Waiting for the wrecking ball: Skid row in postindustrial Philadelphia

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 690-715

  Metraux, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

URBAN ECONOMY; URBAN HISTORY; URBAN HOUSING; URBAN RENEWAL;

PENNSYLVANIA; PHILADELPHIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033362487     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614429902500503     Document Type: Article

References (147)

1. The account of the Darien Hotel is taken from personal communication with Joe Ferry, who was involved with the relocation of the hotel residents, and from newspaper accounts in the Philadelphia Bulletin, July 21, 1975, and January 23, 1976 (Temple University Urban Archives).
2. John R. Logan and Harvey L. Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley, 1987), 12.
3. References to the homeless population in this article will use masculine pronouns in recognition of its overwhelmingly male composition.
4. The term homeless, throughout most of American history up to the late 1970s, not so much referred to the lack of living quarters (though a minority of the homeless population always found themselves forced to sleep "in the rough"), but rather described a person's lack of any fixed association to family or place.
5. John C. Schneider, "Skid Row as an Urban Neighborhood," in Jon Erickson and Charles Wilhelm, eds., Housing the Homeless (New Brunswick, NJ, 1986), 169-73; Charles Hoch and Robert A. Slayton, New Homeless and Old (Philadelphia, 1989), 28-34.
6. John C. Schneider, "Skid Row as an Urban Neighborhood," in Jon Erickson and Charles Wilhelm, eds., Housing the Homeless (New Brunswick, NJ, 1986), 169-73; Charles Hoch and Robert A. Slayton, New Homeless and Old (Philadelphia, 1989), 28-34.
7. Nels Anderson, The Hobo: The Sociology of the Homeless Man (Chicago, 1923), 14-15.
8. Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, Jr., and Stephen F. Barsky, Liquor and Poverty: Skid Row as a Human Condition (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), 39-52. For more general overviews of changing geography of industrial cities, see, for example, Eric Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban (Berkeley, 1988); Sam B. Warner, Jr., The Urban Wilderness: A History of the American City (New York, 1972).
9. Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, Jr., and Stephen F. Barsky, Liquor and Poverty: Skid Row as a Human Condition (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), 39-52. For more general overviews of changing geography of industrial cities, see, for example, Eric Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban (Berkeley, 1988); Sam B. Warner, Jr., The Urban Wilderness: A History of the American City (New York, 1972).
10. Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, Jr., and Stephen F. Barsky, Liquor and Poverty: Skid Row as a Human Condition (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), 39-52. For more general overviews of changing geography of industrial cities, see, for example, Eric Monkkonen, America Becomes Urban (Berkeley, 1988); Sam B. Warner, Jr., The Urban Wilderness: A History of the American City (New York, 1972).
11. Franklin K. Fretz, "The Furnished Room Problem in Philadelphia" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1912), 19-24.
12. These two institutions provide contrasting examples of charitable approaches taken to homeless men during this era. The Sunday Breakfast Association provided the homeless with food and shelter along with an evangelizing Christianity. The Wayfarers' Lodge, on the other hand, took a more "scientific" approach that included mandatory "work tests," usually a stint of chopping wood, as a means for the homeless man to prove himself "deserving" of the food and shelter that was offered. See Kenneth Kusmer, "The Underclass in Historical Perspective: Tramps and Vagrants in Urban America, 1870-1930," in Rick Beard, ed., On Being Homeless: Historical Perspectives (New York, 1987), 28; Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 30-1, 45, 50.
13. These two institutions provide contrasting examples of charitable approaches taken to homeless men during this era. The Sunday Breakfast Association provided the homeless with food and shelter along with an evangelizing Christianity. The Wayfarers' Lodge, on the other hand, took a more "scientific" approach that included mandatory "work tests," usually a stint of chopping wood, as a means for the homeless man to prove himself "deserving" of the food and shelter that was offered. See Kenneth Kusmer, "The Underclass in Historical Perspective: Tramps and Vagrants in Urban America, 1870-1930," in Rick Beard, ed., On Being Homeless: Historical Perspectives (New York, 1987), 28; Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 30-1, 45, 50.
14. Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 39-52.
15. These rooming houses were usually large houses that were subdivided into numerous smaller, apartment-type dwellings (Fretz, The Furnished Room Problem, 42-8). See Harvey W. Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side (Chicago, 1929), 105-28, and Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 46-53, for similar accounts of how Chicago's Hobohemia grew both spatially and economically, alongside one of the city's main rooming house districts.
16. These rooming houses were usually large houses that were subdivided into numerous smaller, apartment-type dwellings (Fretz, The Furnished Room Problem, 42-8). See Harvey W. Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side (Chicago, 1929), 105-28, and Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 46-53, for similar accounts of how Chicago's Hobohemia grew both spatially and economically, alongside one of the city's main rooming house districts.
