Ossetiya - Land of uncertain frontiers and manipulative elites

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 501-534

  Birch, Julian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELITE POLITICS; ETHNIC CONFLICT; TERRITORIAL DISPUTE;

OSSETIYA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0033376208     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713656169     Document Type: Article

References (319)

1. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (New York: Macmillan, 1982), Vol. 30 p 459; R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union - Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (Cambridge: MA, 1962), p 212; and D. M. Lang, A Modern History of Georgia (London: 1962), p 228.
2. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (New York: Macmillan, 1982), Vol. 30 p 459; R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union - Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (Cambridge: MA, 1962), p 212; and D. M. Lang, A Modern History of Georgia (London: 1962), p 228.
3. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (New York: Macmillan, 1982), Vol. 30 p 459; R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union - Communism and Nationalism 1917-1923 (Cambridge: MA, 1962), p 212; and D. M. Lang, A Modern History of Georgia (London: 1962), p 228.
4. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
5. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
6. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
7. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
8. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
9. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
10. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
11. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
12. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
13. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
14. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
15. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
16. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
17. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
18. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
19. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
20. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
21. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
22. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
23. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
24. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
25. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
26. For studies of this conflict see: E. Fuller, The South Ossetiyan campaign for unification', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, No. 49, 1989, pp 17-20; E. Fuller, 'South Ossetiya - analysis of a permanent crisis', RFE/RL Report on the USSR, 15 February 1991, pp 20-21; Committee on the Status of the South Ossetiyan Autonomous Region, From the history of the interrelations of the Georgian and Ossetiyan peoples (Tbilisi: Tsodna, 1991) ; T. Kulumbegov, 'Vina lish v tom chto rodilis' osetinami', in Literaturnaya Rossiya, 20 March 1991, pp 3-4; D. Slider, 'The politics of Georgia's independence', Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp 75-77; Helsinki Watch, Bloodshed in the Caucasus - violations of humanitarian law and human rights in the Georgia-South Ossetiyan conflict (New York and Washington: Helsinki Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992); A. Bakrudze et al. (eds) Osetinskiy Vopros (Tbilisi: Samoschoblo, 1994); N.V. Siukaev, Dve Tragedii Yuzhnoi Osetii (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A. Totadze, The population of Abkhazia The Ossets in Georgia (Tbilisi: Samschoblo, 1994); S.T. Hunter, The Transcaucasus in Transition - Nation Building and Conflict (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994), pp 122-124; J. Birch, 'Osseliya - a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 1995, pp 43-74; G. Zhorzholoiani el al. Historic, political and legal aspects of the Georgian-Ossetiyan conflict (Tbilisi: Georgian Academy of Sciences, 1995); B. Coppieters (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels: Vubpress, 1995), chapters 1 and 2; M. Dravis, 'South Ossetiyans in Georgia', Minorities at Risk Project, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland, November 1995; R. Gachechiladze, The New Georgia - Space, Society, Politics (London: UCL Press, 1995), chapter 9, pp 181-182; M.K. Dzhysoiti (ed.) Iz Istorii Osetino-Gruzinskikh Vzaimootnoshenii (Tskhinvali, 1995); J. Birch, 'The Georgian/South Ossetiyan Territorial and Boundary Dispute', in J.F.R. Wright et al. Transcaucasian Boundaries (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp 121-189; D. Sammut and N. Cvetkovski, The Georgia-South Ossetiya Conflict', in Confidence Building Matters (London: Vertic), No. 6, March 1996; J. Aves, Georgia - from Chaos to Stability? (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1996). pp 34-37; M. Ekedahl and M. A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (London: Hurst, 1997): F. Corley, 'South Ossetiya between Gamsakhurdia and Gorbachev - three documents', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1997, pp 269-275; E. O'Ballance, Wars in the Caucasus 1990-1995 (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp 99-102,117-119 and 159-160; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris), 1998.
