New trends in biotechnology networking

International Journal of Biotechnology

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 30-41

  Mytelka, Lynn K ^a  

^a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Biotechnology; developing countries; north south partnerships; oligopoly; pharmaceutical industry; strategic partnerships; technological capabilities

Indexed keywords

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DRUG PRODUCTS PLANTS; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; HEALTH CARE; INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PUBLIC POLICY; STRATEGIC PLANNING;

BIOTECHNOLOGY NETWORKING; HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY; NORTH SOUTH PARTNERSHIPS; OLIGOPOLY; PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY; POLICYMAKERS; STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS;

BIOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 0033365445     PISSN: 09636048     EISSN: 17415020     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.1999.004475     Document Type: Article

References (46)

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2. Sony, a manufacturer of consumer electronic goods, for example, moved into the computer industry. This move does not constitute a classic case of diversification nor an opportunistic response to financial gain but an exploitation of existing technological competencies in other domains.
3. Aglietta, M. (1976) Regulation et crise du capitalism [Paris: Calmann Levy].
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5. Freeman, C. and Perez, C. (1988) ‘Structural crises of adjustment: business cycles and investment behaviour’in Dosi et al. Technical Change and Economic Theory (London: Pinter Publishers), pp.38–68.
6. For an analysis of the textile and clothing industry see Mytelka [7]; for semi-conductors and computers see Ernst and O’Connor [8], for telecommunications, see Mytelka [9].
7. Mytelka, L.K. (1991) ‘Global shifts in the textile and clothing industries’ Studies in Political Economy No. 36 (Autumn) pp.109–143.
8. Ernst, D. and O’Connor, D. (1992) Competing in the Electronics Industry (Paris: OECD).
9. Mytelka, L.K. (1996) ‘The telecommunications equipment industry in Brazil and Korea’ in Lynn K. Mytelka (Ed.) Competition, Innovation and Competitiveness in Developing Countries (Paris: OECD Development Centre), forthcoming.
10. For example, in the introduction of personal computers, Walkman or compact discs.
11. Mytelka, L.K. (1991) ‘Crisis, technological change and the strategic alliance’ in Mytelka (Ed.) Strategic Partnerships and the World Economy (London: Pinter Publishers) pp.7–34.
12. Hagedoorn, J. and Shakenread, J. (1990) Leading Companies and the Structure of Strategic Alliances in Core Technologies, Limburg, University of Limburg, MERIT.
13. Fusfeld, H.I. and Haklisch, C. (1985) ‘Cooperative R&D for competitors’ Harvard Business Review, No.-Dec. pp.60–67.
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15. The survey included 18 of the world’s largest pharmaceutical firms – Merck, Sharp and Dome, Ely Lilly, Pfizer, Bristol Meyers-Squibb, Ciba-Geigy, Hoffman-la Roche and Sandoz, Rhone- Poulenc, Sanofi, Bayer, Hoechts, ICI, Glaxo, Novo, Yamanouchi, Sanyo, Takeda, Daiichi and two of the major biotechnology companies Genentech and Amgen.
16. Barbanti, P., Gambardella, A. and Orsenigo, L. (1992) The Evolution of the Forms of Collaboration in Biotechnologies, (this volume).
17. A similar argument can be made about the very low level of partnering activity involving biotechnology firms from the Third World captured by the MERIT-CATI database over the 1980s and reported in Freeman and Hagedoorn [18].
18. Freeman, Chris and Hagedoorn, John (1994) ‘Catching up or falling behind: patterns in international interfirm technology partnering’, World Development, Vol.22, No. 5, pp.771–780.
19. Acharya, R., Arundel, A. and Orsenigo, L. (1995) The Evolving Structure of the European Biotechnology Industry and its Future Competitiveness. Paper presented at a conference on Biotechnology in the European Union (Grenoble, 7–8 December).
