Race relations and racism in a racially diverse inner city neighbourhood: A case study of Hillbrow, Johannesburg

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 667-694

  Morris, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL RELATIONS; INNER CITY AREA; RACISM; URBAN SOCIETY;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0033375367     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/030570799108524     Document Type: Article

References (223)

1. M. Horrell, Legislation and Race Relations (Johannesburg, Institute of Race Relations, 1971), pp. 9-10.
2. Ibid., pp. 35-36.
3. L. Platzky and C. Walker, The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1985).
4. Ibid., p. 108.
5. Ibid., p. 209.
6. F. Wilson and M. Ramphele, Uprooting Poverty: the South African Challenge (David Philip, Cape Town, 1989), p. 26.
7. C. Murray, 'Displaced Urbanisation: South Africa's Rural Slums', African Affairs, 86 (1987), pp. 311-329.
8. J. Cole, Crossroads: the Politics of Reform and Repression. 1976-1986 (Johannesburg, 1987).
9. H. Sapire, 'Politics and Protest in Shack Settlements of the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging Region, South Africa, 19800-1990', Journal of Southern African Studies, 18,3 (1992); B. Bozzoli, J.Cock, L. Gilbert, A. Morris, L. Lehutso-Phooko, D. Posel, Z. Tshandu and E. van Huyssteen. 'Soweto in Transition Project' (Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1998).
10. H. Sapire, 'Politics and Protest in Shack Settlements of the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging Region, South Africa, 19800-1990', Journal of Southern African Studies, 18,3 (1992); B. Bozzoli, J.Cock, L. Gilbert, A. Morris, L. Lehutso-Phooko, D. Posel, Z. Tshandu and E. van Huyssteen. 'Soweto in Transition Project' (Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, 1998).
11. A. Mabin, 'Dispossession, Exploitation and Struggle', in D.M. Smith (ed). The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1992), pp. 13-24; P. Maylam, 'The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid in South Africa', African Affairs, 89 (1990), pp. 57-84.
12. A. Mabin, 'Dispossession, Exploitation and Struggle', in D.M. Smith (ed). The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanisation and Social Change in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1992), pp. 13-24; P. Maylam, 'The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid in South Africa', African Affairs, 89 (1990), pp. 57-84.
13. I have used the term 'black' to refer to people who were classified as African, coloured and Asian in terms of the Population Registration Act of 1950.
14. C. Cooper, J. Shindler, C. McCaul, F. Potter, M. Cullum, M. Narsoo and P. Brouard, Race Relations Survey, 1985 (Johannesburg, Institute of Race Relations, 1986), p. 348.
15. J. Western, Outcast Cape Town (Cape Town, 1981).
16. A. Lemon (ed), Homes Apart: South Africa's Segregated Cities (Bloomington, 1991), p. 8.
17. Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 8-9; Western, Outcast Cape Town, p. 77.
18. Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 8-9; Western, Outcast Cape Town, p. 77.
19. C. Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South African Institute of Race Relations, 1988).
20. A. Bernstein and J. McCarthy, 'Opening the Door', in Opening the Cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desegregation (Johannesburg, Urban Foundation, 1990).
21. R.J. Davies, 'Durban', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 85; T.M. Wills, 'Pietermaritzburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 102.
22. R.J. Davies, 'Durban', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 85; T.M. Wills, 'Pietermaritzburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 102.
23. Davies, 'Durban', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 85; K. Tomaselli and R. Tomaselli, '"Turning grey": How Westville was won', in Smith (ed), The Apartheid City and Beyond, pp. 279-291.
24. Davies, 'Durban', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 85; K. Tomaselli and R. Tomaselli, '"Turning grey": How Westville was won', in Smith (ed), The Apartheid City and Beyond, pp. 279-291.
25. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
26. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
27. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
28. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
29. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
30. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
31. See F. Cloete, 'Greying and Free Settlement', in M. Swilling, R. Humphries and K. Shubane (eds), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991), pp. 91-107; O. Crankshaw and C. White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums in Johannesburg's Inner City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19, 4 1995, pp. 622-638; C. De Coning, J. Fick and J.N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns: a Pilot Study of Socio-Political Perceptions in Grey Areas of Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, Rand Afrikaans University, 1986). A. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, Johannesburg, 1978-1982', Urban Studies, 31, 6 (1994), pp. 821-835; S. Rule, 'Racial Integration in Bertrams, Johannesburg', South African Geographical Journal, 70, 1 (1988), pp. 69-72; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, pp. 129-145; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
32. P. Clay, Hillbrow (Cape Town, Don Nelson, 1982), p. 25.
33. K.C. Jubber, 'Some Aspects of High-Density Flat Living with Special Reference to Flatland, Johannesburg', Masters Thesis, (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1973), p. 2.