17. These rooming houses were usually large houses that were subdivided into numerous smaller, apartment-type dwellings (Fretz, The Furnished Room Problem, 42-8). See Harvey W. Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side (Chicago, 1929), 105-28, and Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 46-53, for similar accounts of how Chicago's Hobohemia grew both spatially and economically, alongside one of the city's main rooming house districts.
18. Fretz, The Furnished Room Problem, 60.
19. Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum, 119-20.
20. Alice W. Solenberger, One Thousand Homeless Men (New York, 1911), 151.
21. Kim Hopper, "Public Shelter as 'a Hybrid Institution': Homeless Men in Historical Perspective," Journal of Social Issues 46, no. 4 (1990): 13-23; Kusmer, "The Underclass," 26; Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 37-8.
22. Kim Hopper, "Public Shelter as 'a Hybrid Institution': Homeless Men in Historical Perspective," Journal of Social Issues 46, no. 4 (1990): 13-23; Kusmer, "The Underclass," 26; Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 37-8.
23. Kim Hopper, "Public Shelter as 'a Hybrid Institution': Homeless Men in Historical Perspective," Journal of Social Issues 46, no. 4 (1990): 13-23; Kusmer, "The Underclass," 26; Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 37-8.
24. See Michael Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse (New York, 1986), 163-7, for an account of how the professionalization of social work affected charitable agencies.
25. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 72-3; Kim Hopper, "Homeless Old and New: A Matter of Definition," Housing Policy Debate 2, no. 3 (1991): 748. See Anderson, The Hobo, 60, for an early and unusual example of associating structural labor patterns with the poverty of the homeless population.
26. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 72-3; Kim Hopper, "Homeless Old and New: A Matter of Definition," Housing Policy Debate 2, no. 3 (1991): 748. See Anderson, The Hobo, 60, for an early and unusual example of associating structural labor patterns with the poverty of the homeless population.
27. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 72-3; Kim Hopper, "Homeless Old and New: A Matter of Definition," Housing Policy Debate 2, no. 3 (1991): 748. See Anderson, The Hobo, 60, for an early and unusual example of associating structural labor patterns with the poverty of the homeless population.
28. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse, 91-9.
29. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 62-3; Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 48-9; Schneider "Skid Row as an Urban Neighborhood," 169-71.
30. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 62-3; Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 48-9; Schneider "Skid Row as an Urban Neighborhood," 169-71.
31. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 62-3; Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 48-9; Schneider "Skid Row as an Urban Neighborhood," 169-71.
32. Kusmer, "The Underclass," 27-8.
33. Anderson, Introduction to The Hobo (1961, Phoenix Edition), xvii-xxi; John C. Schneider, "Tramping Workers, 1890-1920: A Subcultural View," in Eric H. Monkkonen, ed., Walking to Work: Tramps in America, 1790-1935 (Lincoln, NE, 1984), 228-9.
34. Anderson, Introduction to The Hobo (1961, Phoenix Edition), xvii-xxi; John C. Schneider, "Tramping Workers, 1890-1920: A Subcultural View," in Eric H. Monkkonen, ed., Walking to Work: Tramps in America, 1790-1935 (Lincoln, NE, 1984), 228-9.
35. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 74-84. Joan M. Crouse, The Homeless Transient in the Great Depression: New York State, 1929-1941 (Albany, 1986).
36. Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 74-84. Joan M. Crouse, The Homeless Transient in the Great Depression: New York State, 1929-1941 (Albany, 1986).
37. Samuel Wallace, Skid Row as a Way of Life (Totowa, NJ, 1965), 22-3.
38. Harvey Siegal and James Inciardi, "The Demise of Skid Row," Society 19, no. 1 (1982): 39-45; Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York, 1962), 92-101; Theodore Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," in Howard M. Bahr, ed., Disaffiliated Man: Essays and Bibliography on Skid Row, Vagrancy and Outsiders (Toronto, 1970), 3-49; Ronald Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem: Skid Row Revisited," Society 10, no. 5 (1973): 64-71; James F. Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male: An Historical Review," in Bahr, Disaffiliated Man, 13-37.
39. Harvey Siegal and James Inciardi, "The Demise of Skid Row," Society 19, no. 1 (1982): 39-45; Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York, 1962), 92-101; Theodore Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," in Howard M. Bahr, ed., Disaffiliated Man: Essays and Bibliography on Skid Row, Vagrancy and Outsiders (Toronto, 1970), 3-49; Ronald Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem: Skid Row Revisited," Society 10, no. 5 (1973): 64-71; James F. Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male: An Historical Review," in Bahr, Disaffiliated Man, 13-37.
40. Harvey Siegal and James Inciardi, "The Demise of Skid Row," Society 19, no. 1 (1982): 39-45; Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York, 1962), 92-101; Theodore Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," in Howard M. Bahr, ed., Disaffiliated Man: Essays and Bibliography on Skid Row, Vagrancy and Outsiders (Toronto, 1970), 3-49; Ronald Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem: Skid Row Revisited," Society 10, no. 5 (1973): 64-71; James F. Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male: An Historical Review," in Bahr, Disaffiliated Man, 13-37.
