Prospects for building a hydrogen energy infrastructure

Annual Review of Energy and the Environment

Volumn 24, Issue , 1999, Pages 227-279

  Ogden, Joan M ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; ENERGY EFFICIENCY; ENERGY UTILIZATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FUEL CELLS; GAS EMISSIONS; GREENHOUSE EFFECT;

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION; ENERGY TRANSMISSION;

HYDROGEN FUELS;

EID: 0033310450     PISSN: 10563466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.227     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Steinbugler M, Williams RH. 1998. Beyond combustion: fuel cell cars for the 21st century. Forum Appl. Res. Public Policy 13(4):102-7
2. Bockris JO'M. 1980. Energy Options. Sydney: Aust. N.Z. Book Co. 441 pp.
3. Winter C-J, Nitsch J. 1988. Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier. New York: Springer-Verlag
4. Ogden JM, Williams RH. 1989. Solar Hydrogen: Moving Beyond Fossil Fuels, Washington, DC: World Resour. Inst. 123 pp.
5. Ogden J, Nitsch J. 1993. Solar hydrogen. In Renewable Energy Sources of Electricity and Fuels, ed. T Johannsson, H Kelly, AKN Reddy, RH Williams, pp. 925-1009. Washington, DC: Island Press
6. 2. In Eco-Restructuring: Implications for Sustainable Development, ed. W Ayres, pp. 180-222. Tokyo: UN Univ. Press
7. Audus H, Karstaad O, Koval M. 1996. Decarbonization of fossil fuels: hydrogen as an energy carrier. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 11th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., pp. 525-34. Frankfurt am Main, Ger: Schon Wetzel
8. Socolow R. 1997. Fuels decarbonization and carbon sequestration: Rep. Workshop. Princeton Univ., Cent. Energy Environ. Stud. Rep. No. 302. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
9. National Research Council. 1998. Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles: Fourth Report. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press. 122pp.
10. Ogden J, Kreutz T, Steinbugler M. 1998. Fuels for fuel cell vehicles: vehicle design and infrastructure issues. Presented at Soc. Automot. E Tech. Pap. No. 982500. Presented at SAE Fall Fuels Lubricants Meet. Expo., San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: SAE
11. Thomas CE, James BD, Lomax FD, Kuhn LF. 1998. Societal impacts of fuel options for fuel cell vehicles. SAE Tech. Pap. No. 982496. Presented at SAE Fall Fuels Lubricants Meet. Expo., San Francisco, CA
12. Rostrup-Nielsen JR. 1984. Catalytic Steam Reforming. New York: Springer-Verlag. 130 pp.
13. Twigg MV, ed. 1989. Catalyst Handbook. Frome, UK: Wolfe. 608 pp.
14. Heydorn B. 1994. By product hydrogen sources and markets. Proc. Natl. Hydrogen Assoc. Meet., 5th, Washington, DC. Washington, DC: Natl. Hydrogen Assoc.
15. Katofsky RE. 1993. Production of fluid fuels from biomass. Princeton Univ. Cent. Energy Environ. Stud. Rep. No. 279. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
16. Directed Technologies, Inc., Air Products and Chemicals, BOC Gases, The Electrolyser Corp., and Praxair, Inc. 1997. Hydrogen infrastructure report. Ford Motor Co. USDOE Contract No. DE-AC02-94CE50389. Arlington, VA: Direct, Technol., Inc.
17. Halvorson T, Farris P. 1997. Onsite hydrogen generator for vehicle refueling application. Proc. '97 World Car Conf., Riverside, pp. 331-38. Riverside: Cent. Environ. Res. Technol., Univ. Calif.
