From state introversion to state extension in Mexico: Modes of emigrant incorporation, 1900-1997

Theory and Society

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 835-878

  Sherman, Rachel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033269454     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007097327844     Document Type: Review

References (227)

1. Ernesto Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno, 1995 (State of the Union Speech).
2. For review articles, see Cristina Szanton-Blanc et al., "Transnationalism, Nation-States, and Culture," Current Anthropology 36/4 (1990); John Lie, "From International Migration to Transnational Diaspora," Contemporary Sociology 24/4 (1995); Michael Kearney, "The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism," Annual Review of Anthropology 15 (1995): 547-565.
3. For review articles, see Cristina Szanton-Blanc et al., "Transnationalism, Nation-States, and Culture," Current Anthropology 36/4 (1990); John Lie, "From International Migration to Transnational Diaspora," Contemporary Sociology 24/4 (1995); Michael Kearney, "The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism," Annual Review of Anthropology 15 (1995): 547-565.
4. For review articles, see Cristina Szanton-Blanc et al., "Transnationalism, Nation-States, and Culture," Current Anthropology 36/4 (1990); John Lie, "From International Migration to Transnational Diaspora," Contemporary Sociology 24/4 (1995); Michael Kearney, "The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism," Annual Review of Anthropology 15 (1995): 547-565.
5. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
6. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
7. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
8. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
9. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
10. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
11. See Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992); Rogers Brubaker, "Membership without Citizenship: The Economic and Social Rights of Non-Citizens," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, Md: German Marshall Fund and University Press of America, 1989); Joseph H. Carens, "Membership and Morality: Admission to Citizenship in Liberal Democratic States," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Tomas Hammar, "Dual Citizenship and Political Integration," International Migration Review 19/3 (198.5): 438-450; Tomas Hammar, "State, Nation, and Dual Citizenship," in Rogers Brubaker, editor, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship; Yasemin Soysal, Limits to Citizenship (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); Barbara Schmitter Heisler and Martin Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers to Settlers: Transnational Migration and the Emergence of New Minorities (Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 485, 1986).
12. Brubaker, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship, and Citizenship and Nationhood.
13. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
14. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
15. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
16. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
17. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
18. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
19. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
20. See Sabri Sayari, "Migration Policies of Sending Countries: Perspectives on the Turkish Experience," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, From Foreign Workers; Myron Weiner, "International Population Movements: Implications for Foreign Policies and Migration Policies," in Donald Horowitz and Gerard Noiriel, editors, Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992); Myron Weiner, "Labor Migrations as Incipient Diasporas," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor. Modern Diasporas in International Politics (London: Croom-Helm, 1986); Milton Esman, "Diasporas and International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Arthur W. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora: Influence on International Relations," in Gabriel Sheffer, editor, Modern Diasporas; Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination," International Migration Review 19/3 (1985); Barbara Schmitter Heisler, "Immigrant Settlement and the Structure of Emergent Immigrant Communities in Western Europe," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers; Rosemarie Rogers, "The Transnational Nexus of Migration," in Schmitter Heisler and Heisler, editors, From Foreign Workers.
21. Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries," 472.
22. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
23. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
24. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
25. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
26. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
27. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
28. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
29. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
30. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
31. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
32. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
33. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
34. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
35. See Rafael Alarcón, "Labor Migration from Mexico and Free Trade: Lessons from a Transnational Community" (Berkeley: Chicano/Latino Policy Project Working Paper 1, 1994); Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism: Introductory Remarks and Research Questions," in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 645, 1992): 1-24; Linda Basch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (New York; Gordon and Breach, 1994); Luin Goldring, "Blurring Borders: Constructing Transnational Community in the Process of U.S.-Mexico Migration," Research in Community Sociology 6 (1996): 69-104; Luis Guarnizo, "Los Dominicanyorks: The Making of a Binational Society," Annals, AAPSS 533 (1994): 70-86; Michael Kearney, "The Effects of Transnational Culture, Economy, and Migration on Mixtec Identity in Oaxacalifornia," in M. P. Smith and Joseph Feagin, editors, The Bubbling Cauldron (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); Michael Kearney and Carole Nagengast. "Mixtec Ethnicity: Social Identity, Political Consciousness, and Political Activism," Latin American Research Review 12/2 (1990): 61-91; Douglas Massey et al., Return to Aztlán: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Roger Rouse, ́Mexican Migration and the Social Space of Postmodernism,́ Diaspora 1 (1991): 8-23; Roger Rouse, ́Making Sense of Settlement: Class Transformation, Cultural Struggle, and Transnationalism among Mexican Migrants in the United States,́ in Basch et al., editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: 22-55; Michael Peter Smith, ́Can You Imagine? Transnational Migration and the Globalization of Grassroots Politics,́ Social Text 39 (Summer 1994): 15-33; Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, ́The Locations of Transnationalism,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below. Comparative Urban and Community Research 6 (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1998): 1-32; Robert Smith, ́New York in Mixteca: Mixteca in New York,́ NACLA 12/2 (1992); Robert Smith, ́Transnational Localities: Community, Technology and the Politics of Membership within the Context of U.S.-Mexico Migration,́ in Michael Peter Smith and Luis Guarnizo, editors, Transnationalism From Below.
