"Instead of fighting the common enemy": Mine mill versus the steelworkers in Montana, 1950-1967

Labor History

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 459-480

  Mercier, Laurie ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033270385     PISSN: 0023656X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00236719912331387724     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. IUMMSW was the second largest union dismissed (after the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers) and one of the few to survive. The literature on the CIO-expelled unions is extensive. See, for example, F.S. O'Brien, "The 'Communist-dominated' Unions in the United States since 1950," Labor History, 9 (1968), 184-209; Harvey A. Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 330-339; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 124-134; Steve Rosswurm, ed., The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992). Rosswurm's collection documents the negative consequences of the CIO purge, which restricted the vision and membership base of the American labor movement in the post-war era. Robert Zieger, on the other hand, is less sympathetic with the leftist unions' tolerance of CP influence, in The CIO 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 253-293, 372-377.
2. IUMMSW was the second largest union dismissed (after the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers) and one of the few to survive. The literature on the CIO-expelled unions is extensive. See, for example, F.S. O'Brien, "The 'Communist-dominated' Unions in the United States since 1950," Labor History, 9 (1968), 184-209; Harvey A. Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 330-339; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 124-134; Steve Rosswurm, ed., The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992). Rosswurm's collection documents the negative consequences of the CIO purge, which restricted the vision and membership base of the American labor movement in the post-war era. Robert Zieger, on the other hand, is less sympathetic with the leftist unions' tolerance of CP influence, in The CIO 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 253-293, 372-377.
3. IUMMSW was the second largest union dismissed (after the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers) and one of the few to survive. The literature on the CIO-expelled unions is extensive. See, for example, F.S. O'Brien, "The 'Communist-dominated' Unions in the United States since 1950," Labor History, 9 (1968), 184-209; Harvey A. Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 330-339; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 124-134; Steve Rosswurm, ed., The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992). Rosswurm's collection documents the negative consequences of the CIO purge, which restricted the vision and membership base of the American labor movement in the post-war era. Robert Zieger, on the other hand, is less sympathetic with the leftist unions' tolerance of CP influence, in The CIO 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 253-293, 372-377.
4. IUMMSW was the second largest union dismissed (after the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers) and one of the few to survive. The literature on the CIO-expelled unions is extensive. See, for example, F.S. O'Brien, "The 'Communist-dominated' Unions in the United States since 1950," Labor History, 9 (1968), 184-209; Harvey A. Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 330-339; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 124-134; Steve Rosswurm, ed., The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992). Rosswurm's collection documents the negative consequences of the CIO purge, which restricted the vision and membership base of the American labor movement in the post-war era. Robert Zieger, on the other hand, is less sympathetic with the leftist unions' tolerance of CP influence, in The CIO 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 253-293, 372-377.
5. IUMMSW was the second largest union dismissed (after the United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers) and one of the few to survive. The literature on the CIO-expelled unions is extensive. See, for example, F.S. O'Brien, "The 'Communist-dominated' Unions in the United States since 1950," Labor History, 9 (1968), 184-209; Harvey A. Levenstein, Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981), 330-339; Robert H. Zieger, American Workers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 124-134; Steve Rosswurm, ed., The CIO's Left-Led Unions (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992). Rosswurm's collection documents the negative consequences of the CIO purge, which restricted the vision and membership base of the American labor movement in the post-war era. Robert Zieger, on the other hand, is less sympathetic with the leftist unions' tolerance of CP influence, in The CIO 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 253-293, 372-377.
6. IUMMSW represented Anaconda Copper Mining Company workers in Montana mines, smelters, and refineries, and workers in the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) smelter in East Helena. IUMMSW had long depended on the numbers, activism, and leadership of Montana miners and smelterworkers. In his anticommunist critique of Mine Mill, Vernon Jensen recognized the importance of the Montana locals by describing them as the "heart" of the union. Vernon Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 1932-1954 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1954), 5.
7. Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry Up to 1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950), 54, 464; Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 2-5, 7-17, 34. Jerry Calvert discusses left-right divisions within the WFM and IWW, and the destruction of the Butte Miners Union in The Gibralter: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 72-75, 81-91. See also Arnon Gutfeld, Montana's Agony: Years of War and Hysteria, 1917-1921 (Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1979), and David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
8. Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry Up to 1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950), 54, 464; Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 2-5, 7-17, 34. Jerry Calvert discusses left-right divisions within the WFM and IWW, and the destruction of the Butte Miners Union in The Gibralter: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 72-75, 81-91. See also Arnon Gutfeld, Montana's Agony: Years of War and Hysteria, 1917-1921 (Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1979), and David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
9. Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry Up to 1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950), 54, 464; Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 2-5, 7-17, 34. Jerry Calvert discusses left-right divisions within the WFM and IWW, and the destruction of the Butte Miners Union in The Gibralter: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 72-75, 81-91. See also Arnon Gutfeld, Montana's Agony: Years of War and Hysteria, 1917-1921 (Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1979), and David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
10. Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry Up to 1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950), 54, 464; Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 2-5, 7-17, 34. Jerry Calvert discusses left-right divisions within the WFM and IWW, and the destruction of the Butte Miners Union in The Gibralter: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 72-75, 81-91. See also Arnon Gutfeld, Montana's Agony: Years of War and Hysteria, 1917-1921 (Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1979), and David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
11. Jensen, Heritage of Conflict: Labor Relations in the Nonferrous Metals Industry Up to 1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1950), 54, 464; Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 2-5, 7-17, 34. Jerry Calvert discusses left-right divisions within the WFM and IWW, and the destruction of the Butte Miners Union in The Gibralter: Socialism and Labor in Butte, Montana, 1895-1920 (Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press, 1988), 72-75, 81-91. See also Arnon Gutfeld, Montana's Agony: Years of War and Hysteria, 1917-1921 (Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1979), and David M. Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
12. Tom Dickson, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 30, 1986, Montana Historical Society Archives (hereafter MHSA); Owen McNally, interview by Arthur Day, July 1987, MHSA.
13. Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Industrial Unionism, 13, 37-38; McNally interview.
14. Vernon Jensen details the right-left struggles in IUMMSW, Nonferrous, 184-204, 217-228, 238-250; Max M. Kampelman, The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics (New York: Praeger Publishing, 1957), 162-188; Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), 304.
15. Vernon Jensen details the right-left struggles in IUMMSW, Nonferrous, 184-204, 217-228, 238-250; Max M. Kampelman, The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics (New York: Praeger Publishing, 1957), 162-188; Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), 304.
16. Vernon Jensen details the right-left struggles in IUMMSW, Nonferrous, 184-204, 217-228, 238-250; Max M. Kampelman, The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics (New York: Praeger Publishing, 1957), 162-188; Bert Cochran, Labor and Communism: The Conflict that Shaped American Unions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), 304.
17. Thelma Murray, Anaconda, to Mary Orlich, Jan. 22, 1945, Mary Orlich collection, courtesy of Don Orlich, in possession of author; Charles McLean, recording secretary Local 117, to Mary Greene, recording secretary Smeltermen's Union Ladies Auxiliary, Sept. 13, 1946, court case 6348, Anaconda-Deer Lodge County Historical Society (hereafter AHS).