18. Loftus T, Thijssen J, Bentley J, Bowman J. 1994. Development of a multi-fuel partial oxidation reformer for transportation applications. Fuel Cell Seminar: Program and Abstracts, San Diego, CA, Nov. 28-Dec 4. Courtesy Associates, Washington, DC. pp. 487-90
19. Moard D. 1995. Hydrogen Burner Technology. Costa mesa, CA. Private communication
20. Mitchell W, Thijssen J, Bentley JM. 1995. Development of a catalytic partial oxidation ethanol reformer for fuel cell applications. Soc. Automot. Eng. Pap. No. 9527611 Warrendale, PA: SAE
21. Arthur D. Little, Inc. 1994. Multi-fuel reformers for fuel cells used in transportation. Assessment of hydrogen storage technologies. Phase I. Final Rep. US Dep. Energy, Off. Transp. Technol., contract no. DE-AC02-92-CE50343. Washington, DC: US Dep. Energy
22. Mitchell W. 1996. Development of a partial oxidation reformer for liquid fuels. Proc. Soc. Automot. Eng. Fuel Cells Transport. TOPTEC, Arlington, VA. Warrendale, PA: SAE
23. Ogden J, Kreutz T, Kartha S, Iwan L. 1996. Assessment of technologies for producing hydrogen from natural gas at small scale, Princeton Univ. Cent. Energy Environ. Stud. Draft Rep. Nov. 26. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
24. Dyer P, 1999. Ion transport membranes. Presented at US Dep. Energy Hydrogen Prog., 1999, Annu. Peer Rev. Meet., Lakewood, CO
25. Chen JS. 1995. The production of methanol and hydrogen from municipal solid water. Princeton Univ., Center for Energy Environ. Stud. Rep. No. 289. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
26. Williams RH, Larson ED, Katofsky RE, Chen J. 1995. Methanol and hydrogen from biomass for transportation. Energy Sustainable Dev.: J. Int. Energy Initiat. 1(5): 18-34
27. Steinberg M, Chang HC. 1988. Modem and prospective technologies for hydrogen production from fossil fuels. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 14(11):797-820
28. Electric Power Res. Inst. 1993. Coal Gasification Guidebook: Status, Applications and Technologies. EPRI Rep. No. TR-102034, Proj. 2221-39, Final Rep. Palo Alto, CA: EPRI
29. Larson ED. 1999. Advanced technologies for biomass conversion to energy. Proc. Olle Lindstrom Symp. Renew. Energy, 2nd: Bioenergy Stockholm. Stockholm: R. Inst. Technol.
30. Lee S. 1996. Alternative Fuels. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. 485 pp.
31. Williams RH. 1999. Toward zero emissions for coal, roles for inorganic membranes. Presented at Int. Symp. Zero Emissions: Chall. Hydrocarb-, Palazzo Colonna, Rome
32. 2 capture, re-use and storage technologies for mitigating global climate change. Final Rep. USDOE Contract No. DE-AF22-96PC01257. Cambridge, MA: Energy Lab., MIT
33. 2 in depleted gas wells and enhanced natural gas recovery. Energy 22(2/3): 161-68
34. Hendriks C. 1994. Carbon dioxide removal from coal-fired power plants. PhD thesis, Univ. Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 259 pp.
35. 2. Energy Convers. Manage. 37(6-8): 1149-54
36. 2 sequestration. Proc. Natl. Hydrogen Assoc. Meet., 10th, Vienna, VA. Washington, DC: Natl. Hydrogen Assoc.
37. Holloway S, ed. 1996. The underground disposal of carbon dioxide. Chapter 8: Technoeconomics of underground disposal, Br. Geol. Surv., Final Rep. Contract No. JOU2 CT92-0031. Comm. Eur. Commun. Nottingham, UK: Br. Geol. Surv.
38. 2 transportation system. Energy Conserv. Manage. 34(9-11): 1095-103
39. Williams RH, 1998. Fuel cells, coal and China. Presented at Natl. Hydrogen Assoc. Meet., 9th, Arlington, VA
40. Fein E, Edwards K. 1984. Market potential of electrolytic hydrogen production in three northeastern utilities service territories. EPRI Rep. EM-3562
41. Rambach G. 1998. Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. Private Communications.
42. Nat. Renew. Energy Lab. 1998. Proc. US Dep. Energy Hydrogen Program Rev., Golden CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab. 803 pp.