36. Basch et al., ́Towards a Definition of Transnationalism,́ and Nations Unbound; Bela Feldman-Bianco, ́Multiple Layers of Time and Space: The Construction of Class, Race and Ethnicity among Portuguese Immigrants,́ in Basch et al, editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective: 145-174; Luis Guarnizo, ́The Rise of Transnational Social Formations: Mexican and Dominican State Responses to Transnational Migration,́ Political Power and Social Theory, 1998; Robert Smith, ́Deterritorialized Nation Building: Transnational Migrants and the Re-Imagination of Political Community by Sending Stateś (New York University Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Occasional Paper No. 47, December 1993); Robert Smith, ́Reflections on Migration, the State and the Construction, Durability and Newness of Transnational Life,́ Soziale Welt, forthcoming.
37. Basch et al., ́Towards a Definition of Transnationalism,́ and Nations Unbound; Bela Feldman-Bianco, ́Multiple Layers of Time and Space: The Construction of Class, Race and Ethnicity among Portuguese Immigrants,́ in Basch et al, editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective: 145-174; Luis Guarnizo, ́The Rise of Transnational Social Formations: Mexican and Dominican State Responses to Transnational Migration,́ Political Power and Social Theory, 1998; Robert Smith, ́Deterritorialized Nation Building: Transnational Migrants and the Re-Imagination of Political Community by Sending Stateś (New York University Center for Latin
38. Basch et al., ́Towards a Definition of Transnationalism,́ and Nations Unbound; Bela Feldman-Bianco, ́Multiple Layers of Time and Space: The Construction of Class, Race and Ethnicity among Portuguese Immigrants,́ in Basch et al, editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective: 145-174; Luis Guarnizo, ́The Rise of Transnational Social Formations: Mexican and Dominican State Responses to Transnational Migration,́ Political Power and Social Theory, 1998; Robert Smith, ́Deterritorialized Nation Building: Transnational Migrants and the Re-Imagination of Political Community by Sending Stateś (New York University Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Occasional Paper No. 47, December 1993); Robert Smith, ́Reflections on Migration, the State and the Construction, Durability and Newness of Transnational Life,́ Soziale Welt, forthcoming.
39. Basch et al., ́Towards a Definition of Transnationalism,́ and Nations Unbound; Bela Feldman-Bianco, ́Multiple Layers of Time and Space: The Construction of Class, Race and Ethnicity among Portuguese Immigrants,́ in Basch et al, editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective: 145-174; Luis Guarnizo, ́The Rise of Transnational Social Formations: Mexican and Dominican State Responses to Transnational Migration,́ Political Power and Social Theory, 1998; Robert Smith, ́Deterritorialized Nation Building: Transnational Migrants and the Re-Imagination of Political Community by Sending Stateś (New York University Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Occasional Paper No. 47, December 1993); Robert Smith, ́Reflections on Migration, the State and the Construction, Durability and Newness of Transnational Life,́ Soziale Welt, forthcoming.
40. Basch et al., ́Towards a Definition of Transnationalism,́ and Nations Unbound; Bela Feldman-Bianco, ́Multiple Layers of Time and Space: The Construction of Class, Race and Ethnicity among Portuguese Immigrants,́ in Basch et al, editors, Towards a Transnational Perspective: 145-174; Luis Guarnizo, ́The Rise of Transnational Social Formations: Mexican and Dominican State Responses to Transnational Migration,́ Political Power and Social Theory, 1998; Robert Smith, ́Deterritorialized Nation Building: Transnational Migrants and the Re-Imagination of Political Community by Sending Stateś (New York University Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Occasional Paper No. 47, December 1993); Robert Smith, ́Reflections on Migration, the State and the Construction, Durability and Newness of Transnational Life,́ Soziale Welt, forthcoming.
41. Michael Kearney, ́Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire,́ Journal of Historical Sociology 4/1 (1991): 52-74, 70.
42. Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries," 55; see also Kearney, "Effects of Transnational Culture."
43. Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries," 55; see also Kearney, "Effects of Transnational Culture."
44. Basch et al., Nations Unbound, and "Towards a Definition of Transnationalism."
45. Basch et al., Nations Unbound, 8.
46. Linda Basch and Nina Glick Schiller, "Transnational Projects of Immigrants and Ethnographers, and the Cultural Politics of Nation-States," unpublished paper, 1993.
47. Feldman-Bianco, "Multiple Layers," 170.
48. Sources of data for this article consist of primary government and opposition documents, newspaper articles, secondary sources, and interviews. It is important to note that here I neither evaluate the success of these attempts at incorporation nor make claims about emigrants' perception of or relationship to the Mexican state. My concern is limited to the measures the state has taken toward emigrants and the relation of these efforts to particular understandings of the nation and emigrants' usefulness to it. I also want to differentiate between what I call "attempted incorporation of emigrants," or "state attention to emigrants," by which I mean the state's concern with its citizens who are potentially or actual resident in other countries, and the state's preoccupation with emigration per se. In Mexico, as in most labor-exporting countries, emigration has always been a concern of both federal and state governments and a significant foreign and domestic policy issue. My concern here is with the extent to which, beyond the laws and agreements it makes with host governments, the state takes an interest in the people who have emigrated or may emigrate. This type of interest is important because these attentions manifest the state's commitment to maintain these people's affiliation with Mexico, and thereby shows the state's capacity and desire to cross geopolitical borders in a way that diverges from the regular conduct of foreign policy.
49. R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
50. Arthur Corwin, Immigrants - and Immigrants: Perspectives on Mexican Labor Migration to the United States (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978).
51. On the period of repatriation, see Mercedes Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos que Devolvió la Crisis, 1929-1932 (México, D. F.: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1974); Abraham Huffman, Unwanted Mexican-Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974); Francisco Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929-1936 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982).
52. On the period of repatriation, see Mercedes Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos que Devolvió la Crisis, 1929-1932 (México, D. F.: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1974); Abraham Huffman, Unwanted Mexican-Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974); Francisco Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929-1936 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982).
53. On the period of repatriation, see Mercedes Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos que Devolvió la Crisis, 1929-1932 (México, D. F.: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 1974); Abraham Huffman, Unwanted Mexican-Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929-1939 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974); Francisco Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929-1936 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982).
54. George Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicana Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press), 124; see also Carlos Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors in the United States and Mexico: Historical and Political Contexts of a Dialogue Renewed," in Carlos Vâsquez and Manuel García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations: Conflict and Convergence (Los Angeles: UCLA, 1983); Huffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans. On the repatriation program, see Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos.
55. George Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicana Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press), 124; see also Carlos Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors in the United States and Mexico: Historical and Political Contexts of a Dialogue Renewed," in Carlos Vâsquez and Manuel García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations: Conflict and Convergence (Los Angeles: UCLA, 1983); Huffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans. On the repatriation program, see Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos.
56. George Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicana Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press), 124; see also Carlos Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors in the United States and Mexico: Historical and Political Contexts of a Dialogue Renewed," in Carlos Vâsquez and Manuel García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations: Conflict and Convergence (Los Angeles: UCLA, 1983); Huffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans. On the repatriation program, see Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos.
57. George Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American: Ethnicity, Culture and Identity in Chicana Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press), 124; see also Carlos Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors in the United States and Mexico: Historical and Political Contexts of a Dialogue Renewed," in Carlos Vâsquez and Manuel García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations: Conflict and Convergence (Los Angeles: UCLA, 1983); Huffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans. On the repatriation program, see Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos.
58. José Gutiérrez, "The Chicano in Mexicano-Norte Americano Foreign Relations," in Tatcho Mindiola and Max Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations (Houston: Mexican American Studies, University of Houston), 29. See also Rodolfo O. de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby: Limits and Possibilities," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations, 39.
59. José Gutiérrez, "The Chicano in Mexicano-Norte Americano Foreign Relations," in Tatcho Mindiola and Max Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations (Houston: Mexican American Studies, University of Houston), 29. See also Rodolfo O. de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby: Limits and Possibilities," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations, 39.
60. Corwin, Immigrants, 203.
61. See Luis Echeverria, "Mexico's Recent Position on Workers for the United States" (excerpts from State of the Union addresses 1974, 1975), reprinted in George Kiser and Martha Kiser, editors, Mexican Workers in the United States: Historical and Political Perspectives ( Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1979).
62. Lawrence Cardoso, Mexican Emigration to the United States, 1897-1931: Socioeconomic Patterns (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1980), 18.
63. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American, 111.
64. Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 460.
