Effect of stand density on radial growth of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland

Canadian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 1216-1224

  Mäkinen, Harri ^a  

^a FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GROWTH; POPULATION DENSITY; STAND STRUCTURE;

FINLAND;

PINUS SYLVESTRIS;

EID: 0033305877     PISSN: 00455067     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/x99-060     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Baskerville, G.L. 1972. Use of logarithmic regression in the estimation of plant biomass. Can. J. For. Res. 2: 49-53.
2. Cajander, A.K. 1909. Über Waldtypen. [In German.] Acta For. Fenn. No. 1
3. Cannell, M.G.R. 1974. Production of branches and foliage by young trees of Pinus contorta and Picea sitchensis: provenance differences and their simulation. J. Appl. Ecol. 11: 1091-1115.
4. Colin, F., and Houllier, F. 1992. Branchiness of Norway spruce in northeastern France: predicting the main crown characteristics from usual tree measurements. Ann. Sci. For. 49: 511-538.
5. Doruska, P.F., and Burkhart, H.E. 1994. Modeling the diameter and locational distribution of branches within the crowns of loblolly pine trees in unthinned plantations. Can. J. For. Res. 24: 2362-2376.
6. Eschrich, W., and Blechschmidt-Schneider, S. 1992. Extrinsic and intrinsic influence on tree growth-anatomical analysis of spruce branches. Trees, 6: 179-185.
7. Forward, D.F., and Nolan, N.J. 1961a. Growth and morphogenesis in the Canadian forest species. IV. Radial growth in branches and main axis of Pinus resinosa Ait. under conditions of open growth, suppression, and release. Can. J. Bot. 39: 385-409.
8. Forward, D.F., and Nolan, N.J. 1961b. Growth and morphogenesis in the Canadian forest species. V. Further studies of wood growth in branches and main axis of Pinus resinosa Ait. under conditions of open growth, suppression, and release. Can. J. Bot. 39: 411-436.
9. Friesner, R.C., and Jones, J.J. 1952. Correlation of elongation in primary and secondary branches of Pinus resinosa. Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. No. 10. pp. 119-128.
10. Fujimori, T. 1970. Fundamental studies on pruning. I. Discussion about pruning on the basis of an ecological research. [In Japanese with English summary.] Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stn. (Tokyo) No. 228.
11. Fujimori, T. 1975. Study on the technical system of pruning. [In Japanese with English summary.] Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stn. (Tokyo) No. 273.
12. Gavrikov, V. 1996. Distribution of wood increment along branches of 9-year-old Norway spruces (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Centralbl. Gesamte Forstwes. 113: 1-11.
13. Gross, K., and Pham-Nguyen, T. 1987. Einfluß von langfristigem konstanten Wassermangelstreß auf die Netto-Photosynthese und das Wachstum junger Fichten (Picea abies (L.) Karst) und Douglasien (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) im Freiland. [The influence of constant long-term water stress on net photosynthesis and growth of young spruces (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Douglas firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the field.] [In German with English summary.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 106: 7-26.
14. Haapanen, M., Veiling, P., and Annala, M.-L. 1997. Progeny trial estimates of genetic parameters for growth and quality traits in Scots pine. Suva Fenn, 31: 3-12.
15. Hallé, F. 1986. Modular growth in seed plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B, 313: 77-87.
16. Harper, J.L. 1985. Modules, branches and capture of resourses. In Population biology and evolution in clonal organisms. Edited by J.B.C. Jackson, L.W. Buss, and E.R. Cook. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. pp. 1-30.
17. Heiskanen, V. 1954. Vuosiluston paksuuden ja sahatukin laadun välisestä riippuvuudesta. [On the interdependence of annual ring width and sawlog quality.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 44(5).
18. Honen, P., Kellomäki, S., Hari, P., and Kanninen, M. 1979. On distribution of growth in crown system of some young Scots pine stands. Silva Fenn. 13: 316-326.
19. Kärkkäinen, M. 1980. Mäntytukkirunkojen laatuluokitus. [Grading of pine sawlog stems.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 96(5).
20. Kellomäki, S., and Kurttio, O. 1991. A model for the structural development of a Scots pine crown based on modular growth. For. Ecol. Manage. 43: 103-123.
21. Kellomäki, S., and Oker-Blom, P. 1983. Canopy structure and light climate in a young Scots pine stand. Suva Fenn. 17: 1-21.
22. Kellomäki, S., Lämsä, P., Oker-Blom, P., and Uusvaara, O. 1992. Männyn laatukasvatus. [Management of Scots pine for high quality timber.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Silva Carelica No. 23.
23. Kenk, G., and Unfried, P. 1980. Aststärken in Douglasienbeständen. [Branch base diameters in stands of Douglas fir.] [In German with English summary.] Allg. Forst Jagdztg. 151: 201-210.
24. Kershaw, J.A., Maguire, D.A., and Hann, D.W. 1990. Longevity and duration of radial growth in Douglas-fir branches. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 1690-1695.
25. Kleinschmit, J., and Sauer, A. 1976. Variation in morphology, phenology and nutrient content among Picea abies clones and provenances, and its implications for tree improvement. In Tree physiology and yield improvement. Edited by M.G.R. Cannell and F.T. Last. Academic Press, London, pp. 503-517.
26. Kozlowski, T.T., and Pallardy, S.G. 1997. Physiology of woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