43. Bolcich JC, Veziroglu TN. 1998. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th Hydrogen Energy Prog., June 21-26, Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. del Hidgrogeno. 230 pp.
44. Hufton J, Mayorga S, Gaffney T, Naturaj S, Roa M, Sircar R. 1998. Sorption enhanced reaction process for production of hydrogen. Proc. 1998 USDOE Hydrogen Prog. Rev. Meet., Arlington, VA, pp. 693-706. Golden, CO: Natl, Renew. Energy Lab.
45. Steinberg M. 1998. Natural gas decarbonization technology for mitigating global warming. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 615-24. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. del Hidrogeno
46. 2 free production of hydrogen, catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbon fuel. Proc. US Dep. of Energy Hydrogen Prog. Rev., Herndon, VA. pp. 195-96. Golden, CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
47. Spath P, Mann M. 1998. Technoeconomic assessment of four biomass to hydrogen conversion technologies. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 2057-67. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent, del Hidrogeno
48. Czernik S, Wang D, Chornet E. 1998. Production of hydrogen from biomass via steam reforming of fast pyrolysis oil. Proc. 1998 USDOE Hydrogen Prog. Rev. Meet., Arlington, VA, pp. 557-76. Golden, CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
49. Antal M, Xu X. 1998. Hydrogen production from high moisture content biomass in supercritical water, Proc. 1998 USDOE Hydrogen Prog. Rev. Meet., Arlington, VA, NREL/CP-570-25315, pp. 639-54
50. Khaaselev O, Turner JA. 1998. A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 280:425-27
51. 2 evolving photocatalytic systems. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. Del Hidrogeno, pp. 1987-96
52. Schulz R, Appel J, Phunprach S, Stanger K, Wunschers R. 1998. Biotechnological approach for future use of solar energy: photohydrogen production by the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 2069-78. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. del Hidrogeno
53. Modigell M, Holle N. 1998. New photobioreactor for application of biological hydrogen production. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 2045-54. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent, del Hidrogeno
54. Kitajima Y, Suotsuka Y, Ueno S, Kawascki M, Morimoto M. 1998. Outdoor operation of bioreaction using photosynthetic bacteria. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. del Hidrogeno
55. Carpetis C. 1981. Estimation of storage costs for large hydrogen storage facilities. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 7(2):191-203
56. Taylor JB, Alderson JEA, Kalyanam KA, Lyle AB, Phillips LA. 1986. Technical and economic assessment of methods for the storage of large quantities of hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 11:5
57. Blazek CF, Biederman RT, Foh SE, Jasionowski W. 1992. Underground storage and transmission of hydrogen. Proc. Anna. US Hydrogen Meet., 3rd, Washington, DC, pp. 4-203-21. Washington, DC: Technol. Transit. Corp.
58. Venter RD, Pucher G. 1997. Modelling of stationary bulk hydrogen storage systems. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 22(8):791-98
59. Peschka W. 1992. Liquid Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future. New York: Springer-Verlag 303 pp.
60. Ogden J. 1999. Developing a refueling infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles: a Southern California case study. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. In press
61. Ogden JM, Dennis E, Steinbugler M, Strohbehn J. 1995. Hydrogen energy systems studies. Final Rep. USDOE Contract No. XR-11265-2. Princeton, NJ: Cent. Energy Environ. Stud., Princeton Univ.
62. Block D, Dutta S, T-Raissi A. 1988. Hydrogen for Power Applications, Task 2.0. Storage of Hydrogen in Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Forms, Rep. Fla. Solar Energy Cent., Solar Energy Res. Inst., Contract No. XK-7-07158. Cape Canaveral, FL: Fla. Solar Energy Cent.
63. James BD, Baum GN, Lomax FD, Thomas CE, Kuhn IF. 1996. Comparison of onboard hydrogen storage for fuel cell vehicles. Directed Technologies, Inc., Prep. Ford Motor Co., Contract DE-AC02-94CE50389. Arlington, VA: Direct Technol. Inc.