27. R. Conquest, The Nation Killers (London: Macmillan, 1970), pp 102 and 144; and Izvestiya (Moscow) 12 March 1992.
28. R. Conquest, The Nation Killers (London: Macmillan, 1970), pp 102 and 144; and Izvestiya (Moscow) 12 March 1992.
29. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
30. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
31. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
32. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
33. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
34. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
35. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
36. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
37. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
38. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
39. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
40. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
41. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
42. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
43. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
44. For studies of this conflict see: I.A. Dementyeva, 'Voina i mir v Prigorodnom raione', Izvestiya, Nos 14-18, 25-29 January 1993; Ingushskaya tragediya, Moscow, 1993; K. Chelekhsaty (ed.) Ossetiya i Ossetiny (Vladikavkaz, 1994); A.A. Zuziev, 'Istoricheskie aspekty territorial'nogo konflikta mezhdu Ingushskoi respublikoi i Respublikoi Severnaya Ossetiya', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Konfliktnaya etnichnost' i etnicheskie konflikty (Moscow: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (IEA), 1994), pp 181-191; G.U. Soldatova, 'Ingushetiya i Severnaya Osseliya - sotsial' no-psikhologicheskie determinanty mezhetntcheskoi napryazhennosti', in L.M. Drobizheva (ed.) Natsional'noe samosoznanie i natsionalizm v Rossiskoi Federatsii nachala 1990-h godov (Moscow, IEA, 1994), pp 153-180; Problemy Bezhentsev v Ingushetii (Moscow: ISPI RAS, 1994); O.P. Orlov (ed.) Cherez dva goda posle voiny. Problema vynuzhdennikh pereselentsev v zone osentino-ingushskogo konflikta (Moscow: Memorial, 1994); S.A. Arutyunov, The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Northern Caucasus, Project on Ethnicity and Nationalism Paper 1 (Washington, DC: International Research and Exchange Board, 1994); J. Birch, 'Osseliya - A Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1995, pp 43-74; S. Tscherwonnaja, 'Der ossetisch-ingushetishe Konflikt im Nordkaukasus', Osteuropa, 1995, Vol. 45, No, 8, pp 737-754, and 1995, Vol. 45, No. 9, 1995, pp 825-832; A. Ch. Kasaev, 'Ossetiya-Ingushetiya', in J. Azrael and E. A. Payin (eds) US and Russian Policy Making with respect to the Use of Force (Rand Publications CF-129-CRES, 1996), chapter 1; V. Tishkov, "The Anatomy of Ethnic Cleansing; The Ingush-Ossetiyan Conflict', in V. Tishkov (ed.) Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union (London: Sage Publications, 1997), chapter 8; C. Blandy, 'Prigorodnyy Rayon - the Continuing Dispute' (Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997); L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 4 May 1998; S. Smith, Allah's Mountains - Politics and War in the Russian Caucasus (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
45. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (1982), Vol, 30, p 459; Pipes op cit, p 218; and Lang op cit, p 228.
46. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (1982), Vol, 30, p 459; Pipes op cit, p 218; and Lang op cit, p 228.
47. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (1982), Vol, 30, p 459; Pipes op cit, p 218; and Lang op cit, p 228.
48. Pipes, p 212.
49. Lang, p 228.
50. Ibid., p 228-229.
51. Sec S.V. Kharmanderyan, Lenini. Stanovlenic Zukavkavzkoy Federatsii 1921-1923 (Erevan, 1969), especially pp 35-114.
52. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Vol. 30 (1982), p 459 and Vol. 23 (1979), p 394.
53. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Vol. 30 (1982), p 459 and Vol. 23 (1979), p 394.
54. Associated Press, 9 April 1991.
55. See for example his statements cited in Literaturuli Sakartvelo (Tbilisi), 8 June 1990 and 5 October 1990; The Guardian (London), 14 February 1991: and Vestnik Gruzii, 9 March 1991.
56. See for example his statements cited in Literaturuli Sakartvelo (Tbilisi), 8 June 1990 and 5 October 1990; The Guardian (London), 14 February 1991: and Vestnik Gruzii, 9 March 1991.
57. See for example his statements cited in Literaturuli Sakartvelo (Tbilisi), 8 June 1990 and 5 October 1990; The Guardian (London), 14 February 1991: and Vestnik Gruzii, 9 March 1991.
