State regulation and the hazards of milk, 1900-1939

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 371-388

  Phillips, Jim ^b   French, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Agricultural lobbying; Compulsory pasteurization; Government policy; Milk; Public health

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; CERTIFICATION; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DAIRY PRODUCT; DAIRYING; FOOD; FOOD CONTROL; GOVERNMENT; HISTORY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAFETY; UNITED KINGDOM;

AGRICULTURE; CERTIFICATION; COMMERCE; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; DAIRY PRODUCTS; DAIRYING; FOOD; FOOD INSPECTION; GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; PUBLIC HEALTH;

EID: 0033286742     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/12.3.371     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Milk (Special Designations) Act, Public General Acts, 1949, Chapter 34; Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 461 (21 February 1949), 1605.
2. Milk (Special Designations) Act, Public General Acts, 1949, Chapter 34; Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 461 (21 February 1949), 1605.
3. P. J. Atkins, 'White Poison? The Social Consequences of Milk Consumption, 1850-1930', Social History of Medicine, 5 (1992), 216-18.
4. Public Health, IV (1891), 136-7.
5. The Times, 15 May 1934.
6. F. B. Smith, The Retreat of Tuberculosis, 1850-1951 (London, 1988), pp. 185-6.
7. Local Government Board, Annual Report, 1904-5, Cd. 2661, p. clxxvi.
8. P. J. Atkins, 'Sophistication Detected: or, the Adulteration of the Milk Supply, 1850-1914', Social History, 16 (1991), 317-39.
9. D. Dwork, War is Good for Babies and Other Young Children: A History of the Infant and Child Movement in England, 1898-1918 (London, 1987).
10. M. L. Barnett, 'The People's League of Health and the Campaign against Bovine Tuberculosis in the 1930s', paper to the Spring 1999 Conference of the Society for the Social History of Medicine.
11. I. Paulus, The Search for Pure Food (London, 1974), pp. 39, 84.
12. P. Mathias, The First Industrial Nation (London, 1969), pp. 316-18.
13. Committee on Milk and Cream Regulations, Report (1901), Cd. 491.
14. Report, Food Products Adulteration, Parliamentary Papers, 1894, 253. pp. 28, 169, 211.
15. Beckett to Cross, 18 June 1929, MH 56/79, Public Record Office (PRO).
16. A. H. H. Matthews, Fifty Years of Agricultural Politics (London, 1915), pp. 42-4.
17. Dwork, War is Good for Babies, pp. 60-1, 72-4.
18. A. G. Enock, This Milk Business (London, 1943), pp. 108-9.
19. R. J. Hammond, Food. Vol. II. Studies in Administration and Control (London, 1956), pp. 253-7.
20. British Food Journal (March 1912), 25-7.
21. Smith, Retreat of Tuberculosis, pp. 176-82.
22. Haygarth Brown minute, 8 July 1913; Jones to Willis, January 1914, MAF 52/5, PRO.
23. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 63, (9 June 1914), 239-45.
24. E. H. Whetham, 'The London Milk Trade, 1900-1930', in D. J. Oddy and D. S. Miller (eds.), The Making of the Modern British Diet (London, 1976), p. 70.
25. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 63 (9 June 1914), 242.
26. Ibid, p. 249.
27. Smith, Retreat of Tuberculosis, p. 176.
28. BMA Council, 22 January 1919, SA/BMA Box No. 216, F105, Contemporary Medical Archives Centre, The Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London (CMAC).
29. Milk and Dairies Bill, 1920. Sections of the Milk and Dairies (Consolidation) Act, 1915, showing proposed amendments, Cmd. 696, 1920, Clauses 1-3.
30. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 129 (10 May 1920), 42, 133 (11 August 1920), 400, and 135 (1 December 1920), 213.
31. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 129 (10 May 1920), 42, 133 (11 August 1920), 400, and 135 (1 December 1920), 213.
32. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 129 (10 May 1920), 42, 133 (11 August 1920), 400, and 135 (1 December 1920), 213.
33. Memorandum by J. N. Beckett, 18 May 1931; note by Sir Arthur Robinson, 26 May 1931, MH 56/81, PRO.
34. John Jeffrey, Scottish Board of Health, to J. L. Officer, Convention of Royal Burghs, 14 July 1921, HH 64/48, Scottish Records Office (SRO).
35. A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 197, 317.
36. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 151 (1 March 1922), 370.
37. MacPherson (Scottish Office) note of conversation with Beckett, 8 February 1922; Mond to Munro, 27 February 1922; notes by Dr Leighton, 4 March 1922 and A. Stalker, 6 March 1922, HH 64/54, SRO.