64. Dircks K. 1998. Recent advances in fuel cells for automotive applications. 1998 Fuel Cell Semin. Abstr., Palm Springs, Calif., pp. 726-29. Washington, DC: Courtesy Assoc.
65. Sims R. 1996. Fueling aspects of hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicles. Proc. Soc. Automot. Eng. Fuel Cells Transport. TOPTEC. Arlington, VA. Warrendale, PA: SAE
66. Mitlitsky F. 1996. Development of an advanced, composite, lightweight high pressure storage tank for onboard storage of compressed hydrogen. Proc. Soc. Automot. Eng. Fuel Cells Transport. TOPTEC, Arlington, VA. Warrendale, PA: SAE
67. Mitlitsky F, Weisberg AH, Myers B. 1999. Vehicular hydrogen storage using lightweight tanks. Presented at US Dep. Energy Hydrogen Prog. Annu. Rev. Meet., Lakewood, CO
68. Braess HH, Strobl W. 1996. Hydrogen as a fuel for road transport of the future: possibilities and prerequisites, Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 11th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Stuttgart, pp. 1378-404. Frankfurt am Main, Ger: Schon Wetzel
69. Deleted in proof
70. Michel F, Fieseler H, Meyer G, Theiben F. 1998. On-board equipment for liquid hydrogen vehicles. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 23(3):191-99
71. Wetzel F. 1998. Improved handling of liquid hydrogen at filling stations: review of six years of experience. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 23(5):339-48
72. Andresen AF, Maeland AJ. eds. 1977. Proc. Int. Symp. Hydrides Energy Storage, Geilo. Norway. New York: Pergamon
73. Bames RG, ed. 1988. Materials Science Forum, Hydrogen Storage Materials, Vol. 31. Brookaeld, VT: Trans-Tech
74. Buchner H. 1984. Hydrogen use as transportation fuel. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 9:501-14
75. Hoffmann P. 1996. Toyota introduces fuel cell automobile. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Lett., Rhinecliff, NY 11(11):1
76. Aceves SM, Berry GD. 1998. Thermodynamics of insulated pressure vessels for vehicular hydrogen storage. ASMEJ. Energy Resour. Technol. 120:137-142
77. Steinbugler M, Ogden J. 1994. Fuel economy and range estimates for fuel cell vehicles. Prog. and Absir., Fuel Cell Seminar. Courtesy Assoc., pp. 428-31. Washington, DC
78. Thomas CE. 1996. Overview of onboard liquid fuel storage and reforming systems. Proc. Soc. Automot. Eng. Fuel Cells Transport. TOPTEC, Arlington, VA. Warrendale, PA: SAE
79. Chambers A, Park C, Baker TK, Rodriguez NM. 1998. Hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers. J. Phys. Chem. B 102(22):4253-56
80. Dillon AC, Jones KM, Bekkedahl TA, Kiang CH, Bethune DS, Heben MJ. 1997. Storage of hydrogen in single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nature 386:377-79
81. Ye Y, Ann CC, Witham B, Fultz B, Liu J, et al. 1999. Hydrogen adsorption and cohesive energy of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(16):2307-9
82. Deleted in proof
83. Tarasov BP, Fokin VN, Moravsky AP, Shulga YM, Yartys VA, Schur DV. 1998. Promotion of fullerene hydride synthesis by intermetallic compounds. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 1221-30. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent, del Hidgrogeno
84. Schwarz JA. 1993. Activated carbon-based hydrogen storage system. Proc. DOE/NREL Hydrogen Program Rev., May 4-6, pp. 89-102, Cocoa Beach, FL. Golden, CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
85. Benard P, Chahine R. 1998. Modeling of hydrogen adsorption on activated carbon over the 77 K to 273 K range, Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 1121-30. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. del Hidrogeno
86. Verbetsky VN, Malyshenko SP, Mitrokhin S, Solovei VW, Shmalko Y. 1998. Metal hydrides: properties and practical applications: review of works in the CIS countries. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 23(12): 1165-78
