106. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 3 June 1999, p.1.
107. Izvestiya, 14 May 1999, p.2.
108. Segodnya, 3 June 1999, p.2.
109. Izvestiya, 10 June 1999, p.4; for the text, see Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1999, No. 26, art. 3178.
110. Izvestiya, 10 June 1999, p.4; for the text, see Sobranie zakonodatel'stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1999, No. 26, art. 3178.
111. Segodnya, 3 June 1999, p.2.
112. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 10 Aug. 1999, p.1.
113. Ibid., 30 July 1999, p.3.