58. Kommunistl (Tbilisi), 3 November 1988.
59. See E. Fuller, 'The South Ossetiyan Campaign for Unification', Report on the USSR, 1989, No, 49, pp 17-20.
60. See The Independent (London), 7 February 1990.
61. Literatuli Sakartvelo, 8 June 1990.
62. Ibid., 5 October 1990.
63. Cited in The Guardian, 14 February 1991.
64. Vestnik Gruzii, 9 March 1991.
65. Associated Press, 28 October 1990.
66. See Zarya Vostoka (Tbilisi), 21 September 1990 and 16 November 1990.
67. See text in Kommunisti, 19 October 1990.
68. Cited in The Guardian, 13 February 1991.
69. International Herald Tribune, 22 March 1991.
70. A South Ossetiyan cited by Le Monde (Paris), 18 September 1991.
71. International Herald Tribune, 22 March 1991.
72. Reuters in The Daily Telegraph (London), 10 April 1992.
73. International Herald Tribune, 4 October 1991.
74. TASS (Moscow), 4 June 1991.
75. Ibid., 24 October 1991.
76. See interview of 10 January 1991 in The Times, London, 11 January 1991.
77. Ibid.
78. Interview in The Guardian, 14 February 1991.
79. International Herald Tribune, 4 October 1991.
80. TASS, 25 June 1991.
81. For the rejection of this by the chairman of the North Ossetiyan supreme soviet see TASS, 10 August 1991.
82. International Herald Tribune, 4 October 1991.
83. ITAR-TASS (Moscow) and Iprintla (Tbilisi), 21 May 1992.
84. Zarya Vostoka, 23 March 1990.
85. Moskovskiye Novosti (Moscow), 21 June 1992. On 22 June, Yeltsin claimed some 5000 Ossets were fleeing Tskhinvali every day - Agence France Presse, Paris, 23 June 1992.
86. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Moscow, 8 July 1992. Later sources estimate 40-55,000 fled from inner districts of Georgia - see Moscow News, 19 November 1992.
87. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Moscow, 8 July 1992. Later sources estimate 40-55,000 fled from inner districts of Georgia - see Moscow News, 19 November 1992.
88. Although not as great as the more than 20% of the North Ossetiyan population claimed in Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 8 July 1992.
89. Some 800,000 said to be registered there in September 1991 - see Sovetskoe Rossiya, Moscow, 17 September 1991. See also Izvestiya, 9 December 1991.
90. Some 800,000 said to be registered there in September 1991 - see Sovetskoe Rossiya, Moscow, 17 September 1991. See also Izvestiya, 9 December 1991.
91. Moskovskiye Novosti, 21 June 1992.
92. Izvestiya, 16 June 1992.
93. In Stavropol Krai, by October 1992, there were 45,663 temporarily resettled refugees from various Transcaucasion flashpoints. Only 666 had been provided with jobs. Other refugees were located in Krasnodar Krai and Rostov province - Pravda, 13 October 1992.
94. See Moskovskiye Novosti, 21 June 1992.
95. S. Arutyunov, 'Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus', Slavic Research Centre Winter Symposium, 1997, Hokkaido, January-February.
96. Izvestiya, 11 June 1992.
97. Ibid., 15 June 1992.
98. TASS, 30 August 1993.
99. E. Fuller, 'Between Anarchy and Despotism', Transition, 15 February 1995, p 65.
100. Resonance (internet edition), Nos 12 and 17, April 1997,
101. Svobodnaya Gruziya, 29 July 1995.
102. Yuzhnaya Ossetiya, No. 3, 12 February 1997.
103. Ibid., No. 5, 19 February 1997.
104. OSCE Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1997.
105. Resonansi No. 124, 9 May 1997.
106. Ibid., No. 314, 15 November 1997.
107. C. van der Leeuw: South Ossetiya moves slowly towards compromise, in Turkistan Newsletter, 98-92: 147, 8 September 1998.
