The systems, holograms and theory of micro-acupuncture

American Journal of Acupuncture

Volumn 27, Issue 3-4, 1999, Pages 207-242

  Dale, Ralph Alan ^a  

^a Acupuncture Education Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Acupuncture; Auriculomedicine; Auriculotherapy; Chinese medicine; Consciousness; Energetics; Holism; Hologram; Holoverse; Immune system; Meridian; Micro acupuncture; Micro meridian; Newtonian Cartesian paradigm; Qi; Reflex systems; Reflexology; Vascular auricular signal

Indexed keywords

ACUPUNCTURE; CHINESE MEDICINE; CONSCIOUSNESS; ENERGY; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; REFLEX; REVIEW; THEORY; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY; HUMANS; MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL; MERIDIANS;

EID: 0033375938     PISSN: 00913960     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (350)

1. Presentation at the International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auriculotherapy and Auricular Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 13, 1999. Revised and with additions from The Origins and Future of Micro-Acupuncture, presented at The First International Conference on Micro-Acupuncture Systems, San Francisco, April 1995.
2. Presentation at the International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auriculotherapy and Auricular Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, August 13, 1999. Revised and with additions from The Origins and Future of Micro-Acupuncture, presented at The First International Conference on Micro-Acupuncture Systems, San Francisco, April 1995.
3. Holographic reiterations are echoes of a particular entity which have the capability of being divided endlessly, with each division reflecting the original whole. For a discussion of the scientific bases and implications of the holographic paradigm, see the section in the main text entitled "Validations and Implications of the Hologram Hypotheses of Micro-Acupuncture."
4. See the Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen (The Essential Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Chinese Medicine), Chapter 1.
5. See Dale 1996 [3], pp 106-118. The term, Front Mu was first mentioned in the Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen, Chapter 47. However, the only particular Front Mu mentioned by the Su Wen is that of the Gallbladder, and even then, no specific point is identified. Wang Shu-He (210-285 AD) in his Mai Jing (The Classic of the Pulse) identified ten of the twelve Front Mu. One of the two remaining points: CV 5 for the Triple Warmer (San Jiao) was added by Huang Fu Mi (215-282) in his Zheng Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematized Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion). There is no record as to who added CV 17 for the Pericardium (Circulation Sex).
6. See Dale 1996 [3], pp 106-118. The term, Front Mu was first mentioned in the Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen, Chapter 47. However, the only particular Front Mu mentioned by the Su Wen is that of the Gallbladder, and even then, no specific point is identified. Wang Shu-He (210-285 AD) in his Mai Jing (The Classic of the Pulse) identified ten of the twelve Front Mu. One of the two remaining points: CV 5 for the Triple Warmer (San Jiao) was added by Huang Fu Mi (215-282) in his Zheng Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematized Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion). There is no record as to who added CV 17 for the Pericardium (Circulation Sex).
7. See Dale 1996 [3], pp 106-118. The term, Front Mu was first mentioned in the Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen, Chapter 47. However, the only particular Front Mu mentioned by the Su Wen is that of the Gallbladder, and even then, no specific point is identified. Wang Shu-He (210-285 AD) in his Mai Jing (The Classic of the Pulse) identified ten of the twelve Front Mu. One of the two remaining points: CV 5 for the Triple Warmer (San Jiao) was added by Huang Fu Mi (215-282) in his Zheng Jiu Jia Yi Jing (Systematized Canon of Acupuncture and Moxibustion). There is no record as to who added CV 17 for the Pericardium (Circulation Sex).
8. Hirata 1972 and Dale 1976 [2]. Also see Manaka with Urquart 1972, Manaka with Itaya and Birch 1988; and Mastumoto with Birch 1988.
9. These twelve-point correspondence systems were called the Hirata Zones whose specific sequence is: (1) Trachea-Bronchi, (2) Lung, (3) Heart, (4) Liver, (5) Gallbladder, (6) Spleen and Pancreas, (7) Stomach, (8) Kidney, (9) Large Intestine, (10) Small Intestine, (11) Urinary Bladder and (12) Genital Organs. It is interesting that in the very same year (1917) that Hirata in Japan published his discovery of twelve energetic zones of the body, William Fitzgerald, in the United States, who knew nothing of Hirata's work, "coincidentally" published his discoveries of foot and hand reflex correspondences with body regions that he too called. Zone Therapy! At this very time. Carl Jung in Germany proposed that there are no coincidences, only synchronicities!