18. "Miner's Wife Fights Off Red Invasion of Union," Saturday Evening Post, Jan. 18, 1947; Takla Sume, Park City, Utah, Ladies Auxiliary No. 43, to Orlich, Mar. 21, 1947; Charlotte Rash, Copper Mountain, BC, to Orlich, Mar. 25, 1947; William Mason, IUMMSW District 1, and Harry Baird, Montana Anti-Discrimination League, to Orlich, Jan. 23, 1947; John Emmons, Anaconda, to Orlich, Jan. 26, 1947; "A. Stooge," Butte, to Orlich, Jan. 17, 1947, Orlich collection.
19. M.E. Travis to all IUMMSW Ladies Auxiliaries, Dec. 9, 1947; "Report of the Committee to Try International Ladies Auxiliary Officers," Feb. 4, 1948, Chicago, Box 126, folder "Executive Board Action re Controversy," WFM-IUMMSW collection, Western Historical Collections, University of Colorado, Boulder (hereafter IUMMSW).
20. M.E. Travis to all IUMMSW Ladies Auxiliaries, Dec. 9, 1947; "Report of the Committee to Try International Ladies Auxiliary Officers," Feb. 4, 1948, Chicago, Box 126, folder "Executive Board Action re Controversy," WFM-IUMMSW collection, Western Historical Collections, University of Colorado, Boulder (hereafter IUMMSW).
21. In oral history interviews conducted in the 1960s, former Mine Mill officers insisted that the Communist Party never influenced them and each made his own decisions about union policies. Former president Reid Robinson maintained that "capable guys were always slurred as being reds." See, for example, Reid Robinson, interview by Ron Filippelli, December 1969, San Francisco; Irving Dichter, interview by Ron Filippelli, June 1969; Asbury Howard, interview by Jack Spiese, Mar. 27, 1968; Orville Larson, interview by Alice Hoffman and Greg Giebel, Dec. 9, 1969, Denver, Historical Collections and Labor Archives, Pattee Library, Pennsylvania State University (hereafter PSU).
22. McNally interview. McNally would later regret his involvement with USWA and became an active supporter of and officer in IUMMSW Local 117 by the late 1950s.
23. Jensen, Nonferrous, 274-278; Mine-Mill Bulletin "extra!", May 1951.
24. Jensen, Nonferrous, 274-278; Mine-Mill Bulletin "extra!", May 1951.
25. Mine-Mill Union, April 23, Mar. 12, and Sept. 10, 1951.
26. Mine-Mill Bulletin (Montana area), Mar. 25, Aug. 19, and Nov. 4, 1950; Smeltermen's Voice, Oct. 27, 1950.
27. Mine-Mill Bulletin (Montana area), Mar. 25, Aug. 19, and Nov. 4, 1950; Smeltermen's Voice, Oct. 27, 1950.
28. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, Nogales, 1951; Official Proceedings of the 48th Convention, New York, 1952; "Fight's on for Free Unionism," Miner's Voice (Butte), Oct. 13, 1953; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 26, 1953; Local 117 minutes, Nov. 1953, Box 393, IUMMSW; "Vote for McLean," Local 117 campaign pamphlet, n.d., McLean Collection (hereafter MCL), AHS.
29. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, Nogales, 1951; Official Proceedings of the 48th Convention, New York, 1952; "Fight's on for Free Unionism," Miner's Voice (Butte), Oct. 13, 1953; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 26, 1953; Local 117 minutes, Nov. 1953, Box 393, IUMMSW; "Vote for McLean," Local 117 campaign pamphlet, n.d., McLean Collection (hereafter MCL), AHS.
30. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, Nogales, 1951; Official Proceedings of the 48th Convention, New York, 1952; "Fight's on for Free Unionism," Miner's Voice (Butte), Oct. 13, 1953; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 26, 1953; Local 117 minutes, Nov. 1953, Box 393, IUMMSW; "Vote for McLean," Local 117 campaign pamphlet, n.d., McLean Collection (hereafter MCL), AHS.
31. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, Nogales, 1951; Official Proceedings of the 48th Convention, New York, 1952; "Fight's on for Free Unionism," Miner's Voice (Butte), Oct. 13, 1953; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 26, 1953; Local 117 minutes, Nov. 1953, Box 393, IUMMSW; "Vote for McLean," Local 117 campaign pamphlet, n.d., McLean Collection (hereafter MCL), AHS.
32. Smeltermen's Voice, July 15, 1953; N. A. Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign conducted by the USWA against Mine Mill in Montana," April 1954; David J. McDonald, president USWA, to Charles J. Smith, Director District 38 USWA, Los Angeles, Dec. 28, 1953, USWA District 38, Box 8, folder 10, USWA collection, (hereafter USWA), PSU.
33. Smeltermen's Voice, July 15, 1953; N. A. Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign conducted by the USWA against Mine Mill in Montana," April 1954; David J. McDonald, president USWA, to Charles J. Smith, Director District 38 USWA, Los Angeles, Dec. 28, 1953, USWA District 38, Box 8, folder 10, USWA collection, (hereafter USWA), PSU.
34. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, 170, 180-181. Race was clearly a central issue in USWA's defeat of Mine Mill in Alabama in 1949. Jensen, 233-245; Levenstein, 289-290.
35. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, 170, 180-181. Race was clearly a central issue in USWA's defeat of Mine Mill in Alabama in 1949. Jensen, 233-245; Levenstein, 289-290.
36. IUMMSW, Official Proceedings of the 47th Convention, 170, 180-181. Race was clearly a central issue in USWA's defeat of Mine Mill in Alabama in 1949. Jensen, 233-245; Levenstein, 289-290.
37. By comparison, the Bureau of Census reported in 1958 that 22.3% of people in the American West considered themselves Catholic. The Catholic Church contended that Providence, Rhode Island, was the most Catholic diocese in the nation with 60% of its residents communicants. Register (Western Montana Catholic Diocese), Feb. 9, 1958, July 12, 1959, May 18, 1962.
38. Seattle Bishop Thomas A. Connolly, for example, had publicly denounced Mine Mill and urged Tacoma smelterworkers to reject IUMMSW Local 25 and replace it with USWA. Tacoma workers had a duty, he commanded, to vote for USWA and challenge "Soviet Russia's master plan to destroy our government, our churches, our unions, our homes and all that we hold dear." Northwest Progress (Northwest Diocese), n.d., MCL. Father Joseph F. Donnelly's anti-communist attacks undermined IUMMSW strength in Connecticut. Steve Rosswurm, "The Catholic Church and the Left-Led Unions: Labor Priests, Labor Schools, and the ACTU," in The CIO's Left-Led Unions, 120, 123, 127, 135. The Catholic Church played a significant role in mobilizing parishioners in eastern Canada to undermine Mine Mill. See Mike Solski and John Smaller, Mine Mill: The History of the IUMMSW in Canada Since 1895 (Ottawa: Steel Rail Publishing, 1985), x, 137-138; Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 314; and Mercedes Steedman, Peter Suschnigg, Dieter K. Buses, eds., Hard Lessons: The Mine Mill Union in the Canadian Labour Movement (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995), 7.