108. The Guardian, London, 23 July 1992.
109. Interview with Georgian peacekeeper Gen. Panteleymon Giorgadze, Moscow Radio, 7 December 1992.
110. Report of OSCE Review Conference, Vienna, November 1996.
111. Yuzhnaya Ossetiya, No. 5, 19 February 1997.
112. Resonance (internet edition), No. 9, March 1997.
113. Resonansi, No. 275, 7 October 1997.
114. Resonance (internet edition), No. 17, April 1997.
115. Resonansi, No. 107, 22 April 1997.
116. P. Kilpadi in The Forced Migration Alert, Soros Organization, 7 November 1997 on the internet at http://www.soros.org/fmalert/0193.html
117. Resonansi, No. 107, 22 April 1997.
118. R.I.A. Novosti, 30 September 1997.
119. Resonansi, No. 314, 15 November 1997. It has been reported that 52 Ossetiyan families returned in 1997 from Ingushetiya to South Ossetiya - see L. Fuller, 'Rubik's cube in Ossetiya', RFF/RL Newsline Endnote, 4 May 1998.
120. Resonansi, No. 314, 15 November 1997. It has been reported that 52 Ossetiyan families returned in 1997 from Ingushetiya to South Ossetiya - see L. Fuller, 'Rubik's cube in Ossetiya', RFF/RL Newsline Endnote, 4 May 1998.
121. C. van de Leeuw, op. cit.
122. Conflicts and Negotiations, International Center on Conflicts and Negotiations, Nos 11/12, October-December, 1996.
123. Georgia Today, December 1994, p 4.
124. Reuters, 26 November 1995.
125. See Conflicts and Negotiations, Nos 11/12, October-December, 1996.
126. . Iprinda, 5 November 1996 and ITAR TASS, 9 November 1996.
127. . Iprinda, 5 November 1996 and ITAR TASS, 9 November 1996.
128. Reuters, Tbilisi, 11 November 1996; Jamestown Monitor, Vol. II, No. 215, 15. November 1996; P. Goble, 'Voting for Instability in the Caucasus', RFE/RL Analysis from Washington, 20 November 1996.
129. Reuters, Tbilisi, 11 November 1996; Jamestown Monitor, Vol. II, No. 215, 15. November 1996; P. Goble, 'Voting for Instability in the Caucasus', RFE/RL Analysis from Washington, 20 November 1996.
130. Reuters, Tbilisi, 11 November 1996; Jamestown Monitor, Vol. II, No. 215, 15. November 1996; P. Goble, 'Voting for Instability in the Caucasus', RFE/RL Analysis from Washington, 20 November 1996.
131. Ibid.
132. OMRI Daily Digest, 2 January 1997.
133. Ibid., 16 and 21 January 1997.
134. Resonance (internet edition), No. 4, February 1997.
135. See press conference by him in Akhali Taoba, 17 June 1997
136. Molodyozh Ossetii, No. 3, 22 February 1997.
137. Yuzhnaya Ossetiya, No. 5, 19 February 1997.
138. See Resonance (internet edition). No. 9, March 1997; OSCE Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1997; OMRI Daily Digest, Vol. 47, No. 1, 7 March 1997.
139. See Resonance (internet edition). No. 9, March 1997; OSCE Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1997; OMRI Daily Digest, Vol. 47, No. 1, 7 March 1997.
140. See Resonance (internet edition). No. 9, March 1997; OSCE Newsletter, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1997; OMRI Daily Digest, Vol. 47, No. 1, 7 March 1997.
141. Svobodnaya Gruziya, No. 174, 11 July 1998 and Resonansi, No. 283, 15 November 1997.
142. Svobodnaya Gruziya, No. 174, 11 July 1998 and Resonansi, No. 283, 15 November 1997.
143. ITAR TASS, 19 August 1997.
144. Caucasus Press, 26 March 1998.
145. Resonansi, No. 314, 15 November 1997.
146. Le Monde, Paris, 12 August 1998 and Resonansi, Tbilisi, No. 124, 9 May 1998.
147. Le Monde, Paris, 12 August 1998 and Resonansi, Tbilisi, No. 124, 9 May 1998.
148. C. van der Leeuw, 'South Ossetiya moves slowly towards compromise', Turkistan Newsletter, Vol. 98-2, No. 147. 8 September 1998.