10. Dale 1976 [2].
11. Dale 1984; and 1993.
12. Huang Di Ba Shi Yi Nan Jing (The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Eighty-One Difficult Problems), ch 18. (Warring States Period-475-221 BC)
13. See Dale 1993; 1995 [2]; and 1996 [3].
14. Dale 1996 [3], pp 29-30. Even when the concept of the Five Element-Phases was introduced by Zhou Yan in the Warring States Period (3rd c. BC), it was not received very enthusiastically by those who were associated with the Zhou Dynasty hegemony because the theory challenged the Confucian idea of social immutability, introducing instead the principle that all entities are part. of processes or phases. In fact, it seems that Zhou Yan's ideas did contribute to the fall of this 800 year-old dynasty, the longest in Chinese history. The Han Dynasty finally took power in 206 BC, 34 years after Zhou Van died. (See Ronan - Needham 1978, and Lu - Needham 1980.)
15. Dale 1993; and 1995 [2].
16. Chinese researchers during the past half-century have continued to explore ear micro-acupuncture, and although accepting Nogier's holographic principle, they have sometimes shown ear acupoints in different localizations from that of Nogier. See, for example, Liu 1996. Attempts to integrate these divergent loci (Oleson and Kroening 1983, Oleson 1990/96; and 1995) have been very useful to clinicians.
17. Nogier 1972.
18. Nogier 1983.
19. Nogier 1981; and P&R Nogier 1979/1985.
20. Dale 1975; 1976 [1]; and 1976 [2].
21. Dale 1975; 1977; and 1985.
22. The Principles and Practical Use of Acupuncture Anesthesia, 1974. Republished as Acupuncture Anesthesia, 1975.
23. The Principles and Practical Use of Acupuncture Anesthesia, 1974. Republished as Acupuncture Anesthesia, 1975.
24. The Lung, and all other points on the medial line that bisects the nasal bone (from the Head/Face point to the Spleen point) have loci common to both the Face and Nose micro-systems.
25. See Postulate 4 below.
26. Dale 1976 [2].
27. The elongated head in the lateral view of the Nose system that makes the lady look like an outer-space creature, had to take this shape to accommodate the loci of the head, neck, lung and ear micro-points within the narrow boundaries of the forehead and the medial corner of the eye-brows.
28. Figures 15A&B are two of eleven holograms of the face published by Dr. Chau (1984).
29. Chau 1984.
30. Fitzgerald and Bowers, 1917. This book was republished in 1952 which edition also included the Zone Therapy section of George Starr White's extensive Lecture Course to Physicians (1922).
31. Riley-Daglish 1924/42/61.
32. Ingham 1938/51/63/84; and 1963/84.
33. Byers 1983.
34. See Bergson-Tuchack 1974; Warner 1975; Berkson 1977; Carter 1969; and 1975; Graziano 1973; Kunz 1980/92; and Issel 1990.
35. Dale 1977.
36. Oleson and Flocco 1993.
37. Issel 1990.
38. Shibata 1975
39. See Postulate 9 below.
40. See Zhao 1997 [1].
41. However, there is an implication in Zhao's book of a micro-acupuncture system only on the line which bi-sects the plantar surface. The micropoints on this line begin in the middle of the heel and end in the space between the 2nd and 3rd toes. The points localized in the heel correspond to the head region while the more distal points are related to the more inferior parts of the body (see p 331).
42. Dale 1976 [1].
43. Ibid.
44. Dale 1985.
45. Brenner 1980.
46. Cf Figures 17B and 18.
47. See Dale 1976 [1 & 2]; 1990; Fitzgerald-Bowers-White 1917/52; Riley-Daglish 1924/61; Bergson-Tuchack 1974; Carter 1975; Byers 19083; Kunz 1984; and Issel 1990.