39. Seattle Bishop Thomas A. Connolly, for example, had publicly denounced Mine Mill and urged Tacoma smelterworkers to reject IUMMSW Local 25 and replace it with USWA. Tacoma workers had a duty, he commanded, to vote for USWA and challenge "Soviet Russia's master plan to destroy our government, our churches, our unions, our homes and all that we hold dear." Northwest Progress (Northwest Diocese), n.d., MCL. Father Joseph F. Donnelly's anti-communist attacks undermined IUMMSW strength in Connecticut. Steve Rosswurm, "The Catholic Church and the Left-Led Unions: Labor Priests, Labor Schools, and the ACTU," in The CIO's Left-Led Unions, 120, 123, 127, 135. The Catholic Church played a significant role in mobilizing parishioners in eastern Canada to undermine Mine Mill. See Mike Solski and John Smaller, Mine Mill: The History of the IUMMSW in Canada Since 1895 (Ottawa: Steel Rail Publishing, 1985), x, 137-138; Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 314; and Mercedes Steedman, Peter Suschnigg, Dieter K. Buses, eds., Hard Lessons: The Mine Mill Union in the Canadian Labour Movement (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995), 7.
40. Seattle Bishop Thomas A. Connolly, for example, had publicly denounced Mine Mill and urged Tacoma smelterworkers to reject IUMMSW Local 25 and replace it with USWA. Tacoma workers had a duty, he commanded, to vote for USWA and challenge "Soviet Russia's master plan to destroy our government, our churches, our unions, our homes and all that we hold dear." Northwest Progress (Northwest Diocese), n.d., MCL. Father Joseph F. Donnelly's anti-communist attacks undermined IUMMSW strength in Connecticut. Steve Rosswurm, "The Catholic Church and the Left-Led Unions: Labor Priests, Labor Schools, and the ACTU," in The CIO's Left-Led Unions, 120, 123, 127, 135. The Catholic Church played a significant role in mobilizing parishioners in eastern Canada to undermine Mine Mill. See Mike Solski and John Smaller, Mine Mill: The History of the IUMMSW in Canada Since 1895 (Ottawa: Steel Rail Publishing, 1985), x, 137-138; Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 314; and Mercedes Steedman, Peter Suschnigg, Dieter K. Buses, eds., Hard Lessons: The Mine Mill Union in the Canadian Labour Movement (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995), 7.
41. Seattle Bishop Thomas A. Connolly, for example, had publicly denounced Mine Mill and urged Tacoma smelterworkers to reject IUMMSW Local 25 and replace it with USWA. Tacoma workers had a duty, he commanded, to vote for USWA and challenge "Soviet Russia's master plan to destroy our government, our churches, our unions, our homes and all that we hold dear." Northwest Progress (Northwest Diocese), n.d., MCL. Father Joseph F. Donnelly's anti-communist attacks undermined IUMMSW strength in Connecticut. Steve Rosswurm, "The Catholic Church and the Left-Led Unions: Labor Priests, Labor Schools, and the ACTU," in The CIO's Left-Led Unions, 120, 123, 127, 135. The Catholic Church played a significant role in mobilizing parishioners in eastern Canada to undermine Mine Mill. See Mike Solski and John Smaller, Mine Mill: The History of the IUMMSW in Canada Since 1895 (Ottawa: Steel Rail Publishing, 1985), x, 137-138; Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 314; and Mercedes Steedman, Peter Suschnigg, Dieter K. Buses, eds., Hard Lessons: The Mine Mill Union in the Canadian Labour Movement (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995), 7.
42. Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ...," 5.
43. Interview with Luke McKeon, Aug. 30, 1996, notes in possession of author; KOC pamphlets, McL.
44. Local 117 minutes, Dec. 29, 1953, Box 393, IUMMSW; Joe Mason and Charles McLean address, KOPR-radio, Jan. 3, 1953, transcript, MCL; "Mine-Mill Locals Swing to CIO," CIO News, Washington, DC, Jan. 4, 1954.
45. "Montana Locals Elect Leaders, Stick to M-M," Mine-Mill Union, Feb. 1, 1954.
46. Al Skinner, "Report to International Officers, Organization of Montana," Feb. 5, 1954, Box 258, folder 26 "Raids-USW in Montana," IUMMSW.
47. Mine-Mill Bulletin (Montana area), Mar. 25, 1950; "How Old Gang Tried Sellout!" Mine-Mill Smelterman, Mar. 5, 1954; "NLRB Election," fliers and posters, Box 73, folder 1, Anaconda Copper Mining Company, Manuscript Collection 169, MHSA (hereafter ACM).
48. Mine-Mill Bulletin (Montana area), Mar. 25, 1950; "How Old Gang Tried Sellout!" Mine-Mill Smelterman, Mar. 5, 1954; "NLRB Election," fliers and posters, Box 73, folder 1, Anaconda Copper Mining Company, Manuscript Collection 169, MHSA (hereafter ACM).
49. Mine-Mill Bulletin (Montana area), Mar. 25, 1950; "How Old Gang Tried Sellout!" Mine-Mill Smelterman, Mar. 5, 1954; "NLRB Election," fliers and posters, Box 73, folder 1, Anaconda Copper Mining Company, Manuscript Collection 169, MHSA (hereafter ACM).
50. USWA fliers, MCL; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), Jan. 22, Feb. 10 and 17, 1954; USWA fliers, "NLRB Election," ACM.
51. USWA fliers, MCL; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), Jan. 22, Feb. 10 and 17, 1954; USWA fliers, "NLRB Election," ACM.
52. "NLRB Election," fliers, ACM; "Officers Nail Montana 'Secession,'" Jan. 4, 1954, and John Clark, "The Real Score in Montana," Jan. 18, 1954, Mine-Mill Union.
53. "NLRB Election," fliers, ACM; "Officers Nail Montana 'Secession,'" Jan. 4, 1954, and John Clark, "The Real Score in Montana," Jan. 18, 1954, Mine-Mill Union.
54. "NLRB Election," fliers, ACM; "Officers Nail Montana 'Secession,'" Jan. 4, 1954, and John Clark, "The Real Score in Montana," Jan. 18, 1954, Mine-Mill Union.
55. USWA insisted that the 1954 NLRB election combine Butte-Anaconda in order to swamp IUMMSW chances in Butte. They argued that the two groups were "historically and traditionally inseparable." In 1956 USWA reversed this strategy and filed an NLRB petition to limit bargaining to the Anaconda operation. USWA argued that the smelter was an autonomous unit, and the local unions had traditionally preserved their separate identities and procured separate agreements. This time, however, IUMMSW countered that the only unit appropriate for bargaining was the multiple-plant unit, including Butte and Great Falls. "Brief on Behalf of Petitioner, USWA, AFL-CIO before the NLRB in the matter of the Anaconda Company, employer and USWA petitioner," Case 19-RC-1815 [May 1956], MCL.
56. Otto Orr, Sub-District 7 director, to Charles J. Smith, director District 38 USWA, Aug. 4, 1955, District 38, Box 8, Folder 10, USWA.
57. Anaconda Standard, Mar. 20, 1954; Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; Anaconda Standard, July 19, 1954; Local 6002 minutes, April 1954-June 1956, MCL.