149. Yuzhnaya Ossetiya, No. 6, 26 February 1997.
150. Le Monde, 12 August 1998.
151. Resonansi, No. 80, 26 March 1997.
152. Nezavisimava Gazeta, 2 April 1998.
153. Ibid., 28 May 1998.
154. Ibid., 2 April 1998.
155. L. Fuller, 'Rubik's Cube in Ossetiya', RFE/RL Newsline, endnote, 3 May 1998.
156. Interfax, 13 May 1998.
157. Ibid, and RFE/RL Newsline, Vol. 2, No. 91, Part 1, 14 May 1998.
158. Compare the figures given in V. N. Zemskov, 'Spetsposelentsy (po dokumentatsii NKVD-MVD SSSR)', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1990, No. II, pp 3-17; Voprosy islorii, 1990, No. 7, pp 32-44; H. Krag and I. Funch, The North Caucasus Minorities at the Crossroads, Minority Rights Group Report, December 1994; and Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 31 July 1997.
159. Compare the figures given in V. N. Zemskov, 'Spetsposelentsy (po dokumentatsii NKVD-MVD SSSR)', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1990, No. II, pp 3-17; Voprosy islorii, 1990, No. 7, pp 32-44; H. Krag and I. Funch, The North Caucasus Minorities at the Crossroads, Minority Rights Group Report, December 1994; and Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 31 July 1997.
160. Compare the figures given in V. N. Zemskov, 'Spetsposelentsy (po dokumentatsii NKVD-MVD SSSR)', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1990, No. II, pp 3-17; Voprosy islorii, 1990, No. 7, pp 32-44; H. Krag and I. Funch, The North Caucasus Minorities at the Crossroads, Minority Rights Group Report, December 1994; and Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 31 July 1997.
161. Compare the figures given in V. N. Zemskov, 'Spetsposelentsy (po dokumentatsii NKVD-MVD SSSR)', Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, 1990, No. II, pp 3-17; Voprosy islorii, 1990, No. 7, pp 32-44; H. Krag and I. Funch, The North Caucasus Minorities at the Crossroads, Minority Rights Group Report, December 1994; and Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 31 July 1997.
162. A Nekrych, Nakazannye narodyy (New York: 1978), p 124.
163. Tishkov, op. cit., p 169.
164. Ibid., p 176.
165. Ibid., pp 176-177.
166. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 29 October 1992.
167. See table of casualties in J. Birch, op. cit., 1995, p 62;
168. Russia Radio, 2 November 1992.
169. ITAR-TASS, 23 November 1992.
170. Interfax, 26 November 1992.
171. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 18 November 1992 and Le Monde, 19 November 1992. The lower and later figure is that of Tishkov (op. cit., p 179) and probably more reliable than the earlier guestimates. Ossetiyan homes were also looted and destroyed even in Vladikavkaz - Izvestiya, 2 November 1992.
172. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 18 November 1992 and Le Monde, 19 November 1992. The lower and later figure is that of Tishkov (op. cit., p 179) and probably more reliable than the earlier guestimates. Ossetiyan homes were also looted and destroyed even in Vladikavkaz - Izvestiya, 2 November 1992.
173. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 18 November 1992 and Le Monde, 19 November 1992. The lower and later figure is that of Tishkov (op. cit., p 179) and probably more reliable than the earlier guestimates. Ossetiyan homes were also looted and destroyed even in Vladikavkaz - Izvestiya, 2 November 1992.
174. Orlov, op. cit., p 23.
175. Krasnaya Zvezda, 27 November 1992.
176. Ostankino TV Channel 1, 17 November 1992.
177. Le Monde, 12 November 1992.
178. See, e.g. Ostankino TV report, Channel 1, 1 December 1992.
179. Moscow TV, Channel 1, 23 November 1992.
180. The Guardian, 12 November 1992 - a claim repeated in the same publication on 20 November.
181. ITAR-TASS, 22 November 1992.
182. Ostankino TV, Channel 1, 17 November 1992, and Le Monde, 19 November 1992, which reported the returnees as searching for the bodies of their dead, An Ostankino TV programme on 23 November claimed 5000 were still in or had returned to North Ossetiya.
