Pregnancy- and lactation-related folate deficiency in South Africa - A case for folate food fortification

South African Medical Journal

Volumn 89, Issue 12, 1999, Pages 1279-1284

  Ingram, C F ^a   Fleming, A F ^a   Patel, M ^b   Galpin, J S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOLIC ACID; FOOD ADDITIVE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIET; FEMALE; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; GENDER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEMATOLOGY; HUMAN; LACTATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; PARITY; PERNICIOUS ANEMIA; PREGNANCY; PUERPERIUM; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOLOGY; SOUTH AFRICA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ANEMIA, MEGALOBLASTIC; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; FOLIC ACID; FOOD, FORTIFIED; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; IRON; LACTATION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PLATELET COUNT; POTASSIUM; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC; RETICULOCYTE COUNT; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0033373849     PISSN: 02569574     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Cohen I. Post-partum megaloblastic anaemia. S Afr Med J 1953; 27: 627-630.
2. Cassel R, Metz J. On the incidence of some blood disorders in the South African Bantu. Med Proc 1958; 4: 278-281.
3. 12 deficiency associated with lactation. Br J Haematol 1965; 11: 498-504.
4. 12 nutrition during pregnancy and the puerperium in a population subsisting on a suboptimal diet. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Comm 1966; 73: 197-204.
5. Metz J. Folate deficiency conditioned by lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1970; 23: 843-847.
6. Colman N. Addition of folic acid to staple foods as a selective nutrition intervention strategy. Nutr Rev 1982; 40: 225-233.
7. Metz J, Lurie A, Konidaris M. A note of the folate content of uncooked maize. S Afr Med J 1970; 44: 539-541.
8. Huq RS, Abalaka JA, Stafford WL. Folate content of various Nigerian foods. J Sci Food Afric 1983; 34: 404-406.
9. Baynes RD, Meriwether WD, Bothwell TH, Fernandes Costa FJ, Bezwoda WR, MacPhail AP. Iron and folate status of pregnant black women in Gazankulu. S Afr Med J 1986; 70: 148-151.
10. Mayet FG. Anaemia of pregnancy. S Afr Med J 1985; 67: 804-809.
11. World Health Organisation. Nutritional anaemias. World Health Organ Technical Rep Ser 1972; No. 503.
12. Bain BJ. The reticulocyte count. In: Dacie JV, Lewis SM, eds. Practical Haematology. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995: 65-68.
13. Chanarin I, Rothman D, Berry V. Iron deficiency and its relation to folic-acid status in pregnancy: results of a clinical'trial. BMJ 1965; 1: 480-485.
14. 12 deficiency is the primary cause of megaloblastic anaemia in Zimbabwe. Br J Haematol 1994; 86: 844-850.
15. Akinyanju OO, Okany CC. Pernicious anaemia in Africans. Clin Lab Haematol 1992; 14: 33-40.
16. 12 deficiency associated with lactation. Br J Haematol 1965; 11: 498-504.
17. Letsky E. The haematological system. In: Hytten F, Chamberlain G, eds. Clinical Physiology in Obstetrics. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980: 59-61.
18. Chanarin I. The Megaloblastic Anaemias. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1969: 786-829.
19. Rush D. Periconceptional folate and neural tube defect. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: suppl 2, 511S-515S.
20. Van der Put NMJ, Eskes TKAB, Blom HJ. Is the common 677 C T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene a risk factor for neural tube defects? A meta-analysis. Q J Med 1997; 90: 111-115.
21. Pietrzik K, Brönstrup A. Folate in preventative medicine: a new role in cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects and cancer. Ann Nutr Metab 1997; 41: 331-343.
22. Venter PA, Christianson AL, Hutamo CM, Makhura MP, Gericke GS. Congenital anomalies in rural black South African neonates - a silent epidemic? S Afr Med J 1995; 85: 15-20.
23. Fleming AF. Tropical obstetrics and gynaecology. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1989; 83: 441-448.
24. Baumslag N, Edelstein T, Metz J. Reduction of incidence of prematurity by folic supplementation in pregnancy. BMJ 1970; 1: 16-17.
25. Rolschau J, Date J, Kristoffersen K. Folic acid supplement and intrauterine growth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1979; 58: 343-346.
26. Gandy G, Jacobson W. Influence of folic acid on birthweight and growth of the erythroblastic infant. III. Effect of folic acid supplementation. Arch Dis Child 1977; 52: 16-21.
27. Harrison KA, Fleming AF, Briggs ND, Rossiter CE. Growth during pregnancy in Nigerian teenage primigravidae. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: suppl 5, 32-39.
28. Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Collaboration. Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 1998; 316: 894-898.
29. Wald NJ, Bower C. Folic acid and the prevention of neural tube defects. BMJ 1995; 310: 1019-1020.
30. Colman N, Barber M, Green R, Metz J. Prevention of folate deficiency in pregnancy by food fortification. Am J Clin Nutr 1974; 27: 339-344.
31. Colman N, Larsen JV, Barker M, Barker EA, Green R, Metz J. Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. III. Effect in pregnant subjects of varying amounts of added folic acid. Am J Clin Nutr 1975; 28: 465-470.
32. Colman N, Green R, Metz J. Prevention of folate deficiency by food fortification. II. Absorption of folic acid from fortified staple foods. Am J Clin Nutr 1975; 28: 459-464.
33. Tamura T. Bioavailability of folic acid in fortified food. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1299-1300.
34. Bishop WB, Laubscher I, Labadarios D, Rehder P, Louw MEJ, Fellingham SA. Effect of vitamin-enriched bread on the vitamin status of an isolated rural community - controlled clinical trial. S Afr Med J 1996; 86: 458-462.
35. Pfeiffer CM, Rogers LM, Bailey LB, Gregory JF. Absorption of folate from fortified cereal grain products and of supplemental folate consumed with or without food determined by using a dual-label stable-isotope protocol. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1388-1397.
36. Marshall RA, Jandl JH. Responses to 'physiologic doses' of folic acid in the megaloblastic anaemias. Arch Int Med 1960; 105: 352-360.
37. Herbert V. Current concepts in therapy - megaloblastic anaemia. N Engl J Med 1963; 268: 201-203.
38. Green R. Cobalamin and folate deficiency: the antecedents and associations of anemia. Education programme of the 26th Congress of the International Society of Haematology, Singapore; August 1996: 128-136.
39. Bates CJ, Fuller NJ, Prentice AM. Folate status during pregnancy and lactation in a West African rural community. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1986; 40C: 3-13.
40. Gråberger-Wilcox G, Willcox MC. Megaloblastic anaemia among Somalis in north-eastern Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 190.