The New Refugee Legislation in Greece

International Journal of Refugee Law

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 678-700

  Skordas, Achilles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASYLUM SEEKER; IMMIGRATION POLICY; LEGISLATION; REFUGEE;

GREECE;

EID: 0033358332     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/11.4.678     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Presidential Decree 61/1999, Official Journal of the Hellenic Republic (OJHR) A, 63/6.04.1999. The decree came into force 60 days after its publication in the Official Journal, see art. 10.
2. OJHR A, 283/31.12.1996.
3. OJHR A, 140/25.06.1998.
4. OJHR A, 217/20.10.1999.
5. OJHR A, 89/30.04.1999. See further under section 9.3.
6. OJHR A, 184/04.12.1991.
7. 189 UNTS 137, ratified by Greece through Legislative Decree 3989/1959, Official Journal of the Kingdom of Greece (OJ) A, 201/26.09.1959.
8. 189 UNTS 137, ratified by Greece through Legislative Decree 3989/1959, Official Journal of the Kingdom of Greece (OJ) A, 201/26.09.1959.
9. 606 UNTS 267, ratified by Greece through Emergency Law 389/1968, OJ A, 125/4.06.1968.
10. 606 UNTS 267, ratified by Greece through Emergency Law 389/1968, OJ A, 125/4.06.1968.
11. Ministerial Decisions 5401/1-166958/10.05.1977, OJHR B, 1-1500/1977 and 5401/1-374659/19.10.1977, OJHR B, 1115/1977.
12. Ministerial Decisions 5401/1-166958/10.05.1977, OJHR B, 1-1500/1977 and 5401/1-374659/19.10.1977, OJHR B, 1115/1977.
13. See art. 43, para. 2 of the Constitution.
14. Council of State, Judgment 3832/1992.
15. On the previously applicable law and the background of the refugee situation in Greece at that time, see M. Stavropoulou, 'Refugee Law in Greece', 6 IJRL 53-62 (1994).
16. Art. 24, para. 1 of the Law.
17. Presidential Decree 83/1993, OJHR A, 36/19.03.1993.
18. Art. 25, para. 1, instance a.
19. Art. 25, para. 2, instance b.
20. Art. 25, para. 2.
21. Art. 1, para. 2, Presidential Decree 83/1993.
22. Ibid., art. 4, para. 3.
23. Art. 20, para. 1 and art. 95 of the Constitution.
24. See A. Randos, 'The legality control of administrative acts relating to refugees by the Council of State' in Greek Council for Refugees/Centre for International and European Economic Law, Refugee Protection in Greece in the Light of Recent Developments, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens, 1998, 77-9 (in Greek).
25. Art. 25, para. 6, Law 1975/1991.
26. Ibid., art. 25, para. 7 and art. 4, para. 5, Presidential Decree 83/1993.
27. According to the practice followed by Law 2452/1996, the new provisions continue to be numbered as arts. 24 and 25 of Law 1975/1991; therefore, they will be referred to as arts. 24 or 25 of Law 1975/1991 'as amended', by Law 2452/1996.
28. Art. 25, para. 1, Law 1975/1991, as amended.
29. Judgment 3103/1997. The Council of State had held from as early as 1985 that it was not necessary for the applicant to be coming 'directly' from the country of origin; see Judgments 830/1985, 932/1988.
30. Art. 1, paras. 1 and 3, Presidential Decree 61/1999. On the conditions for submission of an independent application by a minor, see art. 1, para. 4 of the above decree.
31. Art. 1, para. 6, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
32. Ibid., art. 1, para. 1, in conjunction with art. 3, paras 4 and 8. For the accelerated procedure see art. 4, para. 4 of Presidential Decree 61/1999 accordingly.
33. See art. 25, para. 1, Law 1975/1991, after the amendment by Law 2452/1996, and art. 24, para. 1a, Law 1975/1991, before that amendment.
34. On the exclusion clause see Goodwin-Gill, G.S., The Refugee in International Law, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2nd ed., 1996, 95ff.
35. Report on the bill concerning the status of refugees (Rapporteur: A. Skordas), 6 Dec. 1996, 2-3.
36. Art. 2, para. 6, sentences 3 and 6, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
37. 96/196/JHA.
38. See E. Roucounas, 'Le droit international dans la Constitution de la Grèce du 9 juin 1975', 29 Revue hellénique de droit international (RHDI) 64-6 (1976); A. Fatouros, 'International Law in the New Greek Constitution', 70 AJIL 501-3 (1976).