58. Anaconda Standard, Mar. 20, 1954; Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; Anaconda Standard, July 19, 1954; Local 6002 minutes, April 1954-June 1956, MCL.
59. Anaconda Standard, Mar. 20, 1954; Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; Anaconda Standard, July 19, 1954; Local 6002 minutes, April 1954-June 1956, MCL.
60. Mine-Mill Union, "Anaconda Holds to 'No Offer' Line in First Week of Strike," Aug. 30, 1954, and "ACM Goal is to Bust Union," Sept. 13, 1954; Local 6002 minutes, Sept.-Oct. 1954.
61. Mine-Mill Union, "Anaconda Holds to 'No Offer' Line in First Week of Strike," Aug. 30, 1954, and "ACM Goal is to Bust Union," Sept. 13, 1954; Local 6002 minutes, Sept.-Oct. 1954.
62. Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), June 1955; Local 6002 minutes, June 9, 1955; Pat Ward, Ed Fahey, Itlo Ungaretti, Pat Mulcahy, Pete Agostinelli, radio addresses, June 21, 1955, Box 388, folder 42, IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, Mar. 28, July 4, Aug. 1, 1955.
63. Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), June 1955; Local 6002 minutes, June 9, 1955; Pat Ward, Ed Fahey, Itlo Ungaretti, Pat Mulcahy, Pete Agostinelli, radio addresses, June 21, 1955, Box 388, folder 42, IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, Mar. 28, July 4, Aug. 1, 1955.
64. Interviews by Laurie Mercier with Larry Riley (Sept. 15, 1994), in author's possession, and Ellen M. Kloker (Feb. 28, 1987), MHSA.
65. Interviews by Laurie Mercier with Larry Riley, Tom Dickson, Katie Dewing (Aug. 11, 1989), MHSA.
66. Interviews by Laurie Mercier with Larry Riley, Joe Bolkovatz, Isabel McCarthy (Oct. 2, 1986), MHSA.
67. Mine-Mill strike bulletins, Sep. 9, 14, and 17, 1954.
68. Local 117 minutes, Sept.-Oct. 1954, IUMMSW; Deer Lodge County Commission records, Sept. 28, 1954, Anaconda-Deer Lodge Courthouse; People's Voice, Oct. 1, 1954. IUMMSW donated $2000 to Local 117's strike fund to assist 2300 union members on strike. The lack of monetary support from the international would influence future decisions about strikes.
69. Kloker interview; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Oct. 30, 1954 and Aug. 31, 1954; Tom Dickson, president, to Mrs. J.W. McAuliffe, Aug. 30, 1954, Box 392, folder 13 "M"; Dickson to Mrs. Ungaretti, Aug. 30, 1954, Box 392, folder 20 "U," IUMMSW.
70. "Steel Raiders Go Beserk!" Poster, "NLRB Election," ACM; Reid Robinson interview; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), March 1956 and April 1956.
71. "Steel Raiders Go Beserk!" Poster, "NLRB Election," ACM; Reid Robinson interview; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), March 1956 and April 1956.
72. Mine-Mill Smelterman, Feb. 1, 1955; Local 6002 minutes, May 14, and Oct. 10, 1954, Jan. 6, and May 12, 1955.
73. USWA fliers and posters, MCL. Ronald W. Schatz finds that older workers generally supported the left-led UE, in The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse 1923-60 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 196-198, as do Ronald L. Filippelli and Mark McColloch in Cold War in the Working Class: the Rise and Decline of the United Electrical Workers (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995), 191. Gerald Zahavi outlines how younger leather workers in Fulton County, New York, allied with right-wingers to break the Communist-led IFLWU, in "'Communism is No Bug-A-Boo': Communism and Left-Wing Unionism in Fulton County, New York, 1933-1950," Labor History, 33 (1992), 186-187.
74. USWA fliers and posters, MCL. Ronald W. Schatz finds that older workers generally supported the left-led UE, in The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse 1923-60 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 196-198, as do Ronald L. Filippelli and Mark McColloch in Cold War in the Working Class: the Rise and Decline of the United Electrical Workers (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995), 191. Gerald Zahavi outlines how younger leather workers in Fulton County, New York, allied with right-wingers to break the Communist-led IFLWU, in "'Communism is No Bug-A-Boo': Communism and Left-Wing Unionism in Fulton County, New York, 1933-1950," Labor History, 33 (1992), 186-187.
75. USWA fliers and posters, MCL. Ronald W. Schatz finds that older workers generally supported the left-led UE, in The Electrical Workers: A History of Labor at General Electric and Westinghouse 1923-60 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 196-198, as do Ronald L. Filippelli and Mark McColloch in Cold War in the Working Class: the Rise and Decline of the United Electrical Workers (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995), 191. Gerald Zahavi outlines how younger leather workers in Fulton County, New York, allied with right-wingers to break the Communist-led IFLWU, in "'Communism is No Bug-A-Boo': Communism and Left-Wing Unionism in Fulton County, New York, 1933-1950," Labor History, 33 (1992), 186-187.
76. USWA fliers, MCL; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), May 1955; Mine-Mill broadcast, KANA-radio, June 30, 1956, Box 388, folder 42; Ed "Butch" Fahey, "Appeal to Reason," n.d., Box 395, folder 24, IUMMSW; "New Kind of Unionism Born," Mine-Mill Union, Mar. 15, 1954; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Sept. 1955.
77. USWA fliers, MCL; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), May 1955; Mine-Mill broadcast, KANA-radio, June 30, 1956, Box 388, folder 42; Ed "Butch" Fahey, "Appeal to Reason," n.d., Box 395, folder 24, IUMMSW; "New Kind of Unionism Born," Mine-Mill Union, Mar. 15, 1954; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Sept. 1955.
78. USWA fliers, MCL; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), May 1955; Mine-Mill broadcast, KANA-radio, June 30, 1956, Box 388, folder 42; Ed "Butch" Fahey, "Appeal to Reason," n.d., Box 395, folder 24, IUMMSW; "New Kind of Unionism Born," Mine-Mill Union, Mar. 15, 1954; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Sept. 1955.
79. USWA fliers, MCL; Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), May 1955; Mine-Mill broadcast, KANA-radio, June 30, 1956, Box 388, folder 42; Ed "Butch" Fahey, "Appeal to Reason," n.d., Box 395, folder 24, IUMMSW; "New Kind of Unionism Born," Mine-Mill Union, Mar. 15, 1954; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Sept. 1955.
80. Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), April 1956.
81. Cozy Dolan, "The Life and Times of Neversweat Slim," Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 25, 1954.
82. Some of the lines defined "manly" behavior: "He-man: One who hits his wife over the head with his mother-in-law." Smeltermen's Voice, Oct. 29, 1948.
83. Mine-Mill Smelterman, October 1956; IUMMSW, "Looking Ahead With Mine-Mill," Pamphlet, Vertical file "Labor," Montana Historical Society Library; Local 117 minutes, Mar. 1957-Dec. 1958; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 1958. While supporting state and local activities, District 1 still resisted the international's various proposals to increase dues and services. It was the only one of the union's seven districts to vote consistently "no" on propositions before the membership. Referendum, May 21, 1957, Box 389, folder 5, IUMMSW.