48. See Figure 19A & B.
49. Cf Figures 18 and 19A.
50. See Yoo 1975; 1976; 1976/83; 1977/88; 1979 [1 & 2]; 1980; and Dale 1990.
51. See Figures 40, 41 and 42.
52. Scalp Acupuncture Anesthesia 1972; and Scalp Acupuncture 1973.
53. Scalp Acupuncture Anesthesia 1972; and Scalp Acupuncture 1973.
54. Zhu 1992.
55. Jiao 1971/88
56. Scalp Acupuncture Anesthesia 1972.
57. Scalp Acupuncture 1973
58. Ng 1974.
59. Lu 1975.
60. Zhu 1992; Chen 1993; Jiao 1997.
61. From Yau 1975.
62. Rees, n.d.
63. Goodheart 1976.
64. For a summary of these relationships, see Dale 1984.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Eversaul 1976; Denton 1979; McWilliams 1980; Walther 1983; Smith 1984 and Dale 1984.
68. Voll 1977; 1978; and Gleditsch 1978; 1979; 1983/88
69. For summary data see McWilliams 1980; and Dale 1984.
70. The circadian rhythm is a Five Element-Phase exchange specifically defined by the sequence: Urinary Bladder-Kidney-Pericardium-Triple Warmer-Gallbladder-Liver-Lung-Large Intestine-Stomach-Spleen/Pancreas-Heart-Small Intestine. (See Dale 1996 [3], pp 97-101.) If we eliminate the Pericardium and Triple Wanner, which have no viscera or teeth correspondents, the order of the reflexes in the maxillary teeth is a reiteration of the circadian exchange. This is not how Dr. Voll determined the maxillary correspondents, and in fact was surprised by the relationship when I shared it with him. Note that two other micro-acupuncture systems are holographically correspondent in relation to energetic cycles rather than anatomic loci: the Radial Pulse (Figures 7 and 8) and the Eye Orbit (Figure 28).
71. Su Nu Ching (Han dynasty: 206BC-219AD). Republished 1978.
72. Ramsdale 1985, p 331.
73. Cf Figure 8
74. Zhang 1978.
75. Hwang 1977.
76. Cf Figure 16.
77. Lad 1984.
78. Author's discussion with Dr. George Ohsawa 1960. Also see Dale 1976 [2], p 202, Fig. 30.
79. Fu 1991, pp 130-131.
80. Gu 1995.
81. The anatomical correspondents of the nine micro-points specifically are: 1-head, 2-neck and upper back, 3-heart, lungs, breast and upper extremity, 4-chest and upper abdomen , 5-stomach, spleen and lumbar, 6-liver and kidney, 7-urinary bladder and sacrum, 8 and 9-lower extremity.
82. Peng 1982.
83. Peng 1990/92. Also see Fu 1991 and Zhao 1997 [2].
84. Ibid.
85. For an explanation of the eight trigrams, see the I Ching (The Book of Changes).
86. See Dale 1991 [2].
87. Energy in the Sheng exchange moves from Liver/Gallbladder to Heart/Small Intestine to Spleen/Stomach to Lung/Large Intestine to Urinary Bladder/Kidney and back to Liver/-Gallbladder.
88. Chen 1993, Part II.
89. Chen indicates that according to her clinical experience, the revised symmetrical sequence is more effective. She reviews 1983-87 clinical studies at Liaoning College of TCM in China which report more than 90% success utilizing the revised eye orbit micro-system in the treatment of post-stroke hemiplegia.
90. For the ancient sequence, see Fu 1991; Dale 1991 [2]; and Chen 1993, Part II. For the revised sequence, see Peng 1990 and Chen 1993, Part II.
91. Meyens 1670. Reference is from Kriege 1969.
92. Peczely 1866; and 1881.
93. Jensen 1952/73.
94. Although the iris, like the tongue, radial pulse and temporal sphenoidal (TS) line, have been utilized only for diagnosis, my hypothesis is that there is also a therapeutic potential. In the case of the iris, the prerequisites for such use are the discovery of benign, practical and effective methods of stimulating the iris. See Postulate 4 below.
95. Goodheart 1964-99. Also see Walther 1981; and 1983.
96. Rees 167, p 9.
97. Sutherland 1951.
98. Author's conversation with Dr. Rees in 1984.
99. DeJarnette 1979/ 80.
100. The TS Line Family includes the TS Line (Figure 30), the Head Gravity Line (Figure 31) and the Anatomy Impression Memory (AIM) Areas (Figure 32).