41. Harvey Siegal and James Inciardi, "The Demise of Skid Row," Society 19, no. 1 (1982): 39-45; Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York, 1962), 92-101; Theodore Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," in Howard M. Bahr, ed., Disaffiliated Man: Essays and Bibliography on Skid Row, Vagrancy and Outsiders (Toronto, 1970), 3-49; Ronald Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem: Skid Row Revisited," Society 10, no. 5 (1973): 64-71; James F. Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male: An Historical Review," in Bahr, Disaffiliated Man, 13-37.
42. Harvey Siegal and James Inciardi, "The Demise of Skid Row," Society 19, no. 1 (1982): 39-45; Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York, 1962), 92-101; Theodore Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," in Howard M. Bahr, ed., Disaffiliated Man: Essays and Bibliography on Skid Row, Vagrancy and Outsiders (Toronto, 1970), 3-49; Ronald Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem: Skid Row Revisited," Society 10, no. 5 (1973): 64-71; James F. Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male: An Historical Review," in Bahr, Disaffiliated Man, 13-37.
43. Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," 6.
44. See Keith A. Lovald, "From Hobohemia to Skid Row: The Changing Community of the Homeless Man" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1960).
45. Health and Welfare Council, Inc. (hereafter, HWC), What about Philadelphia's Skid Row? A Report on Homeless and Transient Men Living in the Vicinity of 8th and Vine Streets (Philadelphia, 1952), 1 (Temple University Urban Archives).
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., 3-5. Skid Row was highly segregated, and the black counterparts to the Skid Row man presumably lived among the black sections of Philadelphia (Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 138-9). There was no identified black Skid Row in Philadelphia, and blacks were undoubtedly discouraged from using Skid Row facilities as the result of prejudice. In contrast, other cities such as Chicago featured segregation on Skid Row that dated back to the industrial era, with hotels and other accommodations available just for blacks (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 29-32). A well-known and detailed study of the disproportionately high incarceration rates on Skid Row is James P. Spradley, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads (Boston, 1970). For additional details of arrests and incarcerations on Philadelphia Skid Row, see Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, and Irving Shandler, Skid Row and Its Alternatives (Philadelphia, 1973), 60-75.
48. Ibid., 3-5. Skid Row was highly segregated, and the black counterparts to the Skid Row man presumably lived among the black sections of Philadelphia (Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 138-9). There was no identified black Skid Row in Philadelphia, and blacks were undoubtedly discouraged from using Skid Row facilities as the result of prejudice. In contrast, other cities such as Chicago featured segregation on Skid Row that dated back to the industrial era, with hotels and other accommodations available just for blacks (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 29-32). A well-known and detailed study of the disproportionately high incarceration rates on Skid Row is James P. Spradley, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads (Boston, 1970). For additional details of arrests and incarcerations on Philadelphia Skid Row, see Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, and Irving Shandler, Skid Row and Its Alternatives (Philadelphia, 1973), 60-75.
49. Ibid., 3-5. Skid Row was highly segregated, and the black counterparts to the Skid Row man presumably lived among the black sections of Philadelphia (Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 138-9). There was no identified black Skid Row in Philadelphia, and blacks were undoubtedly discouraged from using Skid Row facilities as the result of prejudice. In contrast, other cities such as Chicago featured segregation on Skid Row that dated back to the industrial era, with hotels and other accommodations available just for blacks (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 29-32). A well-known and detailed study of the disproportionately high incarceration rates on Skid Row is James P. Spradley, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads (Boston, 1970). For additional details of arrests and incarcerations on Philadelphia Skid Row, see Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, and Irving Shandler, Skid Row and Its Alternatives (Philadelphia, 1973), 60-75.
50. Ibid., 3-5. Skid Row was highly segregated, and the black counterparts to the Skid Row man presumably lived among the black sections of Philadelphia (Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 138-9). There was no identified black Skid Row in Philadelphia, and blacks were undoubtedly discouraged from using Skid Row facilities as the result of prejudice. In contrast, other cities such as Chicago featured segregation on Skid Row that dated back to the industrial era, with hotels and other accommodations available just for blacks (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 29-32). A well-known and detailed study of the disproportionately high incarceration rates on Skid Row is James P. Spradley, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads (Boston, 1970). For additional details of arrests and incarcerations on Philadelphia Skid Row, see Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, and Irving Shandler, Skid Row and Its Alternatives (Philadelphia, 1973), 60-75.
51. Ibid., 3-5. Skid Row was highly segregated, and the black counterparts to the Skid Row man presumably lived among the black sections of Philadelphia (Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 138-9). There was no identified black Skid Row in Philadelphia, and blacks were undoubtedly discouraged from using Skid Row facilities as the result of prejudice. In contrast, other cities such as Chicago featured segregation on Skid Row that dated back to the industrial era, with hotels and other accommodations available just for blacks (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 29-32). A well-known and detailed study of the disproportionately high incarceration rates on Skid Row is James P. Spradley, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads (Boston, 1970). For additional details of arrests and incarcerations on Philadelphia Skid Row, see Leonard Blumberg, Thomas E. Shipley, and Irving Shandler, Skid Row and Its Alternatives (Philadelphia, 1973), 60-75.