20. Commission of the European Communities (CEC) [1995] A European Approach to Strategic Alliances prepared by Baxton Associates, Horack Adler and Associations, Professor Deigan Morris (Brussels:DGIIl/A/3).
21. Calculated from Eureka News, diverse years.
22. Mytelka, L.K. (1994) ‘Dancing with wolves: global oligopolies and strategic partnerships’ in J. Hagedoorn (Ed.) Internationalisation of Corporate Technology Strategies (London: Elgar).
23. Delapierre, M. and Mytelka, L.K. (1994) ‘Blurring boundaries: new inter-firm relationships and the emergence of networked, knowledge based oligopolies’ paper presented at an EMOT Workshop (Como, Italy, October), forthcoming in M. Colombo (Ed.) The Changing Boundaries of the Firm. Explaining Evolving Inter-Firm Relations (UK: Routledge).
24. The emergence of mecatronics, the links between computers and telecommunications and the emergence of biotechnology in seed companies, petrochemical and petroleum firms and pharmaceutical companies are among the areas where this is taking place.
25. These points are discussed more fully in Delapierre and Mytelka [26], Mytelka [11] and Mytelka [22].
26. Delapierre, M. and Mytelka, L.K. [1988], ‘Décomposition, recomposition des oligopoles’, Cahiers de l’ISMEA, Economie et Société, Nos.11–12.
27. This section draws heavily on Delapierre and Mytelka [23].
28. Rankings for 1982 are from US Department of Commerce: A Competitive Assessment of the US Pharmaceutical Industry [29]. For 1989, Sharp: 1994 [30] and for 1992, Financial Times of 10 March 1994 [31].
29. US Dept. of Commerce: A Competitive Assessment of the US Pharmaceutical Industry (1984).
30. Sharp, M., Thomas, S. and Martin, P. (1994), ‘Transferts de technologie et politique de l’innovation: le cas des biotechnologies’, in F. Sachwald (Ed.), Les défis de la Mondialisation: Innovation et Concurrence, Paris, Masson,.
31. Financial Times, 10 March 1994.
32. Pharmacia (Sweden) and Upjohn Inc. (USA) also merged in 1995.
33. On the technological convergence between biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, see Griffith, V. ‘Hand in Hand’, Financial Times, 6.09.94 [34].
34. Griffith, V. ‘Hand in hand’, Financial Times, 6.9.94.
35. Clinical testing and marketing, moreover, were activities in which the large, integrated pharmaceutical companies had acquired considerable experience.
36. Smith Kline merged with Beecham in 1989 and bought Sterling laboratories from Eastman Kodak in 1994.
37. Rich, M. [1995] ‘Search for early symptoms’ Financial Times, Nov.27, II
38. The data used to construct Figure 2 are based exclusively on technology agreements.
39. Cookson, C. (1995) ‘Transatlantic courtships warms up’, Financial Times, Nov.27, IV.
40. Yuan, R. and Hsu, M. (1991) ‘Biostrategies in the Pacific Rim’ in Genetic Engineering News [May].
41. Acharya, R. (1996) ‘Bio-pharmaceuticals in India and Taiwan’ in Lynn K. Mytelka (Ed.) Competition, Innovation and Competitiveness in Developing Countries (Paris: OECD Development Centre), forthcoming.
42. Cantwell, J. and Tolentino, P.E. (1990) Technological Accumulation and Third World Multinationals, University of Reading, Department of Economics Working Paper, No. 139.
43. This case study is based on interviews with Dr. Florence Wambugu, the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, ISAAA’s, Afri-Centre, Nairobi, April 1995 and various articles in the Daily Nation (Nairobi), Genetic Engineering News and Business Week. On Monsanto see Joly in this issue.
44. These include, among others, the McKnight, MacArthur, Hitachi and Rockefeller Foundations, government funding agencies from Canada, Denmark, Germany, the USA, UK and Brazil and companies such as Kirin Brewery, Monsanto, Pioneer and Sandoz.
45. IDB [1988] ‘Latin America joins a scientific revolution’, Monthly News from the Inter-US Development Bank (October), pp.6–8.
46. Souza Silva, J. de (1988) ‘Biotechnology in Brazil and prospects for South-South cooperation’ in N. Kumar (Ed.) Biotechnology Revolution and the Third World (New Delhi: Research and Information systems for the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries), pp.420–442.