183. Ostankino TV, Channel 1, 17 November 1992, and Le Monde, 19 November 1992, which reported the returnees as searching for the bodies of their dead, An Ostankino TV programme on 23 November claimed 5000 were still in or had returned to North Ossetiya.
184. Russia TV, Channel 1, 12 November 1992; Interfax, 14 and 15 November 1992.
185. Ostankino TV, Channel 1, 1 December 1992.
186. ITAR-TASS, 28 November 1992. As late as June some 6000 were reported as still living in railway wagons, and others in fire stations, electricity substations and stables, some 56% of Ingushetiya's working population being unemployed - The Guardian, 29 June 1994.
187. ITAR-TASS, 28 November 1992. As late as June some 6000 were reported as still living in railway wagons, and others in fire stations, electricity substations and stables, some 56% of Ingushetiya's working population being unemployed - The Guardian, 29 June 1994.
188. ITAR-TASS, 1 December 1992.
189. Russia's Radio, 7 November 1992.
190. Russia's Radio, 18 November 1992.
191. See, e.g. M.R. Beissinger, 'Elites and Ethnic Identities in Soviet and Post-Soviet Potties', in A.J. Motyl (ed.)The Post-Soviet Nations - Perspectives on the Demise of the U.S.S.R. (New York: Columbia UP, 1992), pp 141-169.
192. V.A. Tishkov, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Unio, (London: Sage, 1997).
193. See R.D. Putnam, The Comparative Study of Political Elites (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1976), pp 133-164.
194. Nationwide 80-120,000 activists with the new panics had come from Communist Party membership status - Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 25 July 1991.
195. Tishkov, op.cit., p 164.
196. Ibid., p 156.
197. Orlov, op. cit., p 24.
198. Tishkov, op. cit., p 181.
199. Beissinger, op. cit., p 154.
200. He was a Duma representative in the Narodovlastiye group - RIA Novosti, 21 January 1998.
201. 73% of the 70% who voted. Galazov gained < 10% - RIA Novosti, 1998, 1 January.
202. Ibid.
203. Ibid.
204. Interfax, 13 May 1998.
205. Tishkov, op. cit., p 171.
206. ITAR-TASS, 1 November 1992.
207. See the statement of one of the Ingushi leaders - Moscow TV, Channel 1, 23 November 1992.
208. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 December 1992.
209. Ibid.
210. See Russia's Radio, 10 November 1992 on North Ossetiyan parliamentary discussion of this issue.
211. Mayak Radio, 4 November 1992.
212. Moscow TV, Channel 1, 23 November 1992.
213. Krasnaya Zvezda, 27 November 1992. This was a point he had already made during the conflict - see, e.g . ITAR-TASS, 14 November 1992.
214. Krasnaya Zvezda, 27 November 1992. This was a point he had already made during the conflict - see, e.g . ITAR-TASS, 14 November 1992.