101. Rees was always more interested in clinical practice than in recording his clinical findings. Although he began his investigations and clinical usages of these systems in 1935, it was not until 1967 that he published his first book. His second book consisted of a collection of his clinical notes with no date of publication indicated
102. See Rees 1967; and nd,
103. Walther 1981, p 39.
104. Zhang 1980; 1982; 1985; 1987[1 and 2]; 1989; 1991 and 1992.
105. The later version shows the lower extremity acupoint as two different points: leg and foot.
106. Cf the 12-point Front Mu, 12-point Back Shu and 12-point Hirata Zones (Figures 1, 2 and 3).
107. Once conventional physicians accept the premise that acupuncture works at all, they are often predisposed to integrate it in their practices as a drug therapy analog. When studying acupuncture, they tend to be impatient with the "theory," and would just like to get on with the "real" clinical requisites of memorizing which points are specific to treat what diseases.
108. For a summary of these investigations, see Dale 1997.
109. See Dale 1993, pp23-24.
110. Auricular Acupuncture Therapy 1972/74. (In Chinese). The six principal bilateral yang meridians are: Large Intestine, Triple Warmer (Sanjiao), Small Intestine, Stomach, Gallbladder and Urinary Bladder.
111. The six principal bilateral yin meridians are: Lung, Pericardium, Heart, Spleen, Liver and Kidney.
112. The yin meridians of the upper extremity begin in the chest and terminate in the fingers. The yin meridians of the lower extremity begin in the toes and terminate in the chest.
113. Dale 1974 / 99 (Macro-Manual)
114. Bahr 1999.
115. Conversation with Dr. Bahr at the International Consensus Conference, Las Vegas, August 1999.
116. Conception Vessel (Ren Mai) and Governing Vessel (Du Mai).
117. Fitzgerald-Bowers; White; Riley; Ingham; and Byers.
118. Dale 1975 and 1985.
119. Dale 1985.
120. Yoo 1977/88. Also see Dale 1990.
121. The anterior and posterior anatomical holograms are shown in Figures 19A&B.
122. Nogier 1972.
123. Frank Bahr proposed at the August 1999 International Consensus Conference that the VAS be renamed the Nogier Pulse.
124. M. Marignan a colleague of Nogier from Lyon, France reported these results in his presentation: Dynamic and Digital Thermography of the Ear at the International Consensus Conference on Acupuncture, Auriculotherapy & Auricular Medicine, August 12-16, 1999, Las Vegas, Nevada.
125. Ackerman 1998-1999.
126. Dale 1975; 1977; 1985.
127. Fitzgerald 1917; Ingham 1938
128. Motoyama 1975. Dr. Hiroshi Motoyama, Ph.D. developed this instrument in August 1972. It became available for experimental and clinical use in April 1973 when it began to be utilized mainly in Japan. In 1974, through the pioneering initiative of Edwin Boyle Jr, MD, Director of Research, the Miami Heart Institute became the first medical institution in the U.S. to acquire one. In the early 1970s, the AMI was the most advanced computerized instrument available for evaluating the energetics of the body as defined by classical Chinese and Japanese acupuncture.
129. Dale 1977.
130. Dale 1985.
131. Dale 1975, 1977 and 1985.
132. Voll 1976; 1977.
133. For example, Nagahama 1950.
134. See Nakatani 1972; and Motoyama 1975 [1] and [2].
135. Gleditsch 1978; 1979; 1983 / 88.
136. Dale 1984.
137. Omura 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990.
138. Localizing, or what Goodheart calls therapy localizing, is a two-part process: (1) focusing on a particular acupoint or part of the body-by touching it (Goodheart's method), by placing a color filter on or very near it (Nogier's method), or as Tiller (1997) suggests, simply by concentrating on it-while at the same time, (2) testing a muscle to determine whether this focusing alters the muscle's reactivity. Diminished reactivity of the muscle tested indicates pathology.
139. Goodheart 1964-98.
140. Walther 1981; 1983.
141. Goodheart most often uses an arm muscle such as the deltoid, or a leg muscle such as the tensor fascia lata for therapy localization testing.