84. Mine-Mill Smelterman, October 1956; IUMMSW, "Looking Ahead With Mine-Mill," Pamphlet, Vertical file "Labor," Montana Historical Society Library; Local 117 minutes, Mar. 1957-Dec. 1958; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 1958. While supporting state and local activities, District 1 still resisted the international's various proposals to increase dues and services. It was the only one of the union's seven districts to vote consistently "no" on propositions before the membership. Referendum, May 21, 1957, Box 389, folder 5, IUMMSW.
85. Mine-Mill Smelterman, October 1956; IUMMSW, "Looking Ahead With Mine-Mill," Pamphlet, Vertical file "Labor," Montana Historical Society Library; Local 117 minutes, Mar. 1957-Dec. 1958; Mine-Mill Union, Oct. 1958. While supporting state and local activities, District 1 still resisted the international's various proposals to increase dues and services. It was the only one of the union's seven districts to vote consistently "no" on propositions before the membership. Referendum, May 21, 1957, Box 389, folder 5, IUMMSW.
86. "Red Metal Union Riding High," Business Week, Aug. 25, 1951, 34-35; "How the Commies Won," Fortune, 50 (July 1954), 36; A.L. Clark, "Copper Workers Stick to their Union," Nation, April 10, 1954, 178; "Party-Liners Win a Union," Life, 36 (April 12, 1954), 47.
87. "Red Metal Union Riding High," Business Week, Aug. 25, 1951, 34-35; "How the Commies Won," Fortune, 50 (July 1954), 36; A.L. Clark, "Copper Workers Stick to their Union," Nation, April 10, 1954, 178; "Party-Liners Win a Union," Life, 36 (April 12, 1954), 47.
88. "Red Metal Union Riding High," Business Week, Aug. 25, 1951, 34-35; "How the Commies Won," Fortune, 50 (July 1954), 36; A.L. Clark, "Copper Workers Stick to their Union," Nation, April 10, 1954, 178; "Party-Liners Win a Union," Life, 36 (April 12, 1954), 47.
89. "Red Metal Union Riding High," Business Week, Aug. 25, 1951, 34-35; "How the Commies Won," Fortune, 50 (July 1954), 36; A.L. Clark, "Copper Workers Stick to their Union," Nation, April 10, 1954, 178; "Party-Liners Win a Union," Life, 36 (April 12, 1954), 47.
90. Mine Mill broadcast, KANA-radio, Anaconda, June 30, 1955, Box 388, folder 42, IUMMSW; A.C. Burttram, interview by Alice Hoffman, July 14, 1975; David J. McDonald to William Mason, Butte, Box 8, file 10 "IUMMSW, 1952-55," District 38; Memo by N.A. Zonarich to I.W. Abel, n.d., Box 8, folder 11 "IUMMSW, 1956-57," District 38; Cass Alvin, interview by Helmut Golatz, Atlantic City, Sept. 17, 1974, USWA.
91. Former smelterworker Jerry Hansen believed that Anacondans' fears of more frequent and longer strikes under the Steelworkers was the primary deterrent to their support for the CIO union. Hansen, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA.
92. Mine-Mill Bulletin, Aug. 19, 1950; "Montana Attack," Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950; People's Voice, May 15, and May 26, 1950. James Umber to Montana labor unions [1954], MCL; James Umber, Montana State Federation of Labor, Helena, Feb. [1954], Newsletter, Box 258, folder 26, "Raids - USWA in Montana," IUMMSW. Umber defeated Steelworker advocate Perry Melton in a hotly contested election for president of the State Federation at its 1955 convention. People's Voice, Aug. 12, and Aug. 19, 1955. State AFL Unions also preferred Mine Mill for its tolerance of craft autonomy.
93. Mine-Mill Bulletin, Aug. 19, 1950; "Montana Attack," Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950; People's Voice, May 15, and May 26, 1950. James Umber to Montana labor unions [1954], MCL; James Umber, Montana State Federation of Labor, Helena, Feb. [1954], Newsletter, Box 258, folder 26, "Raids - USWA in Montana," IUMMSW. Umber defeated Steelworker advocate Perry Melton in a hotly contested election for president of the State Federation at its 1955 convention. People's Voice, Aug. 12, and Aug. 19, 1955. State AFL Unions also preferred Mine Mill for its tolerance of craft autonomy.
94. Mine-Mill Bulletin, Aug. 19, 1950; "Montana Attack," Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950; People's Voice, May 15, and May 26, 1950. James Umber to Montana labor unions [1954], MCL; James Umber, Montana State Federation of Labor, Helena, Feb. [1954], Newsletter, Box 258, folder 26, "Raids - USWA in Montana," IUMMSW. Umber defeated Steelworker advocate Perry Melton in a hotly contested election for president of the State Federation at its 1955 convention. People's Voice, Aug. 12, and Aug. 19, 1955. State AFL Unions also preferred Mine Mill for its tolerance of craft autonomy.
95. Mine-Mill Bulletin, Aug. 19, 1950; "Montana Attack," Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950; People's Voice, May 15, and May 26, 1950. James Umber to Montana labor unions [1954], MCL; James Umber, Montana State Federation of Labor, Helena, Feb. [1954], Newsletter, Box 258, folder 26, "Raids - USWA in Montana," IUMMSW. Umber defeated Steelworker advocate Perry Melton in a hotly contested election for president of the State Federation at its 1955 convention. People's Voice, Aug. 12, and Aug. 19, 1955. State AFL Unions also preferred Mine Mill for its tolerance of craft autonomy.
96. Local 6002 minutes, March 8, and May 31, 1956, MCL; Local 117 minutes, Box 388, folder 45 "Political Action," IUMMSW. The statewide progressive farmer-labor newspaper the People's Voice sided with IUMMSW and frequently criticized USWA-CIO policies of raiding and dividing workers instead of organizing them. People's Voice, Dec. 12, 1947, April 9, 1948, Jan. 15, 1954, "Steel Union Can't Win for Losing," Oct. 19, 1956. William C. Pratt traces divisions within the Montana Farmers Union, which had a similar effect on state progressive politics, in "The Montana Farmers Union and the Cold War, 1945-1954," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, April 1992, 63-69.
97. Local 6002 minutes, March 8, and May 31, 1956, MCL; Local 117 minutes, Box 388, folder 45 "Political Action," IUMMSW. The statewide progressive farmer-labor newspaper the People's Voice sided with IUMMSW and frequently criticized USWA-CIO policies of raiding and dividing workers instead of organizing them. People's Voice, Dec. 12, 1947, April 9, 1948, Jan. 15, 1954, "Steel Union Can't Win for Losing," Oct. 19, 1956. William C. Pratt traces divisions within the Montana Farmers Union, which had a similar effect on state progressive politics, in "The Montana Farmers Union and the Cold War, 1945-1954," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, April 1992, 63-69.