87. Jensen C, Zidan R. 1998. Hydrogen Storage in Polyhydride Complexes, Proc. 1998 USDOE Hydrogen Prog. Rev. Meet., Arlington, VA,NREL/CP-570-25315, pp. 449-58. Golden, CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
88. Newson E, Haletter TH, Hottinger P, von Roth F, Scherrer WH, Schucan TH. 1998. Seasonal storage of hydrogen in stationary systems with liquid organic hydrides. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 23(10):905-9
89. Souers PC, Moen I, Lindahl RO, Tsugawa RT. 1978. Permeation eccentricities of He, Ne, and D-T in soda-lime glass microbubbles. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 61(1-2):42-46
90. Woerner RL, Weinstein BW, Moen I, Rittmann J. 1979. Working strengths and D-T fill procedures for glass microsphere laser fusion targets. Tech. Rep. UCRL-82728. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, CA
91. Rambach GD, Hendricks C. 1996. Hydrogen transport and storage in engineered glass microspheres. Proc. 1996 USDOE Hydrogen Program Rev. Meet., Miami, pp. 765-72. Golden, CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
92. Darkrim F, Malbrunot P. 1998. Hydrogen storage by adsorption in zeolites. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 12th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Buenos Aires, pp. 1201-9. Buenos Aires: Ed. Assoc. Argent. del Hidrogeno
93. Fujiwara H, Yatabe M, Tamura H, Takahashi M, Miyazaki J, Sruruta Y. 1998. Experiment with slush hydrogen production with the auger method. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 23(5):333-38
94. Kerr M. 1993. North American merchant hydrogen infrastructure. Proc. Annu. US Hydrogen Meet., 4th. pp. 8-61. Washington, DC: Natl. Hydrogen Assoc.
95. Linney RE, Hansel JG. 1996. Safety considerations in the design of hydrogen-powered vehicles. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 11th, Hydrogen Energy Prog., Stuttgart, pp. 2159-68. Frankfurt am Main, Ger: Schon Wetzel
96. Leeth GG. 1979. In Hydrogen: Its Technology and Implications. Vol. II: Transmission and Storage, ed. KE Cox, KD Williamson, pp. 143-206. Cleveland: CRC Press
97. Kelley JH, Hagler R. 1980. Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 5:35-54
98. Christodoulou D, 1984. The technology and economics of the transmission of gaseous fuels. Master's thesis. Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ. 314 pp.
99. Pettier J, Blondin E, Garat A. 1988. Large scale transmission and storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen Energy Prog., Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 7th, Moscow. New York: Pergamon
100. Deleted in proof
101. Jewett RP, Walter RJ, Chandler WT, Frohmberg RR 1973. Hydrogen environment embrittlement of metals. NASA CR-2163. Prep. Rocketdyne, Canoga Park, CA. Golden, CO: Natl. Renew. Energy Lab.
102. Hoover WR, Robinson SL, Stoltz RD, Spingarn JR. 1981. Sandia Natl. Lab. Rep. No. SAND81-8006. Final Rep. DOE Contract DE-AC04-76DP00789. Sandia Natl. Lab., Albuquerque, NM
103. Holbrook JH, Cialone HJ, Mayfield ME, Scott PM. 1982. The effect of hydrogen on low-cycle-fatigue life and subcritical crack growth in pipeline steels. Battelle Columbus Lab. BNL-35589, DE85 006685. Battelle Columbus Lab., Columbus, Ohio
104. Holbrook JH, Collings EW, Cialone HJ, Drauglis EJ. 1986. Hydrogen degradation of pipeline steels. US Dep. Energy Rep. BNL-52049. DE87 005585. Washington, DC
105. Cialone H, Scott P, Holbrook J. 1984. Hydrogen effects in conventional pipeline steels. Hydrogen Energy Progress V, pp. 1855-67. Oxford, UK: Pergamon
106. Deleted in proof
107. Kydd R 1996. BOC Gases, Princeton, NJ. Private communication.
108. Johnson DG, Jasionowski WJ. Albright DL, Pangborn JB, Baker NR. 1979. Study of the behavior of gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service. Final Rep. US Dep. Energy Contract No. EY-76-C-02-2907. Chicago, IL: Inst. Gas Technol.