34. Clay, Hillbrow, p. 28.
35. Jubber, 'Some Aspects of High-Density Flat Living', p. 3.
36. Ibid., pp.54 and 61; B. Unterhalter, 'Some Aspects of Family Life in Flatland Johannesburg', PhD thesis (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1968), p. 91.
37. Ibid., pp.54 and 61; B. Unterhalter, 'Some Aspects of Family Life in Flatland Johannesburg', PhD thesis (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1968), p. 91.
38. Jubber, 'Some Aspects of High-Density Flat Living', p. 106.
39. C. Mather, 'Residential Segregation and Johannesburg's "Locations in the Sky"', South African Geographical Journal, 69,2 (1987), pp. 119-128; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 136.
40. C. Mather, 'Residential Segregation and Johannesburg's "Locations in the Sky"', South African Geographical Journal, 69,2 (1987), pp. 119-128; S.M. Parnell and G.H. Pirie, 'Johannesburg', in Lemon, Homes Apart, p. 136.
41. Mather, 'Residential Segregation', p. 125.
42. Ibid., p. 127.
43. Republic of South Africa, Population Census, Metropolitan Area, Johannesburg (Pretoria, 1970), pp. 11, 211, 351 and 491.
44. The Citizen, 9 November 1977; The Star, 29 April 1978; The Citizen, 1 May 1978.
45. The Citizen, 9 November 1977; The Star, 29 April 1978; The Citizen, 1 May 1978.
46. The Citizen, 9 November 1977; The Star, 29 April 1978; The Citizen, 1 May 1978.
47. J. Saul and S.Gelb, The Crisis in South Africa: Class Defense, Class Revolution (New York, 1981), p. 23.
48. Wilson and Ramphele, Uprooting Poverty, pp. 124-134.
49. Cole, Crossroads; H. Mashabela, Townships of the PWV (Johannesburg, South African Institute of Race Relations, 1988).
50. Cole, Crossroads; H. Mashabela, Townships of the PWV (Johannesburg, South African Institute of Race Relations, 1988).
51. J. Collinge, Fact Sheet on the Development of Housing and Services in Lenasia (Johannesburg, Johannesburg Indian Social Welfare Association, 1976), p. 2.
52. The Star, 20 July 1976.
53. L.S. Gordon, C. Blignaut, C. Cooper and L. Ensor, Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1978 (Johannesburg, South African Institute of Race Relations, 1979), p. 388.
54. Financial Mail, 29 September 1978.
55. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow', p. 825.
56. Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg, p. 5.
57. Sunday Express, 27 May, 1979.
58. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow, p. 829.
59. Ibid., p. 829.
60. Hansard, House of Assembly Debates, cols 136 and 137 (1982), 17 February.
61. A. Sparks, The Mind of South Africa (New York, 1990), p. 322; D. O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: the Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994 (Johannesburg, 1996), p. 195.
62. A. Sparks, The Mind of South Africa (New York, 1990), p. 322; D. O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: the Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994 (Johannesburg, 1996), p. 195.
63. H. Gilliomee, 'Broedertwis: Infra-Afrikaner Conflicts in the Transition from Apartheid', African Affairs, 91 (1992), p. 353; A. Stadler, The Political Economy of Modern South Africa (Johannesburg, 1987), p. 2.
64. H. Gilliomee, 'Broedertwis: Infra-Afrikaner Conflicts in the Transition from Apartheid', African Affairs, 91 (1992), p. 353; A. Stadler, The Political Economy of Modern South Africa (Johannesburg, 1987), p. 2.
65. D. Simon, 'Crisis and Change in South Africa: Implications for the Apartheid City', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 14, 2 (1989), pp. 189-206.
66. Gilliomee, 'Broedertwis', p. 353.
67. Saul and Gelb, The Crisis in South Africa, p. 36.
68. Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg, p. 8.
69. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow', p. 833; J. McCarthy, 'The Divided City: Group Areas and Racial Segregation', in Opening the Cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desegregation (Johannesburg Urban Foundation, 1990), p. 13.
70. Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow', p. 833; J. McCarthy, 'The Divided City: Group Areas and Racial Segregation', in Opening the Cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desegregation (Johannesburg Urban Foundation, 1990), p. 13.
71. Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg, p. 7.
72. A. Morris, 'Inner-City Transition: A Case Study of Hillbrow, Johannesburg', PhD thesis (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1996), pp. 114-124; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg, p. 11.
73. A. Morris, 'Inner-City Transition: A Case Study of Hillbrow, Johannesburg', PhD thesis (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1996), pp. 114-124; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg, p. 11.
74. The Star, 1 April 1987.
75. The Star, 25 August 1990.
76. A. Morris, 'Inner-City Transition: a Case Study of Hillbrow, Johannesburg', Ph.D Thesis (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1996), p. 130.
77. See Crankshaw and White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums'; Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow'; Parnell and Pine, 'Johannesburg'; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
78. See Crankshaw and White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums'; Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow'; Parnell and Pine, 'Johannesburg'; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
79. See Crankshaw and White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums'; Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow'; Parnell and Pine, 'Johannesburg'; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
80. See Crankshaw and White, 'Racial Desegregation and the Origin of Slums'; Morris, 'The Desegregation of Hillbrow'; Parnell and Pine, 'Johannesburg'; Pickard-Cambridge, The Greying of Johannesburg.
81. T. Pettigrew, 'The Cold Structural Inducements to Integration', The Urban Review, 8 (1975), p. 140.
82. Examples of substantial South African studies focusing on interracial contact in racially diverse areas in the 1980s are J. Pick, C. De Coning and N. Olivier, Ethnicity and Residential Patterning in a Divided Society: a Study of Mayfair in Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, 1988); C. De Coning, J. Pick and N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns; L. Schlemmer and S. Stack, Black, White and Shades of Grey: a Study of Responses to Residential Segregation in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand Region (Johannesburg, 1990). All three studies rely overwhelmingly on survey questionnaires to reach their conclusions. The use of interview material is negligible.
83. Examples of substantial South African studies focusing on interracial contact in racially diverse areas in the 1980s are J. Pick, C. De Coning and N. Olivier, Ethnicity and Residential Patterning in a Divided Society: a Study of Mayfair in Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, 1988); C. De Coning, J. Pick and N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns; L. Schlemmer and S. Stack, Black, White and Shades of Grey: a Study of Responses to Residential Segregation in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand Region (Johannesburg, 1990). All three studies rely overwhelmingly on survey questionnaires to reach their conclusions. The use of interview material is negligible.
84. Examples of substantial South African studies focusing on interracial contact in racially diverse areas in the 1980s are J. Pick, C. De Coning and N. Olivier, Ethnicity and Residential Patterning in a Divided Society: a Study of Mayfair in Johannesburg, (Johannesburg, 1988); C. De Coning, J. Pick and N. Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns; L. Schlemmer and S. Stack, Black, White and Shades of Grey: a Study of Responses to Residential Segregation in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand Region (Johannesburg, 1990). All three studies rely overwhelmingly on survey questionnaires to reach their conclusions. The use of interview material is negligible.
85. S.P. Cilliers, 'New Neighbours: The Namibian Experience' in Opening the Cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desgregation (Johannesburg, 1990), pp. 23-29: D. Simon, 'Desegregation in Namibia: the Demise of Urban Apartheid', Geoforum. 117, 2 (1986), pp. 289-307.
86. S.P. Cilliers, 'New Neighbours: The Namibian Experience' in Opening the Cities: Comparative Perspectives on Desgregation (Johannesburg, 1990), pp. 23-29: D. Simon, 'Desegregation in Namibia: the Demise of Urban Apartheid', Geoforum. 117, 2 (1986), pp. 289-307.
87. See S. Hall, 'New Ethnicities', in B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin (eds), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader (London, 1995), pp. 223-227.
88. The list, which constituted the sampling frame, was supplied by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). The HRSC compiled the list by assigning field workers to record every apartment block and the dwelling units within them. The end result was a complete listing of every apartment in Hillbrow - just under 10,000 units.