98. Local 6002 minutes, March 8, and May 31, 1956, MCL; Local 117 minutes, Box 388, folder 45 "Political Action," IUMMSW. The statewide progressive farmer-labor newspaper the People's Voice sided with IUMMSW and frequently criticized USWA-CIO policies of raiding and dividing workers instead of organizing them. People's Voice, Dec. 12, 1947, April 9, 1948, Jan. 15, 1954, "Steel Union Can't Win for Losing," Oct. 19, 1956. William C. Pratt traces divisions within the Montana Farmers Union, which had a similar effect on state progressive politics, in "The Montana Farmers Union and the Cold War, 1945-1954," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, April 1992, 63-69.
99. Mine-Mill Bulletin, April 5, 1952; Anaconda Federal Credit Union No. 4401, "Twenty-fifth Anniversary," Booklet, Mar. 29, 1966, MCL; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Feb. 1955 and Feb. 1, 1955; Owen McNally interview; "The Truth about the Federal Credit Union," Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), February 1956; John E. Laipple, affidavit, Deer Lodge County District Court; "Restraining Order Upheld," Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; William Melogue, testimony, Feb. 29, 1956, Box 388, folder "M", IUMMSW.
100. Mine-Mill Bulletin, April 5, 1952; Anaconda Federal Credit Union No. 4401, "Twenty-fifth Anniversary," Booklet, Mar. 29, 1966, MCL; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Feb. 1955 and Feb. 1, 1955; Owen McNally interview; "The Truth about the Federal Credit Union," Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), February 1956; John E. Laipple, affidavit, Deer Lodge County District Court; "Restraining Order Upheld," Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; William Melogue, testimony, Feb. 29, 1956, Box 388, folder "M", IUMMSW.
101. Mine-Mill Bulletin, April 5, 1952; Anaconda Federal Credit Union No. 4401, "Twenty-fifth Anniversary," Booklet, Mar. 29, 1966, MCL; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Feb. 1955 and Feb. 1, 1955; Owen McNally interview; "The Truth about the Federal Credit Union," Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), February 1956; John E. Laipple, affidavit, Deer Lodge County District Court; "Restraining Order Upheld," Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; William Melogue, testimony, Feb. 29, 1956, Box 388, folder "M", IUMMSW.
102. Mine-Mill Bulletin, April 5, 1952; Anaconda Federal Credit Union No. 4401, "Twenty-fifth Anniversary," Booklet, Mar. 29, 1966, MCL; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Feb. 1955 and Feb. 1, 1955; Owen McNally interview; "The Truth about the Federal Credit Union," Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), February 1956; John E. Laipple, affidavit, Deer Lodge County District Court; "Restraining Order Upheld," Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; William Melogue, testimony, Feb. 29, 1956, Box 388, folder "M", IUMMSW.
103. Mine-Mill Bulletin, April 5, 1952; Anaconda Federal Credit Union No. 4401, "Twenty-fifth Anniversary," Booklet, Mar. 29, 1966, MCL; Mine-Mill Smelterman, Feb. 1955 and Feb. 1, 1955; Owen McNally interview; "The Truth about the Federal Credit Union," Smeltermen's Voice (USWA-CIO), February 1956; John E. Laipple, affidavit, Deer Lodge County District Court; "Restraining Order Upheld," Smeltermen's Voice (IUMMSW), April 1956; William Melogue, testimony, Feb. 29, 1956, Box 388, folder "M", IUMMSW.
104. McNally interview.
105. Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950, Nov. 7, 1949, Jan. 16, 1950, Aug. 1, 1955, July 1960. The literature on union auxiliaries is slim. For the militant actions of auxiliaries during significant strikes, see Marjorie Penn Lasky, "Where I Was a Person: The Ladies' Auxiliary in the 1934 Minneapolis Teamsters' Strikes," in Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History, ed. Ruth Milkman (Boston: Routledge, 1985) 181-206; Judy Aulette and Trudy Mills, "Something Old, Something New: Auxiliary Work in the 1983-1986 Copper Strike," Feminist Studies, 14 (1988), 251-268; and Deborah Silverton Rosenfelt, ed., Salt of the Earth (New York: The Feminist Press, 1978). Katherine G. Aiken examines the role of women in the IUMMSW-anticommunist struggle in Kellogg, Idaho, in "'When I Realized How Close Communism Was to Kellogg, I Was Willing to Devote Day and Night': Anti-Communism, Women, Community Values, and the Bunker Hill Strike of 1960," Labor History, 36 (1995), 165-186. Despite an active Mine Mill auxiliary, however, Kellogg anticommunist groups were apparently more persuasive, since workers rejected Mine Mill in 1960.
106. Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950, Nov. 7, 1949, Jan. 16, 1950, Aug. 1, 1955, July 1960. The literature on union auxiliaries is slim. For the militant actions of auxiliaries during significant strikes, see Marjorie Penn Lasky, "Where I Was a Person: The Ladies' Auxiliary in the 1934 Minneapolis Teamsters' Strikes," in Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History, ed. Ruth Milkman (Boston: Routledge, 1985) 181-206; Judy Aulette and Trudy Mills, "Something Old, Something New: Auxiliary Work in the 1983-1986 Copper Strike," Feminist Studies, 14 (1988), 251-268; and Deborah Silverton Rosenfelt, ed., Salt of the Earth (New York: The Feminist Press, 1978). Katherine G. Aiken examines the role of women in the IUMMSW-anticommunist struggle in Kellogg, Idaho, in "'When I Realized How Close Communism Was to Kellogg, I Was Willing to Devote Day and Night': Anti-Communism, Women, Community Values, and the Bunker Hill Strike of 1960," Labor History, 36 (1995), 165-186. Despite an active Mine Mill auxiliary, however, Kellogg anticommunist groups were apparently more persuasive, since workers rejected Mine Mill in 1960.
107. Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950, Nov. 7, 1949, Jan. 16, 1950, Aug. 1, 1955, July 1960. The literature on union auxiliaries is slim. For the militant actions of auxiliaries during significant strikes, see Marjorie Penn Lasky, "Where I Was a Person: The Ladies' Auxiliary in the 1934 Minneapolis Teamsters' Strikes," in Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History, ed. Ruth Milkman (Boston: Routledge, 1985) 181-206; Judy Aulette and Trudy Mills, "Something Old, Something New: Auxiliary Work in the 1983-1986 Copper Strike," Feminist Studies, 14 (1988), 251-268; and Deborah Silverton Rosenfelt, ed., Salt of the Earth (New York: The Feminist Press, 1978). Katherine G. Aiken examines the role of women in the IUMMSW-anticommunist struggle in Kellogg, Idaho, in "'When I Realized How Close Communism Was to Kellogg, I Was Willing to Devote Day and Night': Anti-Communism, Women, Community Values, and the Bunker Hill Strike of 1960," Labor History, 36 (1995), 165-186. Despite an active Mine Mill auxiliary, however, Kellogg anticommunist groups were apparently more persuasive, since workers rejected Mine Mill in 1960.
108. Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950, Nov. 7, 1949, Jan. 16, 1950, Aug. 1, 1955, July 1960. The literature on union auxiliaries is slim. For the militant actions of auxiliaries during significant strikes, see Marjorie Penn Lasky, "Where I Was a Person: The Ladies' Auxiliary in the 1934 Minneapolis Teamsters' Strikes," in Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History, ed. Ruth Milkman (Boston: Routledge, 1985) 181-206; Judy Aulette and Trudy Mills, "Something Old, Something New: Auxiliary Work in the 1983-1986 Copper Strike," Feminist Studies, 14 (1988), 251-268; and Deborah Silverton Rosenfelt, ed., Salt of the Earth (New York: The Feminist Press, 1978). Katherine G. Aiken examines the role of women in the IUMMSW-anticommunist struggle in Kellogg, Idaho, in "'When I Realized How Close Communism Was to Kellogg, I Was Willing to Devote Day and Night': Anti-Communism, Women, Community Values, and the Bunker Hill Strike of 1960," Labor History, 36 (1995), 165-186. Despite an active Mine Mill auxiliary, however, Kellogg anticommunist groups were apparently more persuasive, since workers rejected Mine Mill in 1960.
109. Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 11, 1950, Nov. 7, 1949, Jan. 16, 1950, Aug. 1, 1955, July 1960. The literature on union auxiliaries is slim. For the militant actions of auxiliaries during significant strikes, see Marjorie Penn Lasky, "Where I Was a Person: The Ladies' Auxiliary in the 1934 Minneapolis Teamsters' Strikes," in Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U.S. Women's Labor History, ed. Ruth Milkman (Boston: Routledge, 1985) 181-206; Judy Aulette and Trudy Mills, "Something Old, Something New: Auxiliary Work in the 1983-1986 Copper Strike," Feminist Studies, 14 (1988), 251-268; and Deborah Silverton Rosenfelt, ed., Salt of the Earth (New York: The Feminist Press, 1978). Katherine G. Aiken examines the role of women in the IUMMSW-anticommunist struggle in Kellogg, Idaho, in "'When I Realized How Close Communism Was to Kellogg, I Was Willing to Devote Day and Night': Anti-Communism, Women, Community Values, and the Bunker Hill Strike of 1960," Labor History, 36 (1995), 165-186. Despite an active Mine Mill auxiliary, however, Kellogg anticommunist groups were apparently more persuasive, since workers rejected Mine Mill in 1960.
110. Evidence indicates that USWA threats were considerable. Pat McNally remembered frequent upsetting phone calls to her home calling her father a "commie." Ed Raihl, a Mine Mill steward, was attacked by three thugs and hospitalized for serious injuries as he and his wife walked home from a picket line. The attackers called him "a Mine-Mill S.O.B." Local 117 Strike Bulletin, Oct. 8, 1954; Local 6002 minutes, Sept. 9, 1954, MCL.
111. Harris interview. International union officials claimed ACM frequently influenced the Montana union leadership and pressured locals to settle for less than the industry-wide standard. Al Skinner, interview by Helmut Golatz, Mar. 3, 1975, Tucson, USWA.
112. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
113. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
114. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
115. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
116. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
117. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
118. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
119. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
120. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
121. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
122. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
123. "Butte Man Says He Was a Commie," Montana Standard, May 13, 1954; Richard M. Stewart, ed. "Labor Notes," ACM, New York, Box 182, folder 2, "Labor Relations Reports, 1955-61," ACM; Roy Glover, et al. "Labor Relations Today - A Symposium," Mining Congress Journal, Oct. 1950, 74-75; Zonarich, "Analysis of the campaign ..."; Bob Vine, interview by Laurie Mercier, May 27, 1986, MHSA; Perry Seton, interview by Arthur Day, MHSA. Several scholars have argued that the industry generally resisted the Steelworkers and preferred negotiating with what they believed to be the weaker IUMMSW. See, for example, Jensen, Nonferrous Metals Unionism, 271; Robert S. Keitel, "The Merger of the IUMMSW into the USWA," Labor History, 15 (1974), 37. Harvey Levenstein contends that the ACM was "virtually neutral" in the Butte conflict, in Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO, 318. The Engineering and Mining Journal, leading periodical for the minerals industry, vociferously condemned Mine Mill's communism and urged managers to employ Taft-Hartley and other tactics to resist bargaining with the left-leaning union until right-wing union members could gain control. Nevertheless, editors worried about a powerful Steelworkers Union overwhelming mining companies with industry-wide bargaining. See, for example, "Communism Menaces the Mining Industry," EMJ, 148 (1947), 74-81; "Mine, Mill vs CIO Fight Means Turmoil for Mining," EMJ, 151 (1950), 73-75; "Communistic Unionism - Whose Problem?", EMJ, 154 (1953), 71. Stephen Meyer argues that corporations such as Allis-Chalmers capitalized on the Cold War purge to discredit labor, popularize political conservatism, and revive corporate power, in "Stalin Over Wisconsin": The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1900-1950 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 223.
124. Report from Mine-Mill Joint Negotiating Committee, Sept. 10, 1959, Box 394, folder 9 "Mine-Mill Correspondence," IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 1959.
125. Report from Mine-Mill Joint Negotiating Committee, Sept. 10, 1959, Box 394, folder 9 "Mine-Mill Correspondence," IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, Sept. 1959.
126. "New Look for Butte Mining," Mine-Mill Union, June 1957; "Montana Conference Spurs Jobs Fight as Crisis Grows," Mine-Mill Union, Jan. 1958.
127. "New Look for Butte Mining," Mine-Mill Union, June 1957; "Montana Conference Spurs Jobs Fight as Crisis Grows," Mine-Mill Union, Jan. 1958.
128. Radio address by Larry Riley, May 21, 1955, Box 258, folder 29, "Raids - USWA in Montana," IUMMSW.
129. Riley interview. Stanley Aronowitz recalled encountering UE members who referred to their local as a "red company union," where association with the Communist Party required accommodation with the employers, in False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 350.
130. Local 117 minutes, Aug.-Dec. 1959; USWA ads, "Attention Smeltermen!" and "VOTE YES," Anaconda Standard, Dec. 22, 1959; "Information on Proposed Settlement of Negotiations for 1959," typed contract description, MCL. The settlement included a provision that "local issues" would be settled with local management.
131. Jack Harris, interview by Laurie Mercier, Oct. 30, 1986, East Helena, MHSA; Great Falls Local 16, "An Open Letter to the Anaconda Smeltermen," Feb. 18, 1960; "An Open Letter from the Butte Miners to the Anaconda Smeltermen," ca. Feb. 20, 1960, Box 543, IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, Feb. and Mar. 1960.
132. Ernest Salvas, Report from Mine-Mill District Office 1, 13 Feb. 13, 1961; Thomas F. McGuire to John Clark, Mar. 17, 1961, Box 394, folder 11 "Correspondence," IUMMSW.
133. Riley interview.
134. Local 117 minutes, Jan. 14-Dec. 1, 1960. Attendance at union meetings had significantly declined by 1960, and about 30 members made decisions about union matters.
135. On grievances, see, for example, "Furnace Refinery Department, 1942-68, Labor Conferences," Box 185, folder 11, ACM; Grievances, 1956, Box 388, folder 82, IUMMSW.
136. On grievances, see, for example, "Furnace Refinery Department, 1942-68, Labor Conferences," Box 185, folder 11, ACM; Grievances, 1956, Box 388, folder 82, IUMMSW.