38. 'Milk and Dairies Bill', CP 2004, 30 May 1922, copy in HH 64/48, SRO.
39. Atkins, 'White Poison', p. 225.
40. Final Report of the Committee on the Production and Distribution of Milk, Cmd. 483, 1919, pp. 12-13.
41. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 156 (12 July 1922), 2199-2237,
42. Smith, Retreat of Tuberculosis, p. 185.
43. Enock, This Milk Business, p. 113.
44. Ibid., pp. 113-15.
45. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 63 (9 June 1914), 257, 290.
46. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 156 (12 July 1922), 2200.
47. B. Davies, The Nation's Milk Supply. Its Hygienic Production and Control (London, 1933); copy in PP/JPH Box No. 14, A147, CMAC.
48. Food Manufacture (July 1934), 244-7.
49. Inter-Departmental Committee, 'Interim Report', 24 February 1931, pp. 2-3, MH 56/88, PRO.
50. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 186 (20 July 1925), 1837-8.
51. H. E. Dale (MAF) to Beckett, 17 October 1930, MH 56/88, PRO.
52. Inter-Departmental Committee, 'Interim Report', 24 February 1931, p. 4, MH 56/88, PRO.
53. Ministry of Health, Annual Report, 1930-31, Cmd. 3937, pp. 36-7; Department of Health for Scotland, Annual Report, 1931, Cmd. 4080, pp. 31-2.
54. Ministry of Health, Annual Report, 1930-31, Cmd. 3937, pp. 36-7; Department of Health for Scotland, Annual Report, 1931, Cmd. 4080, pp. 31-2.
55. A. D. Hall (Chief Scientific Adviser, MAF) to Sir Arthur Robinson (MoH), 8 March 1923, MH 56/94, PRO.
56. A. B. Maclachlan to Sir Arthur Robinson, 14 February 1923, MH 56/94, PRO.
57. Smith, Retreat of Tuberculosis, p. 185.
58. F. McKee, 'The Popularisation of Milk as a Beverage During the 1930s', in D. F. Smith (ed.), Nutrition in Britain. Science, Scientists and Politics in the Twentieth Century (London and New York, 1997), p. 129.
59. Memoranda by Cross, 16 July 1925 and MacFadden, 27 July 1925, MH 56/77, PRO.
60. Carnwath to Newman and Robinson, 9 March 1931, MH 56/81, PRO.
61. Maclachlan to Newman and Robinson, 18 March 1931, MH 56/81, PRO.
62. BMA Council, 7 November 1934, SA/BMA Box No. 216, F105, CMAC.
63. Cmd. 483, p. 7.
64. Food Manufacture, May 1936.
65. Whetham, 'London Milk Trade', p. 69.
66. Smith, Retreat of Tuberculosis, p. 190.
67. K. Vernon, 'Science for the Farmer? Agricultural Research in England 1909-36', Twentieth Century British History, 8 (1997), 329-31.
68. The Times, 9 January 1930.
69. Glasgow Wholesale Milk Dealers' Association (GWMDA), Minutes, 30 September 1936, UGD 352/6/1, Business Records' Centre, University of Glasgow (BRC).
70. The Times, 30 January-13 February 1933.
71. Milk Act, 1934, Clauses 9-10, Public General Statutes, 1934, Chapter 51; Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 29 (7 June 1934), 1209-15.
72. Milk Act, 1934, Clauses 9-10, Public General Statutes, 1934, Chapter 51; Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 29 (7 June 1934), 1209-15.
73. Milk Act, 1934, Clauses 9-10, Public General Statutes, 1934, Chapter 51; Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 29 (7 June 1934), 1209-15.
74. Ministry of Health, untitled memo, 30 May 1935, MH 56/95, PRO.
75. Enock, This Milk Business, pp. 51-3.
76. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 290 (7 June 1934), 1132, 1142.
77. Ministry of Health, Annual Report, 1937-38, Cmd. 5801, p. 52; Department of Health for Scotland, Annual Report, 1938, Cmd. 5969, p. 59.
78. Ministry of Health, Annual Report, 1937-38, Cmd. 5801, p. 52; Department of Health for Scotland, Annual Report, 1938, Cmd. 5969, p. 59.
79. GWMDA, Directors' Annual Report, 27 April 1937 and Minutes, 29 June 1937, UGD 352/6/1, BRC.
80. Memo by A. W. Street, Second Secretary, 1 March 1937, MAF 52/130, PRO.
81. Milk Policy, Cmd. 5333, July 1937, p. 6.
82. Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 461 (21 February 1949), 1606.
83. The Times, 19-30 November and 12 December 1938.
84. GWMDA, Directors' Annual Report, 25 April 1939, UGD 352/6/1, BRC.
85. Food Manufacture (January 1939), 1; (May 1939), 148-50.
86. Food Manufacture (January 1939), 1; (May 1939), 148-50.
87. Viscount Astor and S. Rowntree, British Agriculture: the Principles of Future Policy (London, 1939), pp. 192-3, 200-5, 208.
88. See the remarks of R. J. Russell, MP for Eddisbury in Cheshire; Parliamentary Debates, 5th Series, 290 (7 June 1934), 1173.
89. Enock, This Milk Business, p. 53; Professor Wilson repeated this distinction in an article published in Food Manufacture (March 1936).
90. Enock, This Milk Business, p. 53; Professor Wilson repeated this distinction in an article published in Food Manufacture (March 1936).