89. See R. Edwards, 'Connecting Method and Epistemology: a White Woman Interviewing Black Women', Women's Studies International Forum 13, 5 (1990), pp. 477-490; A. Phoenix, 'Theories of Gender and Black families', in G. Weiner and M. Arnot (eds), Gender Under Scrutiny: New Inquiries in Education (London, 1987), pp. 50-61; C. Reiseman, 'When Gender is not Enough: Women Interviewing Women', Gender and Society, 1 (1987) pp. 579-592.
90. See R. Edwards, 'Connecting Method and Epistemology: a White Woman Interviewing Black Women', Women's Studies International Forum 13, 5 (1990), pp. 477-490; A. Phoenix, 'Theories of Gender and Black families', in G. Weiner and M. Arnot (eds), Gender Under Scrutiny: New Inquiries in Education (London, 1987), pp. 50-61; C. Reiseman, 'When Gender is not Enough: Women Interviewing Women', Gender and Society, 1 (1987) pp. 579-592.
91. See R. Edwards, 'Connecting Method and Epistemology: a White Woman Interviewing Black Women', Women's Studies International Forum 13, 5 (1990), pp. 477-490; A. Phoenix, 'Theories of Gender and Black families', in G. Weiner and M. Arnot (eds), Gender Under Scrutiny: New Inquiries in Education (London, 1987), pp. 50-61; C. Reiseman, 'When Gender is not Enough: Women Interviewing Women', Gender and Society, 1 (1987) pp. 579-592.
92. See H. Schuman and J. Converse, 'The Effects of Black and White Interviewers on Black Responses in 1968', Public Opinion Quarterly, 35 (1987), pp. 44-68.
93. Interview with Mrs Bloom, June 1993.
94. D. Goldberg, 'Polluting the Body Politic: Racist Discourse and Urban Location', in M. Cross and M. Keith (eds), Racism, the City and the State (London, 1993), p. 45.
95. Interview with Mrs Bloom, June 1993.
96. Interview with Bob, September 1993.
97. Interview with Bennett, June 1993.
98. Interview with Gina, April 1993.
99. Interview with David, November 1993.
100. Interview with Mr French, June 1993.
101. Interview with Christina, November 1993.
102. De Coning, Fick and Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns, p. 22.
103. Interview with Lee, February 1993.
104. Interview with Alec, December 1993.
105. M. Deutsch and M.E. Collins, Interracial Housing, a Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment (New York, 1968); W.S. Ford, 'Another Look at the Contact Hypothesis', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6 (1973), pp. 1426-1447; V. Jeffries and H.E. Ransford, 'Interracial Social Contact and Middle-Class White Reactions to the Watts Riot', Social Problems, 16, 3 1969, pp. 312-324; W.C. Roof, 'Race and Residence: the Shifting Basis of American Race Relations', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441 (1979), pp. 1-12. T. Wilson, 'Urbanism and Racial Attitudes: a Test of Some Urban Theories', Urban Affairs Quarterly 20, 2 (1984), pp. 201-209.
106. M. Deutsch and M.E. Collins, Interracial Housing, a Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment (New York, 1968); W.S. Ford, 'Another Look at the Contact Hypothesis', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6 (1973), pp. 1426-1447; V. Jeffries and H.E. Ransford, 'Interracial Social Contact and Middle-Class White Reactions to the Watts Riot', Social Problems, 16, 3 1969, pp. 312-324; W.C. Roof, 'Race and Residence: the Shifting Basis of American Race Relations', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441 (1979), pp. 1-12. T. Wilson, 'Urbanism and Racial Attitudes: a Test of Some Urban Theories', Urban Affairs Quarterly 20, 2 (1984), pp. 201-209.
107. M. Deutsch and M.E. Collins, Interracial Housing, a Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment (New York, 1968); W.S. Ford, 'Another Look at the Contact Hypothesis', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6 (1973), pp. 1426-1447; V. Jeffries and H.E. Ransford, 'Interracial Social Contact and Middle-Class White Reactions to the Watts Riot', Social Problems, 16, 3 1969, pp. 312-324; W.C. Roof, 'Race and Residence: the Shifting Basis of American Race Relations', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441 (1979), pp. 1-12. T. Wilson, 'Urbanism and Racial Attitudes: a Test of Some Urban Theories', Urban Affairs Quarterly 20, 2 (1984), pp. 201-209.