137. Both USWA and IUMMSW forces were surprised by the Northwest Metal Workers Union-Independent's appeal. For those smelterworkers who feared losing their autonomy with the eastern-based USWA, but who also loathed the red-tainted IUMMSW and its increasing intervention in local affairs, the Kellogg model offered promise. The Anaconda Independent Smeltermen's Union condemned internationals for sapping the community's dues money, which amounted to "unfair taxation without adequate representation." The union attracted many who wanted to spend income on community projects and to avoid costly, long strikes. But to most, the independent union's naive faith that it could amicably resolve differences with management seemed to deny the realities of corporate power. Northwest Metal Workers Union-Independent, Kellogg, Idaho, to Anaccnda smeltermen, n.d.; fliers and "Declaration of Independence," Independent Smeltermen's Union, April 1962, Box 544, folder "Anaconda Steel Raid," IUMMSW; "Mine-Mill Wins by Slim Margin," Wall Street Journal, April 23, 1962. Katherine G. Aiken describes the Kellogg union in "'When I Realized How Close Communism was to Kellogg' ..."
138. "Mine-Mill Wins by Slim Margin," Wall Street Journal, April 23, 1962.
139. "Issue Rises at Smelter," Montana Standard, May 2, 1962; "Mine and Mill Union Red-Infiltrated," Rocky Mountain News, Denver, May 5, 1962; "Mine-Mill Ruled Red-Infiltrated," Montana Standard, May 5, 1962.
140. "Issue Rises at Smelter," Montana Standard, May 2, 1962; "Mine and Mill Union Red-Infiltrated," Rocky Mountain News, Denver, May 5, 1962; "Mine-Mill Ruled Red-Infiltrated," Montana Standard, May 5, 1962.
141. "Issue Rises at Smelter," Montana Standard, May 2, 1962; "Mine and Mill Union Red-Infiltrated," Rocky Mountain News, Denver, May 5, 1962; "Mine-Mill Ruled Red-Infiltrated," Montana Standard, May 5, 1962.
142. John Clark, "Anaconda Split-Off Serves the Company," Mine-Mill Union, June 1962; "USW Cracks MM Hold on Anaconda," American Metal Market, May 11, 1962; "Steel Union Tops MM," Wall Street Journal, May 11, 1962.
143. John Clark, "Anaconda Split-Off Serves the Company," Mine-Mill Union, June 1962; "USW Cracks MM Hold on Anaconda," American Metal Market, May 11, 1962; "Steel Union Tops MM," Wall Street Journal, May 11, 1962.
144. John Clark, "Anaconda Split-Off Serves the Company," Mine-Mill Union, June 1962; "USW Cracks MM Hold on Anaconda," American Metal Market, May 11, 1962; "Steel Union Tops MM," Wall Street Journal, May 11, 1962.
145. Die-hard Local 117 supporters refused to turn over their hall, charter, and treasury to USWA Local 6002 after the 1962 NLRB defeat. The "dirty dozen" refused to cooperate with the Steelworkers, continued to pay IUMMSW dues, kept their hall as a club for pensioners, and in 1964 obtained signatures to unsuccessfully challenge USWA in an NLRB election. After the merger, USWA inherited five years of unpaid back taxes and utilities on the local hall. In the end, Mine Mill supporter Owen McNally joked, "it cost them a pretty penny" to subdue Local 117. McNally and Dickson interviews; Local 117, "Information Bulletin" n. 2, 1962, Box 288, folder 9, IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, May-June 1964.
146. Die-hard Local 117 supporters refused to turn over their hall, charter, and treasury to USWA Local 6002 after the 1962 NLRB defeat. The "dirty dozen" refused to cooperate with the Steelworkers, continued to pay IUMMSW dues, kept their hall as a club for pensioners, and in 1964 obtained signatures to unsuccessfully challenge USWA in an NLRB election. After the merger, USWA inherited five years of unpaid back taxes and utilities on the local hall. In the end, Mine Mill supporter Owen McNally joked, "it cost them a pretty penny" to subdue Local 117. McNally and Dickson interviews; Local 117, "Information Bulletin" n. 2, 1962, Box 288, folder 9, IUMMSW; Mine-Mill Union, May-June 1964.
147. Most commentators on the IUMMSW-USWA struggle have emphasized this unique regional character. Vernon Jensen, for example, focused on the determination of the "western miner" who "wants his own union." Jensen, Nonferrous Metals, 271. Stanley Aronowitz, typical of New Left scholars to follow, claimed that Mine Mill "had inherited the radical traditions" of the WFM and IWW, and its left-wing leaders were no strangers in "the rough-and-tumble mining communities and mill towns." Aronowitz, 346. Recent scholars continue to rely on this essentialized interpretation. George H. Hildebrand and Garth L. Mangum explain Mine Mill's success as based on its members' "isolation" in an environment that "demanded strength and self-reliance for the endless struggles" against tough employers. Hildebrand and Mangum, Capital and Labor in American Copper, 1845-1990: Linkages between Product and Labor Markets (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 220-221.
148. Most commentators on the IUMMSW-USWA struggle have emphasized this unique regional character. Vernon Jensen, for example, focused on the determination of the "western miner" who "wants his own union." Jensen, Nonferrous Metals, 271. Stanley Aronowitz, typical of New Left scholars to follow, claimed that Mine Mill "had inherited the radical traditions" of the WFM and IWW, and its left-wing leaders were no strangers in "the rough-and-tumble mining communities and mill towns." Aronowitz, 346. Recent scholars continue to rely on this essentialized interpretation. George H. Hildebrand and Garth L. Mangum explain Mine Mill's success as based on its members' "isolation" in an environment that "demanded strength and self-reliance for the endless struggles" against tough employers. Hildebrand and Mangum, Capital and Labor in American Copper, 1845-1990: Linkages between Product and Labor Markets (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 220-221.
149. Most commentators on the IUMMSW-USWA struggle have emphasized this unique regional character. Vernon Jensen, for example, focused on the determination of the "western miner" who "wants his own union." Jensen, Nonferrous Metals, 271. Stanley Aronowitz, typical of New Left scholars to follow, claimed that Mine Mill "had inherited the radical traditions" of the WFM and IWW, and its left-wing leaders were no strangers in "the rough-and-tumble mining communities and mill towns." Aronowitz, 346. Recent scholars continue to rely on this essentialized interpretation. George H. Hildebrand and Garth L. Mangum explain Mine Mill's success as based on its members' "isolation" in an environment that "demanded strength and self-reliance for the endless struggles" against tough employers. Hildebrand and Mangum, Capital and Labor in American Copper, 1845-1990: Linkages between Product and Labor Markets (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 220-221.
150. John Clark, "The Mine-Mill 'Conspiracy' Case," Labor Today, 3 (Feb.-Mar. 1964).
151. Keitel, "The Merger of IUMMSW," 39-42; McNally interview; I.W. Abel, interview by Alice Hoffman and Helmut Golatz, June 12, 1979, USWA.
152. Charles McLean, Anaconda USWA, to Chester Steele, vice-president Anaconda Company, Butte, June 13, 1955; and Steele to McLean, June 15, 1955; Barney Rask, interview by Arthur Day, Aug. 1987, MHSA.