52. For more detailed accounts of northeast and midwest cities and their socioeconomic difficulties leading up to the "urban crisis" of the 1960s and 1970s, see Jon Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance (Baltimore, 1990); Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, 1996).
53. For more detailed accounts of northeast and midwest cities and their socioeconomic difficulties leading up to the "urban crisis" of the 1960s and 1970s, see Jon Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance (Baltimore, 1990); Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, 1996).
54. Carolyn T. Adams, David Bartelt, David Elesh, Ira Goldstein, Nancy Kleniewski, and William Yancey, Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division, and Conflict in a Postindustrial City (Philadelphia, 1991), 3-24.
55. John Mollenkopf, "The Postwar Politics of Urban Development," in William K. Tabb and Larry Sawers, eds., Marxism and the Metropolis (New York, 1978), 121.
56. Nancy Kleniewski, "From Industrial to Corporate City: The Role of Urban Renewal," in William K. Tabb and Larry Sawers, eds., Marxism and the Metropolis, 2d ed. (New York, 1984), 208-9.
57. Ibid., 209.
58. Teaford, Rough Road to Renaissance, 44-81; David W. Bartelt, "Renewing Center City Philadelphia: Whose City? Which Public's Interests?" in Gregory Squires, ed., Unequal Partnerships: The Political of Urban Redevelopment in Postwar America (New Brunswick, NJ, 1989), 80-4.
59. Teaford, Rough Road to Renaissance, 44-81; David W. Bartelt, "Renewing Center City Philadelphia: Whose City? Which Public's Interests?" in Gregory Squires, ed., Unequal Partnerships: The Political of Urban Redevelopment in Postwar America (New Brunswick, NJ, 1989), 80-4.
60. HWC, What about Skid Row, 1, 9; Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority (hereafter, PRA), Annual Report, 1948, 5; PRA, Annual Report, 1949, 18; Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Vine Street Expressway (Philadelphia, 1945). All four sources are from Temple University Urban Archives.
61. HWC, What about Skid Row, 1, 9; Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority (hereafter, PRA), Annual Report, 1948, 5; PRA, Annual Report, 1949, 18; Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Vine Street Expressway (Philadelphia, 1945). All four sources are from Temple University Urban Archives.
62. HWC, What about Skid Row, 1, 9; Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority (hereafter, PRA), Annual Report, 1948, 5; PRA, Annual Report, 1949, 18; Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Vine Street Expressway (Philadelphia, 1945). All four sources are from Temple University Urban Archives.
63. HWC, What about Skid Row, 1, 9; Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority (hereafter, PRA), Annual Report, 1948, 5; PRA, Annual Report, 1949, 18; Philadelphia City Planning Commission, Vine Street Expressway (Philadelphia, 1945). All four sources are from Temple University Urban Archives.
64. John F. Bauman, "The Expressway 'Motorists Loved to Hate': Philadelphia and the First Era of Postwar Highway Planning, 1943-1956," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 115, no. 4 (1991): 518.
65. Missions are institutions, peculiar to Skid Row, which would provide homeless indigent persons meals and overnight shelter after subjecting the homeless man to a mandatory sermon with the implicit encouragement to profess a conversion to Christianity. For a more detailed description of this and other Skid Row institutions, see Wallace, Skid Row as a Way of Life; William McSheehy, Skid Row (Cambridge, MA, 1979); James F. Rooney "Organizational Success through Program Failure: Skid Row Rescue Missions," Social Forces 58 (1980): 904-24.
66. Missions are institutions, peculiar to Skid Row, which would provide homeless indigent persons meals and overnight shelter after subjecting the homeless man to a mandatory sermon with the implicit encouragement to profess a conversion to Christianity. For a more detailed description of this and other Skid Row institutions, see Wallace, Skid Row as a Way of Life; William McSheehy, Skid Row (Cambridge, MA, 1979); James F. Rooney "Organizational Success through Program Failure: Skid Row Rescue Missions," Social Forces 58 (1980): 904-24.
67. Missions are institutions, peculiar to Skid Row, which would provide homeless indigent persons meals and overnight shelter after subjecting the homeless man to a mandatory sermon with the implicit encouragement to profess a conversion to Christianity. For a more detailed description of this and other Skid Row institutions, see Wallace, Skid Row as a Way of Life; William McSheehy, Skid Row (Cambridge, MA, 1979); James F. Rooney "Organizational Success through Program Failure: Skid Row Rescue Missions," Social Forces 58 (1980): 904-24.
68. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York, 1961), 99-101; Earl Rubington, "A Research Design for Dealing with the Human Side of Philadelphia's Skid Row Problem" (unpublished paper, 37-44, Temple University Urban Archives, 1958); Joseph P. Ferry, "Homelessness in My Hometown" (Masters thesis, Temple University, 1986).
69. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York, 1961), 99-101; Earl Rubington, "A Research Design for Dealing with the Human Side of Philadelphia's Skid Row Problem" (unpublished paper, 37-44, Temple University Urban Archives, 1958); Joseph P. Ferry, "Homelessness in My Hometown" (Masters thesis, Temple University, 1986).
70. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York, 1961), 99-101; Earl Rubington, "A Research Design for Dealing with the Human Side of Philadelphia's Skid Row Problem" (unpublished paper, 37-44, Temple University Urban Archives, 1958); Joseph P. Ferry, "Homelessness in My Hometown" (Masters thesis, Temple University, 1986).
71. HWC, What about Philadelphia's Skid Row, 9.
72. Ibid., 10.
73. Ibid 15-16; Charles Hoch, "A Brief History of the Homeless Problem in the United States," in Richard D. Bingham, Roy E. Green, and Sammis B. White, eds., The Homeless in Contemporary Society (Newbury Park, CA, 1989), 23.
74. Ibid 15-16; Charles Hoch, "A Brief History of the Homeless Problem in the United States," in Richard D. Bingham, Roy E. Green, and Sammis B. White, eds., The Homeless in Contemporary Society (Newbury Park, CA, 1989), 23.
75. Ernest W. Goldsborough and Wilbur E. Hobbs, Report of the Pennsylvania Prison Society to the Health and Welfare Council on the Homeless Men Project (Philadelphia, 1956). See also Mollenkopf, "Postwar Politics of Urban Development."
76. Ernest W. Goldsborough and Wilbur E. Hobbs, Report of the Pennsylvania Prison Society to the Health and Welfare Council on the Homeless Men Project (Philadelphia, 1956). See also Mollenkopf, "Postwar Politics of Urban Development."
77. Kirk R. Petshek, The Challenge of Urban Reform: Policies and Programs in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1973), 28-31.
78. Kleniewski, "From Industrial City to Corporate City," 213-14.
79. "The Philadelphia Story: Citizens Can Clean Up Government," Newsweek, June 23, 1952, 28-9; George Werthner, "GPM: Vigilantes Anonymous," Greater Philadelphia Magazine, April 1957, page range unknown (Temple University Urban Archives); Teaford, Road to Renaissance, 51-8; Adams et al., Philadelphia, 138-40.
80. "The Philadelphia Story: Citizens Can Clean Up Government," Newsweek, June 23, 1952, 28-9; George Werthner, "GPM: Vigilantes Anonymous," Greater Philadelphia Magazine, April 1957, page range unknown (Temple University Urban Archives); Teaford, Road to Renaissance, 51-8; Adams et al., Philadelphia, 138-40.
81. "The Philadelphia Story: Citizens Can Clean Up Government," Newsweek, June 23, 1952, 28-9; George Werthner, "GPM: Vigilantes Anonymous," Greater Philadelphia Magazine, April 1957, page range unknown (Temple University Urban Archives); Teaford, Road to Renaissance, 51-8; Adams et al., Philadelphia, 138-40.
82. "The Philadelphia Story: Citizens Can Clean Up Government," Newsweek, June 23, 1952, 28-9; George Werthner, "GPM: Vigilantes Anonymous," Greater Philadelphia Magazine, April 1957, page range unknown (Temple University Urban Archives); Teaford, Road to Renaissance, 51-8; Adams et al., Philadelphia, 138-40.
83. PRA, Annual Report, 1959, 18-19.
84. Ibid., 18; Philadelphia Bulletin, May 18, 1958 (Temple University Urban Archives).
85. Ibid., 18; Philadelphia Bulletin, May 18, 1958 (Temple University Urban Archives).
86. PRA, Annual Report, 1959, 18-19. See Jacqueline P. Wiseman, Stations of the Lost: The Treatment of Skid Row Alcoholics (Chicago, 1970), 6-7, and Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 109, for discussion, albeit brief, on how social rehabilitation interacted with spatial redevelopment in the context of urban renewal in skid row areas.
87. PRA, Annual Report, 1959, 18-19. See Jacqueline P. Wiseman, Stations of the Lost: The Treatment of Skid Row Alcoholics (Chicago, 1970), 6-7, and Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 109, for discussion, albeit brief, on how social rehabilitation interacted with spatial redevelopment in the context of urban renewal in skid row areas.
88. PRA, Annual Report, 1959, 18-19. See Jacqueline P. Wiseman, Stations of the Lost: The Treatment of Skid Row Alcoholics (Chicago, 1970), 6-7, and Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 109, for discussion, albeit brief, on how social rehabilitation interacted with spatial redevelopment in the context of urban renewal in skid row areas.
89. Greater Philadelphia Movement, What To Do Before Skid Row Is Demolished (Philadelphia, 1958, Temple University Urban Archives), 1 (first quote) and 5 (second and third quotes).