39. See E. Roucounas, 'Le droit international dans la Constitution de la Grèce du 9 juin 1975', 29 Revue hellénique de droit international (RHDI) 64-6 (1976); A. Fatouros, 'International Law in the New Greek Constitution', 70 AJIL 501-3 (1976).
40. See Security Council res. 827/1993, para. 4, and 955/1994, para. 2. See also art. 29 of the ICTY Statute, and art. 28 of the ICTR Statute.
41. See art. 24, para. 1, Law 1975/1991, as amended by Law 2452/1996.
42. By art. 25, para. 1, Law 1975/1991, as amended.
43. For example, art. 25, para. 2 and art. 24 para. 1a Law 1975/1991, as amended.
44. A. Sykiotou-Androulaki, 'Perspectives on the protection of refugees in Greece: The draft presidential decree for the determination of asylum procedure' in Greek Council for Refugees/Centre for International and European Economic Law, Refugee Protection in Greece in the Light of Recent Developments, above n. 21, 116 (in Greek).
45. Art. 25, para. 3, sub-para. 1, Law 1975/1991, as amended by Law 2452/1996.
46. Ibid., art. 25, para. 3, sub-para. 2.
47. See European Court of Human Rights, Amuur v. France, Judgment of 25 June 1996, Reports of Judgments and Devisions, 1996-III, 851, para. 52. See also J. Kokott, 'Zur Rechtsstellung von Asylbewerben in Transitzonen-Anmerkung zu dem Urteil des EGMR im Fall Amuur gegen Frankreich', 23 Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift 569-71 (1996).
48. See European Court of Human Rights, Amuur v. France, Judgment of 25 June 1996, Reports of Judgments and Devisions, 1996-III, 851, para. 52. See also J. Kokott, 'Zur Rechtsstellung von Asylbewerben in Transitzonen-Anmerkung zu dem Urteil des EGMR im Fall Amuur gegen Frankreich', 23 Europäische Grundrechte Zeitschrift 569-71 (1996).
49. See the statement of the Minister of Public Order, Minutes of Parliament, Session of 17 Oct. 1991, 297 II.
50. See art. 2, para. 1, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
51. Ibid., art. 2, para. 2, second sentence.
52. See in this connection the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court on the legal status of airports, 14 May 1996: BverfGE 94, 166 II (200-203), and the decision of the US Board of Immigration Appeals In re Fauziya Kasinga, 13 June 1996: 35 ILM 1150-1 (1996); IJRL Special Issue - Autumn 1997, 'Gender Based Persecution', 213 (1997).
53. See in this connection the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court on the legal status of airports, 14 May 1996: BverfGE 94, 166 II (200-203), and the decision of the US Board of Immigration Appeals In re Fauziya Kasinga, 13 June 1996: 35 ILM 1150-1 (1996); IJRL Special Issue - Autumn 1997, 'Gender Based Persecution', 213 (1997).
54. See in this connection the judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court on the legal status of airports, 14 May 1996: BverfGE 94, 166 II (200-203), and the decision of the US Board of Immigration Appeals In re Fauziya Kasinga, 13 June 1996: 35 ILM 1150-1 (1996); IJRL Special Issue - Autumn 1997, 'Gender Based Persecution', 213 (1997).
55. Art. 2, para. 2, first sentence, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
56. BVerfGE 94, 166 II (202).
57. Art. 2, para. 3, first and second sentence, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
58. Ibid., art. 2, para. 3, sixth sentence.
59. Ibid., art. 2, para. 3, third sentence.
60. Ibid., art. 2, para. 4.
61. Rape is torture and constitutes a grave breach of the Geneva Convention IV and a violation of the Laws or Customs of War: see, for example, Delic, Judgment of the ICTY, 16 Nov. 1998: 38 ILM 63 (1999).
62. Art. 2, para. 6, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
63. Ibid., art. 2, para. 9.
64. Ibid., art. 2, para. 7.
65. For instance, the application is considered as manifestly unfounded, or, although the alien has applied in the international zone, he has been permitted to stay outside of the port or airport, art. 4, para. 6, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
66. Art. 2, para. 8, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
67. Ibid., art. 3, para. 1, second sentence.
68. Ibid., art. 3, para. 1, third sentence.
69. Ibid., art. 3, para. 2, first sentence, and para. 3, first sentence.
70. Ibid., art. 3, para. 3, second and third sentences.
71. Ibid., art. 3, para. 3, first sentence.
72. Ibid., art. 3, para. 4.
73. Ibid., art. 3, para. 5.
74. Ibid., art. 3, para. 7.
75. Ibid., art. 3, para. 6.
76. Ibid., art. 3, para. 8.
77. Ibid., art. 5.
78. Art. 25, paras. 2 and 3, Law 1975/1991, as amended.
79. On that latter issue, see art. 5, third sentence, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
80. Ibid., art. 4, para. 1.
81. Ibid., art. 2 paras. 6 and. 9, art. 4, para. 2.
82. Para. 1a of the Resolution on a harmonised approach to questions concerning host third countries, London, 30 Nov.-1 Dec. 1992.