108. M. Deutsch and M.E. Collins, Interracial Housing, a Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment (New York, 1968); W.S. Ford, 'Another Look at the Contact Hypothesis', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6 (1973), pp. 1426-1447; V. Jeffries and H.E. Ransford, 'Interracial Social Contact and Middle-Class White Reactions to the Watts Riot', Social Problems, 16, 3 1969, pp. 312-324; W.C. Roof, 'Race and Residence: the Shifting Basis of American Race Relations', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441 (1979), pp. 1-12. T. Wilson, 'Urbanism and Racial Attitudes: a Test of Some Urban Theories', Urban Affairs Quarterly 20, 2 (1984), pp. 201-209.
109. M. Deutsch and M.E. Collins, Interracial Housing, a Psychological Evaluation of a Social Experiment (New York, 1968); W.S. Ford, 'Another Look at the Contact Hypothesis', American Journal of Sociology, 78, 6 (1973), pp. 1426-1447; V. Jeffries and H.E. Ransford, 'Interracial Social Contact and Middle-Class White Reactions to the Watts Riot', Social Problems, 16, 3 1969, pp. 312-324; W.C. Roof, 'Race and Residence: the Shifting Basis of American Race Relations', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 441 (1979), pp. 1-12. T. Wilson, 'Urbanism and Racial Attitudes: a Test of Some Urban Theories', Urban Affairs Quarterly 20, 2 (1984), pp. 201-209.
110. Ford, 'Another Look at the Contact Hypothesis', pp. 1428-1429.
111. Morris, 'Inner-city Transition', p. 141.
112. Interview with Mr Charles Bonert, November 1992.
113. Interview with Mrs Tannier, November 1993.
114. Interview with Desire Simpson, November 1993.
115. Interview with Mrs Steinhard, July 1993.
116. Roof, 'Race and Residence', p. 4.
117. Cilliers, 'New Neighbours', p. 28; Simon, 'Desegregation in Namibia', p. 303.
118. Cilliers, 'New Neighbours', p. 28; Simon, 'Desegregation in Namibia', p. 303.
119. Interview with Ms Viti, October 1993.
120. Interview with Ajay, May 1993.
121. Interview with Mrs Adler, May 1993.
122. Another indication of this shift is that whereas only 6 per cent of the African respondents said that they felt 'like a stranger in Hillbrow', 13 per cent of coloured and Indian respondents and 21 per cent of white respondents said that they felt like strangers in the neighbourhood.
123. Interview with Mrs Sher, July 1993.
124. Interview with Mr Liebenberg, November 1993.
125. E. Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Penguin, 1982).
126. Goffman, The Presentation of Self, p. 31.
127. Interview with Mervyn, June 1993.
128. Interview with Mrs de la Rosa, September 1993.
129. Interview with Mr Welman, January 1993.
130. This is similar to the finding of De Coning, Pick and Olivier, Residential Settlement Patterns, p. 17. Their survey established that about half of white respondents opposed the complete opening up of residential areas.
131. A similar discourse was utilized when Windhoek in Namibia was in the throes of desegregation. Simon recounts a congress of an all-white body, the South West African Municipal Association to discuss the opening up of residential areas. Debate centred around the argument that desegregation would lead to 'lowered standards', 'overpopulation' and a drop in standards of hygiene. See D. Simon, 'Desegregation in Namibia: the Demise of Urban Apartheid?', Geoforum, 17, 2 (1986), p. 296.
132. Interview with Gwen, January 1994.
133. Interview with Zelda, November 1993.
134. Interview with Mrs Galasch, March 1993.
135. Interview with Mr Arthur, June 1993.
136. Interview with Christina, November 1993.
137. M. Wetherall and J. Potter, Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Language of Racism (New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992), p. 122.
138. Interview with Mrs Sher, April 1993.
139. Interview with Mrs Adams, January 1994.
140. Interview with Mr Authur, November 1993.
141. E. Cashmore, The Logic of Racism (London, 1987), p. 6.
142. C.R. Zuel and C.R. Humphrey, 'The Integration of Blacks in Suburban Neighbourhoods: an Examination of the Contact Hypothesis', Social Problems, 18 (1971), pp. 462-474.
143. For example see R. Farley, C. Steeh, M. Krysan, T. Jackson and K. Reeves, 'Stereotypes and Segregation: Neighbourhoods in the Detroit Area', American Journal of Sociology, 100 (1994), pp. 750-780.