90. Ibid., 18.
91. Howard M. Bahr, Skid Row: An Introduction to Disaffiliation (New York, 1973), 240-83.
92. Rubington, "A Research Design," 8.
93. Ibid., 13.
94. PRA, Annual Report, 1959, 18; Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 6-7.
95. PRA, Annual Report, 1959, 18; Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 6-7.
96. Leonard Blumberg, Francis H. Hoffman, Victor J. LoCicero, Herman Niebuhr, James F. Rooney, and Thomas E. Shipley, The Men on Skid Row: A Study of Philadelphia's Homeless Man Population (Philadelphia, 1960), 2.
97. Ibid., 144, 52, 91. These proportions are not mutually exclusive.
98. Ibid., 75, 79.
99. Ibid., 62.
100. Ibid., 14.
101. Ibid., 191-200; Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 7.
102. Ibid., 191-200; Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 7.
103. Research on Philadelphia Skid Row, conducted in conjunction with the Diagnostic and Relocation Center (hereafter, DRC), introduced the concept of "skid row-like people," who were characterized primarily by alcoholism and poverty and who posed the latent threat of concentrating in a particular area and creating (or re-creating) another physical skid row environment. See ibid., and Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, for greater detail on "skid row-like" people.
104. The term "rehabilitative relocation" comes from Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 12, to describe DRC's services; I apply this term to DRC's overall service structure. See also Irving W. Shandler and Thomas E. Shipley, "New Focus for an Old Problem: Philadelphia's Response to Homelessness," Alcohol Health and Research World 2, no. 3 (1987): 54-7.
105. The term "rehabilitative relocation" comes from Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 12, to describe DRC's services; I apply this term to DRC's overall service structure. See also Irving W. Shandler and Thomas E. Shipley, "New Focus for an Old Problem: Philadelphia's Response to Homelessness," Alcohol Health and Research World 2, no. 3 (1987): 54-7.
106. In contrast to the twenty-two hotels that the HWC report (1952) lists, the Philadelphia Department of Licenses and Inspections counted, at Skid Row's peak, forty-six flophouses in their files, but no further information was available. The subsequent report on sleeping accommodations is from Philadelphia Bulletin, March 26, 1962 (Temple University Urban Archives). The censuses have both been previously mentioned in this article.
107. This chronology comes from reports in Philadelphia Bulletin, March 20, 1965; August 10, 1969; July 21, 1975; and January 23, 1976 (Temple University Urban Archives).
108. Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 143-246; Philadelphia Bulletin, July 21, 1975 (Temple University Urban Archives).
109. Blumberg et al., Skid Row and Its Alternatives, 143-246; Philadelphia Bulletin, July 21, 1975 (Temple University Urban Archives).
110. Blumberg et al., Liquor and Poverty, 175-93.
111. Howard Bahr, "The Gradual Disappearance of Skid Row: Some Ecological Evidence," Social Problems 15 (Summer, 1967): 41-5.
112. Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem," 71; Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male," 24-34; Earl Rubington, "The Changing Skid Row Scene," Quarterly Journal of Alcohol Studies 32 (1971): 129-31.
113. Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem," 71; Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male," 24-34; Earl Rubington, "The Changing Skid Row Scene," Quarterly Journal of Alcohol Studies 32 (1971): 129-31.
114. Vanderkooi, "The Main Stem," 71; Rooney, "Societal Forces and the Unattached Male," 24-34; Earl Rubington, "The Changing Skid Row Scene," Quarterly Journal of Alcohol Studies 32 (1971): 129-31.
115. Barrett Lee, "The Disappearance of Skid Row: Some Ecological Evidence," Urban Affairs Quarterly 16, no. 1 (1980): 100.
116. As previously stated, HWC estimated the Skid Row population at 3,000 in 1952 and Blumberg et al., Men on Skid Row, estimated it at over 2,800 in 1960.
117. Peter Rossi, Down and Out in America (Chicago, 1989), 31.
118. Bartelt, "Renewing Center City," 80.
119. David A. Wallace, "The Conceptualizing of Urban Renewal," in Larry S. Bourne, ed., Internal Structure of the City (Toronto, 1973), 448.
120. See Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," regarding Skid Row's characteristically passive response to the outside world. See Herbert Gans, The Urban Villagers (New York, 1962), 281-304, for an account of a Boston neighborhood's inability to organize resistance to the redevelopment of their community. Several factors that Gans mentions, including the slow pace of the demolition plans and the disbelief that their neighborhood would actually be demolished, have parallels with the responses of the Skid Row resident.
121. See Caplow, "The Sociologist and the Homeless Man," regarding Skid Row's characteristically passive response to the outside world. See Herbert Gans, The Urban Villagers (New York, 1962), 281-304, for an account of a Boston neighborhood's inability to organize resistance to the redevelopment of their community. Several factors that Gans mentions, including the slow pace of the demolition plans and the disbelief that their neighborhood would actually be demolished, have parallels with the responses of the Skid Row resident.
