The 'benefits' of distractibility: Mechanisms underlying increased stroop effects in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 749-762

  Barch, Deanna M ^a   Carter, Cameron S ^b   Hachten, P Charles ^b   Usher, Marius ^b   Cohen, Jonathan D ^b  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Inhibition; Schizophrenia; Stroop

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REACTION TIME; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 0033376850     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033416     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Abramczyk, R.R.; Jordan, D.E.; and Hegel, M. "Reverse" Stroop effect in the performance of schizophrenics. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56:99-106, 1983.
2. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: The Association, 1994.
3. Baldessarini, R.J. Chemotherapy in Psychiatry. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985.
4. Barch, D.M.; Carter, C.S.; Perlstein, W.; Baird, J.; Cohen, J.; and Schooler, N. Increased Stroop facilitation effects in schizophrenia are not due to increased automatic spreading activation. Schizophrenia Research, 39:51-64, 1999.
5. Barch, D.M.; Cohen, J.D.; Servan-Schreiber, D.; Steingard, S.S.; Steinhauer, S.; and van Kammen, D. Semantic priming in schizophrenia: An examination of spreading activation using word pronunciation and multiple SOAs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105:592-601, 1996.
6. Bleuler, E. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York, NY: International Universities Press, 1950.
7. Carter, C.S.; Robertson, L.C.; and Nordahl, T.E. Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in schizophrenia: Selective enhancement of Stroop facilitation. Psychiatry Research, 41:137-146, 1992.
8. Carter, C.S.; Robertson, L.C.; Nordahl, T.E.; O'Shora-Celaya, L.J.; and Chaderjian, M.C. Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in schizophrenia: The role of illness subtype. Psychiatry Research, 48:17-26, 1993.
9. Chapman, L.J.; Chapman, J.P.; Curran, T.E.; and Miller, M.B. Do children and the elderly show heightened semantic priming? How to answer the question. Developmental Review, 14:159-185, 1994.
10. Cohen, J.D.; Barch, D.M.; Carter, C.S.; and Servan-Schreiber, D. Schizophrenic deficits in the processing of context: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108:120-133, 1999.
11. Cohn, J.D., and Carter, C.S. Stroop facilitation and interference: Same or different mechanisms. Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Second Annual Meeting, 98:1995.
12. Cohen, J.D., and Huston, T.A. Progress in the use of interactive models for understanding attention and performance. In: Umiltà, C., and Moscovitch, M., eds. Attention and Performance XV. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994. pp. 1-19.
13. Cohen, J.D.; MacWhinney, B.; Flatt, M.R.; and Provost, J. PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 25:257-271, 1993.
14. Cohen, J.D., and Servan-Schreiber, D. Context, cortex and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99:45-77, 1992.
15. Cohen, J.D.; Servan-Schreiber, D.; and McClelland, J.L. A parallel distributed processing approach to automaticity. American Journal of Psychology, 105:239-269, 1992.
16. Cuesta, M.J., and Paralita, V. Psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21:473-482, 1995.
17. Davis, J.; Janicak, P.; Linden, R.; Moloney, J.; and Pavkovic, I. Neuroleptics and psychotic disorders. In: Cle, J.T., and Enna, S.J., eds. Neuroleptics: Neurochemical, Behavioral, and Clinical Perspectives. New York, NY: Raven Press, 1983. pp. 15-64.
18. Everett, J.; Laplante, L.; and Thomas, J. The selective attention deficit in schizophrenia: Limited resources or cognitive fatigue? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177:735-738, 1989.
19. Francis, W.N., and Kucera, H. Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1982.
20. Golden, C.J. Identification of brain disorders by the Stroop color and word test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32:664-658, 1976.
21. Kay, S. Positive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia. New York: Brunner/Marzel, 1991.
22. Keppel, G. Design and Analysis: A Researcher's Handbook. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
23. Klein, G.S. Semantic power measured through the interference of words with color-naming. American Journal of Psychology, 77:576-588, 1964.
24. Kraepelin, E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. New York, NY: International Universities Press, Inc., 1950.
25. Liddle, P.F. Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia: A reexamination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151:145-151, 1987.
26. Liddle, P.F., and Barnes, T.R. Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157:558-561, 1990.
27. MacLeod, C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109:163-203, 1991.
28. Neter, J.; Wasserman, W.; and Kutner, M.H. Applied Linear Statistical Models. Boston, MA: Irwin Press, 1990.
29. Proctor, R.W. Sources of color-word interference in the Stroop color-naming task. Perception and Psychophysics, 23:413-419, 1978.
30. Redding, G.M., and Gerjets, D.A. Stroop effect interference and facilitation with verbal and manual responses. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45:11-17, 1977.
31. Rosenthal, R., and Rosnow, R.L. Contrast Analysis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
32. Schooler, C.; Neumann, E.; Caplan, L.J.; and Roberts, B.R. A time course analysis of Stroop interference and facilitation: Comparing normal and schizophrenic individuals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126:19-36, 1997.
33. Shrout, P.E., and Fleiss, J.L. Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86:420-428, 1979.
34. Spitzer, R.L.; Williams, J.B.W.; Gibbon, M.; and First, M.B. Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R -patient edition (SCID-P), Version 1.0. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990.
35. Stroop, J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18:643-662, 1935.
36. Taylor, S.F.; Kornblum, S.; and Tandon, R. Facilitation and interference of selective attention in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 30:251-259, 1996.
37. Wapner, S., and Krus, D.M. Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide, and differences between normals and schizophrenics, on the Stroop Color-Word Test. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 2:76-81, 1960.
38. Wysocki, J.J., and Sweet, J.I. Identification of brain-damaged, schizophrenic, and normal medical patients using a brief neuropsychological screening battery. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7:40-44, 1985.