27. Krause, C. 1992. Ganzbaumanalyse von Eiche, Buche, Kiefer und Fichte mit dendroökologischen Methoden. Ph.D. thesis, University of Hamburg. Hamburg, Germany.
28. Kyker-Snowman, T.D., and Wilson, B.F. 1988. Total wood, sapwood, and heartwood in branch bases of three conifers. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1332-1336.
29. Lämsä, P., Kellomäki, S., and Väisänen, H. 1990. Nuorten mäntyjen oksikkuuden riippuvuus puuston rakenteesta ja kasvupaikan viljavuudesta. [Branchiness of young Scots pines as related to stand structure and site fertility.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Folia For. No. 746.
30. Lanner, R.M. 1971. Shoot growth pattern of loblolly pine. For. Sci. 17: 486-487.
31. Lanner, R.M. 1976. Patterns of shoot development in Pinus and their relationship to growth potential. In Tree physiology and yield improvement. Edited by M.G.R. Cannell and F.T. Last. Academic Press, London, pp. 223-243.
32. Larson, P.R. 1969. Wood formation and the concept of wood quality. Yale Univ. Sch. For. Bull. No. 74.
33. Lehtonen, I. 1978. Knots in Scots pine (Pinns sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and their effect on the basic density of stemwood. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 95(1).
34. Little, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D. 1996. SAS system for mixed models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.
35. Maguire, D.A., Moeur, M., and Bennett, W.S. 1994. Models for describing basal diameter and vertical distribution of primary branches in young Douglas-fir. For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 23-55.
36. Mäkinen, H. 1996. Effect of intertree competition on branch characteristics of Pinus sylvestris families. Scand. J. For. Res. 11: 129-136.
37. Mäkinen, H. 1999. Growth, suppression, death and self-pruning of branches of Scots pine in southern and central Finland. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 585-594
38. Mäkinen, H., and Colin, F. 1998. Predicting branch angle and branch diameter of Scots pine from usual tree measurements and stand structural information. Can. J. For. Res. 28: 1686-1696.
39. Mäkinen, H., and Colin, F. 1999. Predicting the number, death and self-pruning of branches in Scots pine. Can. J. For. Res. 29: 1225-1236.
40. Mäkinen, H., and Uusvaara, O. 1992. Lannoituksen vaikutus männyn oksikkuuteen ja puuaineen laatuun. [Effect of fertilization on the branchiness and the wood quality of Scots pine.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Folia For. No. 801.
41. Matthecek, C. 1991. Trees - the mechanical design. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
42. Powell, G.R. 1977. Patterns of development in Abies balsamea crowns and effects of megastrobilus production on shoot and buds. Can. J. For. Res. 7: 498-509.
43. Pukkala, T. 1989. Methods to describe the competition process in a tree stand. Scand. J. For. Res. 4: 187-202.
44. Regent Instruments. 1995. WinDENDRO™ user's guide, version 6.0 edition. Regent Instruments, Québec, Que.
45. Remphrey, W.R., and Powell, G.R. 1984. Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: quantitative analysis and modelling of (nonsylleptic) order 1 branching in relation to development of the main stem. Can. J. Bot. 62: 1904-1915.
46. Renshaw, E. 1991. Modelling biological populations in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
47. Reukema, D.L. 1959. Missing annual rings in branches of young-growth Douglas-fir. Ecology, 40: 480-482.
48. Romell, L.-G. 1937. Kvistrensning och óvervallning hos okvistad och torrkvistad tall. [Results of natural and artificial pruning in Scots pine.] [In Swedish with English summary.] Sven. Skogsvårdsiören. Tidskr. 35: 299-328.
49. Romell, L.-G. 1941. Kvistningsstudier på tall och gran. [Studies on pruning of pine and spruce.] [In Swedish with English summary.] Medd. Statens Skogsförsöksanst. 32: 143-194.
50. Schweingruber, F.H., Eckstein, D., Serre-Bachet, F., and Braker, O.U. 1990. Identification, presentation and interpretation of event years and pointer years in dendrochronology. Dendrochronologia, 8: 9-38.
51. Searle, S.R., Casella, G., and McGulloch, C.E. 1992. Variance components. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
52. Siemon, G.R., Wood, G.B., and Förrest, W.G. 1976. Effects of thinning on crown structure in radiata pine. N.Z. J. For. Sci. 6: 57-66.
53. Sprugel, D.G., Hinckley, T.M., and Schaap, W. 1991. The theory and practice of branch autonomy. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 309-334.
54. Turkia. K., and Kellomäki, S. 1987. Kasvupaikan viljavuuden ja puuston tiheyden vaikutus nuorten mäntyjen oksien läpimittaan. [Influence of the site fertility and stand density on the diameter of branches in young Scots pine stands.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Folia For. No. 705.
55. Uusvaara, O. 1974. Wood quality in plantation-grown Scots pine. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. No. 80(2).
56. Varmola, M. 1980. Männyn istutustaimistojen ulkoinen laatu. [The external quality of pine plantations.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Folia For. No. 451.
57. Veiling, P. 1988. The relationships between yield components in the breeding of Scots pine. Ph.D. thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
58. Vuokila, Y, and Väliaho, H. 1980. Viljeltyjen havumetsiköiden kasvatusmallit. [Growth and yield models for conifer cultures in Finland.] [In Finnish with English summary.] Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. No. 99.2. pp. 1-271.
59. Weslien, H. 1995. Missing growth rings in branches of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Sweden. Department of Forest Products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. Rep. No. 249.