122. For an account of neighborhood resistance and community empowerment in Philadelphia, see Peter Marris and Martin Rein, Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the United States (New York, 1967), 94-119. Another Philadelphia confrontation, where neighborhood groups united to successfully block the proposed Crosstown Expressway, is also notable both for its contrast to Skid Row in the quality of community response and for the similarity of this project to the Vine Street Expressway project that was eventually built across Skid Row. See Jerome Hodos, "After Urban Renewal: State Investment, Small Businesses and the Pace of Neighborhood Change" (Masters thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1996), 18-29.
123. For an account of neighborhood resistance and community empowerment in Philadelphia, see Peter Marris and Martin Rein, Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the United States (New York, 1967), 94-119. Another Philadelphia confrontation, where neighborhood groups united to successfully block the proposed Crosstown Expressway, is also notable both for its contrast to Skid Row in the quality of community response and for the similarity of this project to the Vine Street Expressway project that was eventually built across Skid Row. See Jerome Hodos, "After Urban Renewal: State Investment, Small Businesses and the Pace of Neighborhood Change" (Masters thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1996), 18-29.
124. Blumberg et al., The Men Of Skid Row; Howard M. Bahr and Theodore Caplow, Old Men Drunk and Sober (New York, 1974); Donald Bogue, Skid Row in American Cities (Chicago, 1963); Theodore Caplow, Keith A. Lovald, and Samuel E. Wallace, A General Report on the Problem of Relocating the Population of the Lower Loop Redevelopment Area (Minneapolis, 1958).
125. Blumberg et al., The Men Of Skid Row; Howard M. Bahr and Theodore Caplow, Old Men Drunk and Sober (New York, 1974); Donald Bogue, Skid Row in American Cities (Chicago, 1963); Theodore Caplow, Keith A. Lovald, and Samuel E. Wallace, A General Report on the Problem of Relocating the Population of the Lower Loop Redevelopment Area (Minneapolis, 1958).
126. Blumberg et al., The Men Of Skid Row; Howard M. Bahr and Theodore Caplow, Old Men Drunk and Sober (New York, 1974); Donald Bogue, Skid Row in American Cities (Chicago, 1963); Theodore Caplow, Keith A. Lovald, and Samuel E. Wallace, A General Report on the Problem of Relocating the Population of the Lower Loop Redevelopment Area (Minneapolis, 1958).
127. Blumberg et al., The Men Of Skid Row; Howard M. Bahr and Theodore Caplow, Old Men Drunk and Sober (New York, 1974); Donald Bogue, Skid Row in American Cities (Chicago, 1963); Theodore Caplow, Keith A. Lovald, and Samuel E. Wallace, A General Report on the Problem of Relocating the Population of the Lower Loop Redevelopment Area (Minneapolis, 1958).
128. See Philadelphia Bulletin, December, 1969; December 8, 1969; and December 9, 1969 (Temple University Urban Archives), and Hodos, After Urban Renewal, 24, for community reaction to a leaked highway department memo that considered relocating Skid Row to a South Philadelphia neighborhood.
129. See Philadelphia Bulletin, December, 1969; December 8, 1969; and December 9, 1969 (Temple University Urban Archives), and Hodos, After Urban Renewal, 24, for community reaction to a leaked highway department memo that considered relocating Skid Row to a South Philadelphia neighborhood.
130. Chicago is one example where an ambitious project was proposed to replace demolished skid row housing with housing in a controlled, community-like setting. This project encountered political opposition from communities unwilling have this housing in their neighborhoods, and it quietly died from a lack of support (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 118-22; McSheehy, Skid Row, 89-92).
131. Chicago is one example where an ambitious project was proposed to replace demolished skid row housing with housing in a controlled, community-like setting. This project encountered political opposition from communities unwilling have this housing in their neighborhoods, and it quietly died from a lack of support (Hoch and Slayton, New Homeless and Old, 118-22; McSheehy, Skid Row, 89-92).
132. Larry R. Ford, Cities and Buildings: Skyscrapers, Skid Rows and Suburbs (Baltimore, 1994), 75-9.
133. This is consistent with a more general pattern in skid row areas as described in ibid., 73-82.
134. Carolyn T. Adams, "Homelessness in the Postindustrial City: Views from London and Philadelphia," Urban Affairs Quarterly 21, no. 4 (1986): 527-49; Barrett A. Lee, "Institutional Attack, Resident Response, and Neighborhood Change," Urban Affairs Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1983): 431-8.
135. Carolyn T. Adams, "Homelessness in the Postindustrial City: Views from London and Philadelphia," Urban Affairs Quarterly 21, no. 4 (1986): 527-49; Barrett A. Lee, "Institutional Attack, Resident Response, and Neighborhood Change," Urban Affairs Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1983): 431-8.