109. Jasionowski W, Huang H. 1980. Gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service. Presented at Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf., 15th, Seattle
110. Jasionowski W, Johnson D, Pangborn J. 1979. Suitability of gas distribution equipment in hydrogen service. Presented at Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf., 14th, Boston
111. Pangborn J, Scott M, Sharer J. 1977. Technical prospects for commercial and residential distribution and utilization of hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2:431-45
112. Buenger U, Zittel W, Schmalschlager T. 1994. Hydrogen in the public gas grida feasibility study about its applicability and limitations for the admixture within a demonstration project for the city of Munich. Proc. World Hydrogen Energy Conf., 10th, Hydrogen Energy Prog.. Cocoa Beach, FL. Coral Gables, FL: Int. Assoc. Hydrogen Energy
113. Ogden J, Steinbugler M, Kreutz T. 1999. A comparison of hydrogen, methanol and gasoline as fuels for fuel cell vehicles. J. Power Sources. 79:143-68
114. Thomas CE, Kuhn IR, James BD, Lomax FD, Baum GN. 1998. Affordable hydrogen supply pathways for fuel cell vehicles. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 23(6):507-16
115. Hoffmann P. 1999. Governor Davis launches CA fuel cell partnership, dBB fuel cell engines starts new facility. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Lett. 14(5):1
116. Moreira J. 1998. Private conversation. Univ. of São Paolo, Sāo Paolo, Braz. Private communication
117. US Dep. Energy. 1990. Assessment of costs and benefits of flexible and alternative fuel use in the US transportation sector DOE/PE-0095P. US Dep. Energy, Policy, Plan. Anal., Washington, DC
118. Mark J. 1997. Fuel choices for fuel cell vehicles. Proc. '97 World Car Conf., Riverside, pp. 393-406. Riverside: Cent. Environ. Res. Technol., Univ. Calif.
119. DeLucchi M. 1989. Hydrogen vehicles: an evaluation of fuel storage, performance, safety, environmental impacts and cost. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 14(2):88-130
120. Delucchi M. 1996. Summary of results from the revised model of greenhouse gases from the use of transportation fuels and electricity. Inst. Transp. Stud., Univ. Calif., Davis
121. Ogden JM, Larson ED, Delucchi MA. 1994. A technical and economic assessment of renewable transportation fuels and technologies. Rep. Off. Technol. Assess. Princeton, NJ: Cent. Energy Environ. Stud., Porinceton Univ.
122. Berry GD. 1996. Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel: Costs and Benefits. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Rep. No. UCRL-ID-123465. Springfield, VA: Natl. Tech. Inf. Serv., US Dep. Commerce
123. Larson ED, Worrell E, Chen J. 1996. Clean fuels from municipal solid waste for transportation in New York City and other major metropolitan areas. Princeton Univ., Cent. Energy Environ. Stud. Rep. No. 293. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ.
124. Hord J. 1976. Is hydrogen a safe fuel? Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 3:157-76
125. Ringland JT. 1994. Safety Issues for Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles. Livermore, CA: Sandia Natl. Lab.
126. Ford Motor Co. 1997. Direct hydrogen fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell system for transportation applications. Hydrogen Vehicle Saf. Rep. Contract No. DE-AC02-94CE50389. Springfield, VA: Nall. Tech. Inf. Serv., US Dep. Commerce
127. Ohi J. 1999. Applications analysis. Presented at US Dep. Energy Hydrogen Prog., Annu. Peer Rev. Meet., Lakewood, CO
128. 2 sequestration in the coal bed. Presented at Int. Conf. Greenhouse Gas Control Technol., 4th, Interlaken, Switz.
129. Chem. Eng. News, Feb. 15, 1999, p. 1625.