142. Note that although Goodheart utilizes any muscle for therapy localization, he has also proposed that particular muscles are specific correspondents to each of the twelve bilateral organ-channel (Zang Fu-Jing) systems and to the two medial Extraordinary vessels. For example, he identifies the tensor fascia lata, hamstring, and quadratus lumborum muscles as providing explicit proprioception for testing the Large Intestine organ or energetic function.
143. Popp 1989; Ruth 1989; Fischer 1989; and Edwards 1990.
144. Van Benschoten 1992 and 1998
145. For example, see Van Benschoten 1989.
146. Both macro- and micro-acupoints can be identified by galvanometers as points of relatively higher electropermeability than the surrounding tissue. However the selection of so-called sham points has usually not employed electromeasurements. They have generally been selected simply as loci that avoid the 361 principal points found on the 14 main conduits, implying the ignorance of the research designers that hundreds of extraordinary acupoints and hundreds of micro-acupoints have also been identified and shown to be electropermeable relative to the surrounding tissue. Moreover, all cutaneous tissue is electro-permeable to some degree. Even ancient acupuncture practitioners noted that the entire skin functions as a conduit of Qi, The ancients specifically noted the conductability of this superficial layer of the body's Qi by referring to it as Skin Zones (Pi Bu). See Dale with Cheng 1993, p. 24.
147. Tiller 1997.
148. Ibid, chapter 5, pp 189-230.
149. Tiller's earlier work identified the scientific validity and importance of controlled energy fields (1977) and of electrodermal diagnostic acupuncture testing (1982 and 1987). He already noted in his experimental validation of electrodermal testing that even the data from instrumentation was not exclusively measuring the energetics of the subject or patient alone, but in part also included the energetics of the experimenter or physician (1987, p 19).
150. Wilber 1985, p 14.
151. Talbot 1992.
152. Lashley 1950.
153. Pribram 1982 / 1990. Also see Goleman 1979 and Pietsch 1981.
154. Pribram 1975.
155. For example, Anderson 1977.
156. For example, Ullman 1987.
157. Dossey 1982.
158. Bohm 1980; Bohm and Weber 1978/85.
159. For example, see Loye 1983; Sahtouris 1989; Capra, Steindl 1991; Sheldrake 1990; and Tiller 1997.
160. Pribram 1976; Leonard 1978.
161. Bohm-Weber 1978 / 1985, p 51.
162. Wilbur 1985.
163. Quoted in Ferguson, 1980.
164. Lao Tse (c. 6th century BC). Mitchell (trans) 1988.
165. See Dale 1982; and 1995 [1].
166. Terrence and Dennis McKenna expanded holographic brain theory to the possibility that DNA and even subatomic particles operate on holographic principles (McKenna 1975). David Bohm, the well-known physicist is much less tentative on this matter. When asked by Renee Weber whether he believes that every cell is a holonomic echo, Bohm replied: "Well, not necessarily only one cell but any part of one cell has information about the whole." (Bohm and Weber 1978/85.) We seem to be returning on a higher level to a 16th-17th century medical theory, that has been discredited for the past three hundred years: the theory of preformation and the homunculus that the total information for fetal development is contained in the fertilized egg. (Stedman 1972, p 585) It may be that in some respects we may have been more scientifically accurate five hundred years ago than today with our more simplistic scientific belief that epigenesis (the mere union of the ovum and sperm) accounts for the unfolding of the human individual.
167. The six principal current clinical methods of diagnosing an acupoint indicating pathology are: (1) tenderness in response to palpation (traditional), (2) observation of changes in skin color or texture (traditional), (3) a significant change in the electro-permeability of the acupoint (Voll, Nakatani, Motoyama), (4) a sudden increase in vascular response at the radial artery when the acupoint is aroused (Nogier's Vascular-Autonomic Signal), (5) a significant alteration of muscular responsiveness when an acupoint is therapy-localized, that is, touched (Goodheart's applied kinesiology), and (6) the Si-Digital O-Ring Test, a scientifically validated variation of Goodheart's muscle test, specifically employing an oppenens pollicis muscle (Omura).
168. In 1997, I taught the basic holographic hand correspondences of Dr. Yoo's hand micro-system to a class of 5th and 6th graders and their teachers in Cuba. They were so enthusiastic that they and their teachers were planning to teach the system to all the other children and teachers in the school, and then have their school teach it to other schools.
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