215. Izvestiya, 2 November 1992.
216. Interfax, 11 November 1992.
217. ITAR-TASS, 12 November 1992 and 14 November 1992.
218. ITAR-TASS, 24 November 1992.
219. RIA (Moscow), 18 November 1992.
220. Tishkov, op. cit., pp 180-181.
221. Ibid., p 181.
222. Blandy, op. cit., p 16.
223. See, e.g. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 9 July and 26 July 1997.
224. See, e.g. ibid., 23 July 1997.
225. Ibid.
226. Ibid., 9 August 1997.
227. Ibid., 30 September 1997.
228. Interfax, and ITAR-TASS, 11 November 1992.
229. ITAR-TASS, 11 November 1992.
230. The Guardian, 20 November 1992.
231. That he was proposing such a division was specifically denied - see Mayak Radio, and Russian TV, 22 November 1992.
232. Nezavisimava Gazeta, 18 November 1992.
233. Ostankino TV, Channel 1, 26 November 1992.
234. Izvestiya, 2 March 1993.
235. Ibid.
236. Ibid.
237. Express Chronicle, 22-29 March 1993.
238. Ibid.
239. Ibid., 29 March-5 April 1993.
240. Ibid., 5-12 April 1993.
241. Nezavisimaya Cazeta, 13 May 1993.
242. Ibid.
243. Izvestiya, 3 August 1993.
244. Ibid.
245. The Independent, 6 August 1993.
246. Izvestiya, 3 August 1993; Moscow News, 6 August 1993; and obituary in The Independent, 6 August 1993.
247. Izvestiya, 3 August 1993; Moscow News, 6 August 1993; and obituary in The Independent, 6 August 1993.
248. Izvestiya, 3 August 1993; Moscow News, 6 August 1993; and obituary in The Independent, 6 August 1993.
249. Izvestiya, 3 August 1993.
250. Moscow News, 6 August 1993.
251. Izvestiya, 3 August 1993.
252. Ibid.
253. Moscow News, 6 August 1993.
254. Ibid., 3 September 1993.
255. Ibid, 24 September 1993.
256. The Times, 7 December 1993.
257. Moscow News, 19 November 1993.
258. The Times, 7 December 1993
259. Le Monde, 18 and 19 January 1994.
260. Tishkov, op. cit., p 181.
261. The Guardian, 29 June 1994.
262. Tishkov, op. cit., p 181.
263. Ibid., p 181
264. Ibid.
265. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB) SU/2987 B/7 [13], 2 August 1997.
266. Let the Ingushetiyans return home to North Ossetiya, Press Release of the Society for Threatened Peoples - East European Department, Germany, 20 January 1998.
267. Ibid.
268. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 31 July 1998.
269. Sec Blandy, op. cit., p 8.
270. R.I.A. Novosti, 23 March 1998.
271. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 27 January 1998.
272. See, e.g. ibid., l August 1997.
273. SWB SU/2994/B/4[15],11 August 1997.
274. On the Settlement of Relations and Co-operation between the Peoples of North Ossetiya-Alaniya and the Republic of Ingusheliya. See details and analysis in RIA Novosti, 5 September 1997.
275. For text see Rossiskaya Gazeta, 17 October 1997. For commentary see ITAR TASS, 17 October 1997.
276. For text see Rossiskaya Gazeta, 17 October 1997. For commentary see ITAR TASS, 17 October 1997.
277. Fuller, May 1998, op. cit.
278. See, e.g. comments of Russian representative Vladimir Kalamonov, in Nezavisimaya_Gazeta, 27 January 1998.
279. e.g. at Vladikavkaz on 13 June 1998 (Reuters,13 June 1998 and ITAR TASS, 14 June 1998) and on the border on 1 July 1998 (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1 July 1998).
280. e.g. North Ossetiya's President and Ingushetiya's Prime Minister on 9 June 1998, ITAR TASS, 10 June 1998.
281. See interview in Argumenty i Fakty, No. 24, June 1998.
282. ITAR TASS, 12 June 1998.
283. Caucasus Press, 22 June 1998.
284. Aushev cable to Yeltsin - Reuters, 14 July 1998.
285. Ibid.
286. ITAR TASS, 27 June 1998.
287. See, e.g. ibid.,
288. See, e.g. ibid., 30 June 1998.
289. ITAR TASS, 12 and 13 September 1998, and Kommersant Daily, 15 September 1998.
290. ITAR TASS, 12 and 13 September 1998, and Kommersant Daily, 15 September 1998.
291. Kommersant Daily, 15 September 1998, and Agence France Presse, 16 September 1998.
292. Kommersant Daily, 15 September 1998, and Agence France Presse, 16 September 1998.
293. ITAR TASS, 17 June 1998.
294. Ibid., 15 September 1998.
295. Ibid., 16 April 1998.
296. Ibid., 19 September 1998.
297. Sec, e.g. T. Goltz, 'The Hidden Russian Hand', Foreign Policy, Fall 1993, pp 92-116: H.M. Morris, 'Ethnicity and International Relations - Russian Involvement in the Conflict in Georgia', Slovo, Vol. 8, No. 1, April 1995; S.A. Arutyunov, 'Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus', Ethnic Conflict and Russian Intervention in the Caucasus Policy Paper No. 16, University of California, Irvine, August 1995, and R. Pipes, 'Russia's Designs on Georgia', Intellectual Capital, 14 May 1998.
