Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: Are they justified?

European Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 9, Issue SUPPL. 6, 1999, Pages

  Lader, Malcolm H ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Abuse; Anxiolytics; Benzodiazepines; Dependence; Hypnotics; Psychological impairment

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE;

ANXIETY NEUROSIS; ARTICLE; ATAXIA; DOSE TIME EFFECT RELATION; DROWSINESS; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSARTHRIA; FALLING; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VERTIGO;

ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS; ANXIETY; BENZODIAZEPINES; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 0033368913     PISSN: 0924977X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-977X(99)00051-6     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Ashton H. Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use. Drugs. 48:1994;25-40.
2. Ancill R.J., Embury G.D., MacEwan G.W., et al. Lorazepam in the elderly - A retrospective study of the side-effects in 20 patients. J. Psychopharmacol. 2:1987;126-127.
3. Ballenger J.C., Burrows G.D., Dupont R.L., et al. Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: Results from a multicenter trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;413-422.
4. Bond A.J., James D.C., Lader M. Physiological and psychological measures in anxious patients. Psychol. Med. 43:1974;364-373.
5. Boyer W. Serotonin uptake inhibitors are superior to imipramine and alprazolam in alleviating panic attacks: A meta-analysis. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10:1995;45-49.
6. Calhoun S.R., Wesson D.R., Galloway G.P., Smith D.E. Abuse of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) and other benzodiazepines in Austin and South Texas. J. Psychoactive Drugs. 28:1996;183-189.
7. Curran H.V. Benzodiazepines, memory and mood: A review. Psychopharmacology. 105:1991;1-8.
8. Dager S.R., Roy-Byrne P., Hendrickson H., et al. Long-term outcome of panic states during double-blind treatment and after withdrawal of alprazolam and placebo. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry. 4:1992;251-258.
9. Dietch J.T., Jennings R.K. Aggressive dyscontrol in patients treated with benzodiazepines. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 49:1988;184-187.
10. Durham R.C., Allan T. Psychological treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. A review of the clinical significance of results in outcome studies since 1980. Br. J. Psychiatry. 163:1993;19-26.
11. Fifer S.K., Mathias S.D., Patrick D.L., Mazonson P.D., Lubeck D.P., Buesching D.R. Untreated anxiety among adult primary care patients in a health maintenance organization. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 51:1994;740-750.
12. Hallström C. Benzodiazepine Dependence. 1993;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
13. Kales A., Kales J. Sleep laboratory studies of hypnotic drugs: Efficacy and withdrawal effects. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 3:1983;40-150.
14. Koelega H.S. Benzodiazepines and vigilance performance: A review. Psychopharmacology. 98:1989;145-156.
15. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., et al. Physical symptoms in primary care. Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Arch. Fam. Med. 3:1994;774-779.
16. Lader M. Rebound insomnia and newer hypnotics. Psychopharmacology. 108:1992;248-255.
17. Lader M. Benzodiazepines. A risk-benefit profile. CNS Drugs. 1:1994;377-387.
18. MacDonald J.B. The role of drugs in falls in the elderly. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 1:1985;621-632.
19. Maczaj M. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia. Drugs. 45:1993;44-55.
20. Morin C.M., Culbert J.P., Schwartz M.S. Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: A meta-analysis of treatment efficacy. Am. J. Psychiatry. 151:1994;1172-1180.
21. Neutel C.I. Risk of traffic accident injury after a prescription for a benzodiazepine. Ann. Epidemiol. 5:1995;239-244.
22. Nicholson A.N. Hypnotics. Their place in therapeutics. Drugs. 31:1986;164-176.
23. Pecknold J.C., Swinson R.P., Kuch K., et al. Alprazolam in panic disorder and agoraphobia: Results from a multicenter trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;429-435.
24. Quality Assurance Project, 1985. Treatment outlines for the management of anxiety states, Aust. NZ. J. Psychiatry 19, 138-151.
25. Ray W.A., Fought R.L., Decker M.D. Psychoactive drugs and the risk of injurious motor vehicle crashes in elderly drivers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136:1992;873-883.
26. Rickels K., Case G., Downing R.W., et al. Long-term diazepam therapy and clinical outcome. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 250:1983;767-771.
27. Rickels K., Schweizer S., Casanalosi I., et al. Long-term treatment of anxiety and risk of withdrawal. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;444-450.
28. Rosenbaum J.F. The drug treatment of anxiety. New Engl. J. Med. 306:1982;401-404.
29. Salzman C. Behavioural side effects of benzodiazepines. Kane J.M., Lieberman J.A. Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Drugs. 1992;139-152 Guilford Press, New York.
30. Schneider-Helmert D. Why low-dose benzodiazepine-dependent insomniacs can't escape their sleeping pills. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 78:1988;706-711.
31. Serfaty M., Masterton G. Fatal poisonings attributed to benzodiazepines in Britain during the 1980s. Br. J. Psychiatry. 163:1993;386-393.
32. Sheehan M.F., Sheehan D.V., Torres A., Coppola A., Francis F. Snorting benzodiazepines. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse. 17:1991;457-468.
33. Strang J., Seivewright N., Farrell M. Intravenous and other novel abuses of benzodiazepines: The opening of Pandora's box? Br. J. Addict. 87:1992;1373-1375.
34. Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association, 1990. Benzodiazepine dependence, toxicity and abuse, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
35. Tyrer P., Murphy S., Kingdon D., et al. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: Comparison of drug and psychological treatments. Lancet. 2:1988;235-240.
36. Woods J.H., Katz J.L., Winger G. Abuse liability of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol. Rev. 39:1987;251-419.