144. Interview with Praveena, March 1993.
145. Interview with Jai, November 1993.
146. Interview with Vivian, December 1993.
147. Schlemmer and Stack, Black, White and Shades of Grey, p. 158.
148. Interview with Virginia, January 1994.
149. Schlemmer and Stack, Black, White and Shades of Grey, pp. 98-99.
150. See M.A. Fossett and KJ. Kiecolt, 'The Relative Size of Minority Populations and White Racial Attitudes', Social Science Quarterly, 70, 4 (1989), pp. 820-835; R. Helper, 'Social Interaction in Racially Mixed Areas', Housing and Society, 6, 1 (1979), pp. 20-38; J. Wilcox and W.C. Roof, 'Percent Black and Black-White Status Inequality: Southern versus Non-Southern Patterns', Social Science Quarterly, 59 1998, pp. 421-434.
151. See M.A. Fossett and KJ. Kiecolt, 'The Relative Size of Minority Populations and White Racial Attitudes', Social Science Quarterly, 70, 4 (1989), pp. 820-835; R. Helper, 'Social Interaction in Racially Mixed Areas', Housing and Society, 6, 1 (1979), pp. 20-38; J. Wilcox and W.C. Roof, 'Percent Black and Black-White Status Inequality: Southern versus Non-Southern Patterns', Social Science Quarterly, 59 1998, pp. 421-434.
152. See M.A. Fossett and KJ. Kiecolt, 'The Relative Size of Minority Populations and White Racial Attitudes', Social Science Quarterly, 70, 4 (1989), pp. 820-835; R. Helper, 'Social Interaction in Racially Mixed Areas', Housing and Society, 6, 1 (1979), pp. 20-38; J. Wilcox and W.C. Roof, 'Percent Black and Black-White Status Inequality: Southern versus Non-Southern Patterns', Social Science Quarterly, 59 1998, pp. 421-434.
153. Interview with Mervyn, August 1993.
154. Morris, 'Inner-City Transition', p. 135.
155. D.T. Goldberg, 'The Social Formation of Racist Discourse', in D.T. Goldberg (ed), Anatomy of Racism (Minneapolis, 1990), p. 302.
156. Interview with Nomsa, June 1993.
157. Interview with Zelda, November 1993.
158. Interview with Charles, August 1993.
159. Helper, 'Social Interaction in Racially Mixed Areas', p. 26.
160. Interview with Gwen, November 1993.
161. Interview with Mrs Meiring, July 1993.
162. Cashmore, The Logic of Racism, p. 9.
163. Roof, 'Race and Residence', p. 4.
164. Of the 33 white respondents in mixed apartment blocks who were prepared to divulge the party for which they would vote if there was an election the following day, four said that they would vote for the African National Congress (ANC) and another six said the Democratic Party (DP). Of the nineteen people in whites-only blocks, none said that they would vote for the ANC and only one said that s/he would vote for the DP.
165. Interview with Faeema, September 1993.
166. Interview with Shiela, August 1993.
167. Interview with Praveena, August 1993.
168. Interview with Rose, June 1993. Rose had lived in Hillbrow for six years at the time of the interview.
169. Simons, 'Desegregation in Namibia', p. 303.
170. S.J. Smith, The Politics of 'Race' and Residence (Cambridge, 1989), p. 161.
171. J. Rex, The Ghetto and the Underclass: Essays on Race and Social Policy (Aldershot, 1990), p. 123.
172. Fossett and Kiecolt, 'The Relative Size of Minority Populations', p. 820.
173. Interview with Mr Arthur, November 1993.
174. Interview with Zelda, June 1993.
175. Interview with Mr Galasch, July 1993.
176. Interview with Mrs Gordon, June 1993.
177. Interview with Mrs Meiring, April 1993.
178. Interview with Dan, June 1993.
179. Interview with Mr Arthur, November 1993.
180. In his his survey of black people moving into Windhooek's historical whites-only neighbourhoods, Simons found that '40 per cent of respondents were on visiting terms with at least some neighbours', see D. Simon, 'Desegregation in Namibia: the Demise of Urban Apartheid?', Geoforum, 17, 2 (1986), p. 302.
181. Interview with Colin, October 1993.
182. Interview with Bennett, April 1993.
183. Interview with Dan, May 1993.
184. Wilner, Walker and Cook, Human Relations in Interracial Housing, p. 29.
185. Ibid., p. 31.
186. Helper, 'Social Interaction in Racially Mixed Areas', p. 23; T.C. Wilson, 'Interregional Migration and Racial Attitudes', Social Forces, 65 (1986), pp. 177-186.