136. Examples of how the disappearance of Skid Row has been linked with the rise of homelessness in the 1980s include Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 61-74; Rossi, Down and Out, 33-9; David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley, 1993), 237-40; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York, 1992), 75; James Wright, Address Unknown: The Homeless in America (New York, 1989), 42-4; Kim Hopper and Jill Hamburg, "The Making of America's Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945-1984," in Rachal G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, eds., Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), 16-17, 22-3.
137. Examples of how the disappearance of Skid Row has been linked with the rise of homelessness in the 1980s include Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 61-74; Rossi, Down and Out, 33-9; David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley, 1993), 237-40; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York, 1992), 75; James Wright, Address Unknown: The Homeless in America (New York, 1989), 42-4; Kim Hopper and Jill Hamburg, "The Making of America's Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945-1984," in Rachal G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, eds., Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), 16-17, 22-3.
138. Examples of how the disappearance of Skid Row has been linked with the rise of homelessness in the 1980s include Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 61-74; Rossi, Down and Out, 33-9; David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley, 1993), 237-40; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York, 1992), 75; James Wright, Address Unknown: The Homeless in America (New York, 1989), 42-4; Kim Hopper and Jill Hamburg, "The Making of America's Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945-1984," in Rachal G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, eds., Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), 16-17, 22-3.
139. Examples of how the disappearance of Skid Row has been linked with the rise of homelessness in the 1980s include Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 61-74; Rossi, Down and Out, 33-9; David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley, 1993), 237-40; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York, 1992), 75; James Wright, Address Unknown: The Homeless in America (New York, 1989), 42-4; Kim Hopper and Jill Hamburg, "The Making of America's Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945-1984," in Rachal G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, eds., Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), 16-17, 22-3.
140. Examples of how the disappearance of Skid Row has been linked with the rise of homelessness in the 1980s include Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 61-74; Rossi, Down and Out, 33-9; David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley, 1993), 237-40; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York, 1992), 75; James Wright, Address Unknown: The Homeless in America (New York, 1989), 42-4; Kim Hopper and Jill Hamburg, "The Making of America's Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945-1984," in Rachal G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, eds., Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), 16-17, 22-3.
141. Examples of how the disappearance of Skid Row has been linked with the rise of homelessness in the 1980s include Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 61-74; Rossi, Down and Out, 33-9; David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley, 1993), 237-40; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor (New York, 1992), 75; James Wright, Address Unknown: The Homeless in America (New York, 1989), 42-4; Kim Hopper and Jill Hamburg, "The Making of America's Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945-1984," in Rachal G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson, eds., Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), 16-17, 22-3.
142. Hoch and Slayton, Homeless New and Old, 198.
143. Dennis P. Culhane, "The Quandaries of Shelter Reform: An Appraisal of Efforts to 'Manage' Homelessness," Social Service Review 66, no. 3 (1992): 429-40; June M. Averyt, "The Movement of Homeless People after the 13th Street Subway Eviction" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Stephen Metraux, "Public Space and Coming In, An Ethnographic Study of Street Homelessness in Philadelphia" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Mark Stern, "The Emergence of Homelessness as a Public Problem," in Erickson and Wilhelm, Housing the Homeless, 113-23.
144. Dennis P. Culhane, "The Quandaries of Shelter Reform: An Appraisal of Efforts to 'Manage' Homelessness," Social Service Review 66, no. 3 (1992): 429-40; June M. Averyt, "The Movement of Homeless People after the 13th Street Subway Eviction" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Stephen Metraux, "Public Space and Coming In, An Ethnographic Study of Street Homelessness in Philadelphia" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Mark Stern, "The Emergence of Homelessness as a Public Problem," in Erickson and Wilhelm, Housing the Homeless, 113-23.
145. Dennis P. Culhane, "The Quandaries of Shelter Reform: An Appraisal of Efforts to 'Manage' Homelessness," Social Service Review 66, no. 3 (1992): 429-40; June M. Averyt, "The Movement of Homeless People after the 13th Street Subway Eviction" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Stephen Metraux, "Public Space and Coming In, An Ethnographic Study of Street Homelessness in Philadelphia" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Mark Stern, "The Emergence of Homelessness as a Public Problem," in Erickson and Wilhelm, Housing the Homeless, 113-23.
146. Dennis P. Culhane, "The Quandaries of Shelter Reform: An Appraisal of Efforts to 'Manage' Homelessness," Social Service Review 66, no. 3 (1992): 429-40; June M. Averyt, "The Movement of Homeless People after the 13th Street Subway Eviction" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Stephen Metraux, "Public Space and Coming In, An Ethnographic Study of Street Homelessness in Philadelphia" (unpublished paper, University of Pennsylvania, 1995); Mark Stern, "The Emergence of Homelessness as a Public Problem," in Erickson and Wilhelm, Housing the Homeless, 113-23.
147. Barrett A. Lee and Townsand Price-Spratlen, "The Geography of Homelessness in the United States" (paper delivered at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, 1994), 16.