A wind tunnel investigation of interactions between supercooled precipitation-size water drops

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 56, Issue 17, 1999, Pages 3079-3090

  Czys, Robert R ^b   Lew, Jeffrey ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS; CLOUDS; RAIN; TWO DIMENSIONAL; WIND TUNNELS;

COLLISION FREEZING; TUNNEL RAIN SHOWER;

PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; DROPLET; SUPERCOOLING; WIND TUNNEL;

EID: 0033378303     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3079:AWTIOI>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Alkezweeny, A. J., 1968: The fragmentation of freezing water droplets in free fall. Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington. 88 pp. [Available from Department of Atmospheric Sciences, AR-40, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.]
2. _, 1969: Freezing of supercooled water droplets due to collision. J. Appl. Meteor, 8, 994-995.
3. Atlas, D., R. C. Srivastava, and R. S. Sekhon, 1973: Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 11, 1-35.
4. Baumgardner, D., W. Strapp, and J. E. Dye, 1985: Evaluation of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe. Part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead-time losses. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 626-632.
5. Beard, K. V., 1992: Ice initiation in warm-base convective clouds: An assessment of microphysical mechanisms. Atmos. Res., 28, 125-152.
6. _, and H. R. Pruppacher, 1969: A determination of the terminal velocity and drag of small water drops by means of a wind tunnel. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1066-1072.
7. Berry, E. X., and R. L. Reinhardt, 1974a: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part I. Double distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1814-1824.
8. _, and _, 1974b: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part II. Single initial distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1825-1831.
9. _, and _, 1974c: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part III. Accretion and self-collection. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2118-2126.
10. _, and _, 1974d: An analysis of cloud drop growth by collection: Part IV. A new parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 2127-2135.
11. Best, A. C., 1950: Empirical formulae for the terminal velocity of water drops falling through the atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 76, 302-311.
12. Braham, R. R., Jr., 1964: What is the role of ice in summer rainshowers? J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 640-645.
13. Changnon, S. A., R. R. Czys, R. W. Scott, and N. E. Westcott. 1991: The Illinois precipitation modification program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 587-604.
14. Czys, R. R., 1989: Ice initiation by collisional forcing in warm-based cumuli. J. Appl. Meteor., 28, 1098-1104.
15. _, 1991: A preliminary appraisal of the microphysical nature and seedability of warm-based midwestern clouds at - 10°C. J. Wea. Modif., 23, 1-17.
16. _. 1994: Preliminary laboratory results on the coalescence of precipitation-size drops falling freely in a refrigerated environment. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3209-3218.
17. _, and M. S. Petersen, 1992: A roughness detection technique for objectively classifying drops and graupel in 2D image records. J. Atmos Oceanic Technol., 9, 242-257.
18. _, S. A. Changnon, N. E. Westcott, R. W. Scott, and M. S. Petersen, 1995: Responses of warm-based, Midwestern cumulus congestus to dynamic seeding trials. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 1194-1214.
19. Hallett, J., R. I. Sax, D. Lamb, and A. S. Ramachandra Murty, 1978: Aircraft measurements of ice in Florida cumuli. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 631-651.
20. Hobbs, P. V., and A. J. Alkezweeny. 1968: The fragmentation of freezing water drops in free fall. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 881-888.
21. _, and A. L. Rangno. 1985: Ice particle concentrations in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2523-2549.
22. Hoffer, T. E., and R. R. Braham Jr., 1962: A laboratory study of atmospheric ice particles. J. Atmos. Sci., 19, 232-235.
23. Huffman, G. J., and G. A. Norman Jr., 1988: The supercooled warm-rain process and the specification of freezing precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2172-2182.
24. Hunt, J. D., and K. A. Jackson, 1966: Nucleation of solid in an undercooled liquid by cavitation. J. Appl. Phys., 37, 254-257.
25. Johnson, D. B., 1987: On the relative efficiency of coalescence and riming. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1671-1680.
26. Koenig, L. R., 1963: The glaciating behavior of small cumulonimbus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 29-47.
27. Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Meteor., 5, 165-166.
28. Mossop, S. C., 1985: The origin and concentration of ice crystals in clouds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 66, 264-273.
29. _, R. E. Ruskin, and K. J. Heffernan, 1968: Glaciation of a cumulus at approximately -4°C. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 889-899.
30. _, A. Ono, and E. R. Wishart, 1970: Ice particles in maritime clouds near Tasmania. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 96, 487-508.
31. _, R. E. Cottis, and B. M. Bartlett, 1972: Ice crystal concentrations in cumulus and stratocumulus clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 105-123.
32. Pitter, R. L., and H. R. Pruppacher, 1973: A wind tunnel investigation of freezing of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 540-550.
33. Rogers, R. R., 1989: Raindrop collision rates. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2469-2472.
34. Tang, K. C., and R. R. Czys, 1994: A one dimensional numerical model for the computation of the transient temperature of liquid and solid drops in free-fall. Illinois State Water Survey, Misc. Pub. 160, 10 pp. [Available from Library Services, Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign, IL 61820.]