187. Helper, 'Social Interaction in Racially Mixed Areas', p. 23; T.C. Wilson, 'Interregional Migration and Racial Attitudes', Social Forces, 65 (1986), pp. 177-186.
188. C.L. Hunt, 'Private Integrated Housing in a Medium Size Northern City', Social Problems, 7 (1959-1960), pp. 196-209.
189. Interview with Nana, February 1993.
190. Interview with Jai, August 1993.
191. Ibid.
192. Interview with Mr Liebenberg, September 1993.
193. Interview with Nana, September 1993.
194. Interview with Bob, June 1993.
195. Ibid.
196. Interview with Mrs Gordon, January 1993.
197. Interview with Ms Viti, September 1993.
198. Interview with Dan, May 1993.
199. Interview with Mr Moonsammy, August 1993.
200. Interview with Mr Liebenberg, September 1993.
201. Interview with Colin, October 1993.
202. Interview with Nombulelo, August 1993.
203. Interview with Charles, November 1993. Charles was one of the few black residents who frequented both white and black gay clubs.
204. Interview with Nombulelo, August 1993.
205. Pettigrew, 'The Cold Structural Inducements to Integration', p. 140.
206. F. Reeves, British Racial Discourse (Cambridge, 1983) quoted in Smith, The Politics of 'Race' and Residence, pp. 5-6.
207. F. Reeves, British Racial Discourse (Cambridge, 1983) quoted in Smith, The Politics of 'Race' and Residence, pp. 5-6.
208. Cashmore, The Logic of Racism, p. 2.
209. Ibid, p. 133.
210. S. Gilman, '"I'm Down on Whores." Race and Gender in Victorian London', in D.T. Goldberg (ed), Anatomy of Racism (Minneapolis, 1990), p. 159.
211. Clay, Hillbrow, p. 12.
212. S. Gelb, 'South Africa's Economic Crisis: an Overview', in S. Gelb (ed), South Africa's Economic Crisis (Cape Town, David Philip, 1991), pp. 1-33.
213. Cashmore, The Logic of Racism; R. Miles and A. Phizacklea, 'Some Introductory Observations on Race and Politics in Britain', in R. Miles and A. Phizacklea (eds), Racism and Political Action in Britain (London, 1979), pp. 1-27.
214. Cashmore, The Logic of Racism; R. Miles and A. Phizacklea, 'Some Introductory Observations on Race and Politics in Britain', in R. Miles and A. Phizacklea (eds), Racism and Political Action in Britain (London, 1979), pp. 1-27.
215. J. Saltman, 'Neighbourhood Stabilisation: a Fragile Movement', The Sociological Quarterly, 31, 4 1984, pp. 531-549; J. Saltman, 'Three Strategies for Reducing Involuntary Segregation', Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 4 (19??), pp. 806-821.
216. J. Saltman, 'Neighbourhood Stabilisation: a Fragile Movement', The Sociological Quarterly, 31, 4 1984, pp. 531-549; J. Saltman, 'Three Strategies for Reducing Involuntary Segregation', Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 4 (19??), pp. 806-821.
217. Interview with Cas Coovadia, July 1995.
218. Interview with Sisa Njikalane, Actstop and ANC activist in the inner city, May 1996.
219. O. Crankshaw, Exploding the Myths of Johannesburg 's Inner City (Johannesburg, Inner City Housing Upgrading Trust, 1995). For a discussion of the xenophobic sentiments among local residents see A. Morris '"Our Fellow Africans Make our Lives Hell": The Lives of Congolese and Nigerians living in Johannesburg', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 6 (1986), pp. 1116-1136.
220. O. Crankshaw, Exploding the Myths of Johannesburg 's Inner City (Johannesburg, Inner City Housing Upgrading Trust, 1995). For a discussion of the xenophobic sentiments among local residents see A. Morris '"Our Fellow Africans Make our Lives Hell": The Lives of Congolese and Nigerians living in Johannesburg', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21, 6 (1986), pp. 1116-1136.
221. Personal observation and interview with caretaker.
222. The Star, 11 March 1998.
223. Goldberg, 'Polluting the Body Politic', p. 47.