83. A. Sykiotou-Androulaki, above n. 40, 121.
84. Art. 4, para. 4, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
85. Art. 20, para. 2, of the Constitution (right to a fair hearing); see K. Kerameus, P. Kozyris, Introduction to Greek Law, Kluwer/Sakkoulas, 1988, 38; P. Lazaratos, The Right to a Hearing in the Administrative Procedure, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens, 1992, 280-2 (in Greek). See also E. Spiliotopoulos, Droit administratif hellénique, LGDJ, Paris, 1991, para. 167; art. 17, Code of Administrative Procedure, Law 2690/1999, OJHR A, 45. Furthermore, Greek citizens, as well as aliens, have the constitutional right to a prior hearing; S. Lazaratos, above, 184.
86. Art. 20, para. 2, of the Constitution (right to a fair hearing); see K. Kerameus, P. Kozyris, Introduction to Greek Law, Kluwer/Sakkoulas, 1988, 38; P. Lazaratos, The Right to a Hearing in the Administrative Procedure, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens, 1992, 280-2 (in Greek). See also E. Spiliotopoulos, Droit administratif hellénique, LGDJ, Paris, 1991, para. 167; art. 17, Code of Administrative Procedure, Law 2690/1999, OJHR A, 45. Furthermore, Greek citizens, as well as aliens, have the constitutional right to a prior hearing; S. Lazaratos, above, 184.
87. Art. 20, para. 2, of the Constitution (right to a fair hearing); see K. Kerameus, P. Kozyris, Introduction to Greek Law, Kluwer/Sakkoulas, 1988, 38; P. Lazaratos, The Right to a Hearing in the Administrative Procedure, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens, 1992, 280-2 (in Greek). See also E. Spiliotopoulos, Droit administratif hellénique, LGDJ, Paris, 1991, para. 167; art. 17, Code of Administrative Procedure, Law 2690/1999, OJHR A, 45. Furthermore, Greek citizens, as well as aliens, have the constitutional right to a prior hearing; S. Lazaratos, above, 184.
88. Art. 20, para. 2, of the Constitution (right to a fair hearing); see K. Kerameus, P. Kozyris, Introduction to Greek Law, Kluwer/Sakkoulas, 1988, 38; P. Lazaratos, The Right to a Hearing in the Administrative Procedure, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens, 1992, 280-2 (in Greek). See also E. Spiliotopoulos, Droit administratif hellénique, LGDJ, Paris, 1991, para. 167; art. 17, Code of Administrative Procedure, Law 2690/1999, OJHR A, 45. Furthermore, Greek citizens, as well as aliens, have the constitutional right to a prior hearing; S. Lazaratos, above, 184.
89. Art. 4, para. 5, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
90. Lazaratos, above n. 78, 271.
91. Art. 6 Law 2690/1999.
92. Art. 2, para. 6, fifth sentence, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
93. Ibid., art. 2, para. 2.
94. Ibid., art. 2, para. 9.
95. Ibid., art. 4, para. 6, first sentence.
96. Ibid., art. 4, para. 6, second sentence.
97. On the revocation of refugee status under art. 1C CSR51, see L.-A. Aledo, 'La perte du statut du réfugié en droit international public', in 95 Revue générale de droit international public (RGDIP) 383-6, 395-401 (1991).
98. Art. 7, paras 5-6, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
99. Ibid., art. 7, para. 1, second sentence.
100. This is the income of an unskilled labourer who has worked for at least half of the working days in one year before submitting an application for family unification, see art. 7, para. 2b, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
101. The above substantive conditions are stipulated in art. 7, para. 2, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
102. Art. 7, para. 3, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
103. Ibid., art. 7, para. 4.
104. Ibid., art. 7, para. 9.
105. See above, section 2.
106. Art. 25, para. 4-5, Law 1975/1991, as amended.
107. Art. 24, para. 4b Law 1975/1991, as amended by Law 2452/1996. The Decree 189/1998 was published in the OJHR A 140/25.06.1998.