298. Sec, e.g. T. Goltz, 'The Hidden Russian Hand', Foreign Policy, Fall 1993, pp 92-116: H.M. Morris, 'Ethnicity and International Relations - Russian Involvement in the Conflict in Georgia', Slovo, Vol. 8, No. 1, April 1995; S.A. Arutyunov, 'Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus', Ethnic Conflict and Russian Intervention in the Caucasus Policy Paper No. 16, University of California, Irvine, August 1995, and R. Pipes, 'Russia's Designs on Georgia', Intellectual Capital, 14 May 1998.
299. S.A. Arutyunov, 'Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus', Ethnic Conflict and Russian Intervention in the Caucasus Policy Paper No. 16, University of California, Irvine, August 1995,
300. S.A. Arutyunov, 'Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus', Ethnic Conflict and Russian Intervention in the Caucasus Policy Paper No. 16, University of California, Irvine, August 1995, and R. Pipes, 'Russia's Designs on Georgia', Intellectual Capital, 14 May 1998.
301. See, e.g. P. Goble, 'Destabilising the Caucasus', RFE/RL Analysis from Washington, 10 March 1997; and A. Budberg, 'Arms Trading is only the Tip of Russian Games in the Caucasus', Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 4 April 1997. On Aushev see RFE/RL Caucasus Report, Vol. 1, No. 36, 3 November 1998.
302. See, e.g. P. Goble, 'Destabilising the Caucasus', RFE/RL Analysis from Washington, 10 March 1997; and A. Budberg, 'Arms Trading is only the Tip of Russian Games in the Caucasus', Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 4 April 1997. On Aushev see RFE/RL Caucasus Report, Vol. 1, No. 36, 3 November 1998.
303. See, e.g. P. Goble, 'Destabilising the Caucasus', RFE/RL Analysis from Washington, 10 March 1997; and A. Budberg, 'Arms Trading is only the Tip of Russian Games in the Caucasus', Moskovskiy Komsomolets, 4 April 1997. On Aushev see RFE/RL Caucasus Report, Vol. 1, No. 36, 3 November 1998.
304. See, e.g. Savostyanov, 'Alaniya - Russia's strategic key to the Caucasus', Cobs Rossii, 1992, reprinted in Iberiya-Spektr, 16-22 April 1992.
305. Tishkov, op. cit., p 163.
306. Yuzhnaya Ossetiya, No. 3, 12 February 1997.
307. Russkiy Telegraf, 20 January 1998.
308. Ibid.
309. 33.9% according to the pro-conflict 1989 census - somewhat reduced by emigration since then.
310. Tishkov, op. cit., p 161.
311. Ibid. She was favoured in terms of volume of investment in non-productive sectors, in income per capita, in housing construction expenditure, in commodity circulation, and in doctors and schools per capita.
312. Cited by Tishkov, op. cit., p 178.
313. Ibid., variously chapter 8.
314. Sec P. Goble, 'North Caucasus: Analysis from Washington - The return of a dangerous concept', RFE/RL, 6 November 1998. Yeltsin's message on North Ossetiya's republic day in 1997 declared, Two hundred and twenty three years ago it [Ossetiya] voluntarily joined Russia and has since been loyally serving our common great mother country' ( RIA Novosti, 15 October 1997).
315. Sec P. Goble, 'North Caucasus: Analysis from Washington - The return of a dangerous concept', RFE/RL, 6 November 1998. Yeltsin's message on North Ossetiya's republic day in 1997 declared, Two hundred and twenty three years ago it [Ossetiya] voluntarily joined Russia and has since been loyally serving our common great mother country' ( RIA Novosti, 15 October 1997).
316. Izvestiya, 30 October 1998.
317. Ibid.
318. Nando Times, 6 November 1998.
319. Trud, 19 August 1998 and RFE/RL Caucasus Report, Vol. 1, No. 32, 6 October 1998.