108. Presidential Decree 209/1994, OJHR A, 131/11.08.1994.
109. See art. 8, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
110. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
111. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
112. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
113. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
114. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
115. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
116. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
117. Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), UNTS 213, p. 221. The ECHR was ratified by Greece first through Law 2329/1953, OJ A, 68. After the withdrawal of Greece from the Council of Europe on 31 December 1970 (see Frowein & Peukert, Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention - Kommentar, 2. Auflage, Engel, Kehl-Strassburg-Arlington, 1996, 989), Greece again ratified the European Convention on Human Rights through Legislative Decree 53/1974, OJHR A, 256. Protocol No. 11 was ratified by Law 2400/1996, OJHR A, 96. See also Art. 3, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 23 ILM 1027 (1984); 24 ILM 535 (1985), which was ratified by Greece through Law 1782/1988, OJHR A, 116.
118. See, for example, European Court of Human Rights, Soering, Ser. A, Vol. 161, 1; J. Frowein & R. Kühner, 'Drohende Folterung als Asylgrund und Grenze für Auslieferung und Ausweisung', 43 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) (1983), 537-65.
119. See, for example, European Court of Human Rights, Soering, Ser. A, Vol. 161, 1; J. Frowein & R. Kühner, 'Drohende Folterung als Asylgrund und Grenze für Auslieferung und Ausweisung', 43 Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) (1983), 537-65.
120. This decision has to be taken in common by the ministries of National Defence, of Foreign Affairs, of Finance, of Health and Welfare, of Labour and Social Security, and of Public Order. See in this connection art. 25, para. 6, Law 1975/1991, as amended.
121. Law 2713/1999, OJHR A, 89/30.04.1999.
122. Art. 13, para. 1, Law 2713/1999.
123. See in this connection Report 584/18.12.1992 on the elaboration of the decree on the procedure for the recognition of refugees, para 12.
124. In accordance with the legislation on refugees, asylum seekers must submit the relevant application in person, without there being any provision for exceptions. See art. 1, para. 3, Presidential Decree 61/1999.
125. See the Resolution of the EC Immigration Ministers on a harmonised approach to questions concerning third host countries, 30 Nov.-1 Dec. 1992; cf. European Court of Human Rights, Amuur v. France, above n. 43, para. 43. On third safe countries, see K. Hailbronner, 'The concept of "safe country" and expeditious asylum procedures', 5 IJRL 31 (1993); A. Achermann & M. Gattiker, 'Safe third countries: European developments', 7 IJRL 19 (1995).
126. See the Resolution of the EC Immigration Ministers on a harmonised approach to questions concerning third host countries, 30 Nov.-1 Dec. 1992; cf. European Court of Human Rights, Amuur v. France, above n. 43, para. 43. On third safe countries, see K. Hailbronner, 'The concept of "safe country" and expeditious asylum procedures', 5 IJRL 31 (1993); A. Achermann & M. Gattiker, 'Safe third countries: European developments', 7 IJRL 19 (1995).
127. For the rule of law in the Greek Constitution see D. Tsatsos, Constitutional Law II, 2nd ed., Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens 1993, 154-8 (in Greek), E. Venizelos, Courses in Constitutional Law I, Paratiritis, Thessaloniki, 1991, 311-16 (in Greek).
128. For the rule of law in the Greek Constitution see D. Tsatsos, Constitutional Law II, 2nd ed., Ant. N. Sakkoulas, Athens 1993, 154-8 (in Greek), E. Venizelos, Courses in Constitutional Law I, Paratiritis, Thessaloniki, 1991, 311-16 (in Greek).
129. See on the quality of law and the need for adequate legal protection in domestic law in refugee matters, Amuur v. France, above n. 43, para. 53.
130. See BverFGE 94, 49, II (62ff., 68ff., 77ff.).
131. UNHCR Office of the Representative for the UK and Ireland, Ref. 644.2 Greece/un/0686/01.04.1999.
132. Both Greece and the UK are bound by the Dublin Convention. Greece has ratified it by Law 1996/1991, OJHR A, 196/16.12.1991, ratification instrument deposited on 3 Feb. 1992, and the UK on 1 July 1992: Cm 3806 TS No. 72 (1997). The Convention entered into force on 1 Sept. 1997.
133. Affidavit of 13 Feb. 1998, CO/4344 and 4345/97, para. 6.
134. Affidavit of 29 July 1999, CO/2734/98, para. 6.
135. Ibid., para. 5. On the issue of persecution by non-State agents and the proper interpretation of art. 1A(2) CSR51, see R v. Secretay of State, ex parte Adan et al (1999), reprinted below at 702-29.
136. Decision 9135/31466/26.04.1998.
137. Decision 9135/31466/23.11.1998.
138. Decision 9135/31466-597523/30.11.1998.
139. Decision 9135/31466/23.11.1998.
140. Decision 31/2000 of the chamber for provisional measures. Moreover, the chamber interpreted the "instruction" to the applicant to leave the country as "recommendation".