65. Manuel García y Griego, "The Importation of Mexican Contract Laborers to the United States, 1942-1964: Antecedents, Operations, and Legacy," in Peter Brown and Henry Shue, editors. The Border that Joins (New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983), 60.
66. Garcia y Griego, "The Importation," 67.
67. Erasmo Gamboa, Mexican Labor and World War II: Braceros in the Pacific Northwest, 1942-1947 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 75. See also Ernesto Galarza, Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story (Santa Barbara: McNally Loftin, 1964).
68. Erasmo Gamboa, Mexican Labor and World War II: Braceros in the Pacific Northwest, 1942-1947 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), 75. See also Ernesto Galarza, Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story (Santa Barbara: McNally Loftin, 1964).
69. García y Griego, "The Importation," 70; David Pfeiffer, "The Bracero Program in Mexico," reprinted in Kiser and Kiser, editors, Mexican Workers, 72.
70. García y Griego, "The Importation," 70; David Pfeiffer, "The Bracero Program in Mexico," reprinted in Kiser and Kiser, editors, Mexican Workers, 72.
71. Richard Griswold del Castillo and Arnoldo de Leon, North to Aztlán: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996).
72. Corwin, Immigrants, 190; García y Griego, "The Importation."
73. Corwin, Immigrants, 190; García y Griego, "The Importation."
74. Massey et al., Return to Aztlán; Harry Cross and James Sandos, Across the Border: Rural Development in Mexico and Recent Migration to the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 42.
75. Massey et al., Return to Aztlán; Harry Cross and James Sandos, Across the Border: Rural Development in Mexico and Recent Migration to the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), 42.
76. While the actual number of braceros who remained in the U.S. is debated, it is often considered to be around 30-35 percent (Alex Saragoza, personal communication).
77. Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 459-460.
78. On this period, see Jorge Bustamante. "Chicano-Mexicano Relations: From Practice to Theory," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby"; Corwin, Immigrants; Armondo Gutiérrez, "The Chicano Elite in Mexicano-Chicano Relations," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; J. A. Gutiérrez, "The Chicano"; and Juan Manuel Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales entre Mexicanos y Chicanos: Una Perspectiva desde este Lado de la Frontera," (paper presented at the Encuentro Chicano, Seminario Permanente de Estudios Chicanos y de Fronteras, 1990).
79. On this period, see Jorge Bustamante. "Chicano-Mexicano Relations: From Practice to Theory," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby"; Corwin, Immigrants; Armondo Gutiérrez, "The Chicano Elite in Mexicano-Chicano Relations," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; J. A. Gutiérrez, "The Chicano"; and Juan Manuel Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales entre Mexicanos y Chicanos: Una Perspectiva desde este Lado de la Frontera," (paper presented at the Encuentro Chicano, Seminario Permanente de Estudios Chicanos y de Fronteras, 1990).
80. On this period, see Jorge Bustamante. "Chicano-Mexicano Relations: From Practice to Theory," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby"; Corwin, Immigrants; Armondo Gutiérrez, "The Chicano Elite in Mexicano-Chicano Relations," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; J. A. Gutiérrez, "The Chicano"; and Juan Manuel Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales entre Mexicanos y Chicanos: Una Perspectiva desde este Lado de la Frontera," (paper presented at the Encuentro Chicano, Seminario Permanente de Estudios Chicanos y de Fronteras, 1990).
81. On this period, see Jorge Bustamante. "Chicano-Mexicano Relations: From Practice to Theory," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby"; Corwin, Immigrants; Armondo Gutiérrez, "The Chicano Elite in Mexicano-Chicano Relations," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; J. A. Gutiérrez, "The Chicano"; and Juan Manuel Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales entre Mexicanos y Chicanos: Una Perspectiva desde este Lado de la Frontera," (paper presented at the Encuentro Chicano, Seminario Permanente de Estudios Chicanos y de Fronteras, 1990).
82. On this period, see Jorge Bustamante. "Chicano-Mexicano Relations: From Practice to Theory," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby"; Corwin, Immigrants; Armondo Gutiérrez, "The Chicano Elite in Mexicano-Chicano Relations," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; J. A. Gutiérrez, "The Chicano"; and Juan Manuel Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales entre Mexicanos y Chicanos: Una Perspectiva desde este Lado de la Frontera," (paper presented at the Encuentro Chicano, Seminario Permanente de Estudios Chicanos y de Fronteras, 1990).
83. On this period, see Jorge Bustamante. "Chicano-Mexicano Relations: From Practice to Theory," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; de la Garza, "Chicanos as an Ethnic Lobby"; Corwin, Immigrants; Armondo Gutiérrez, "The Chicano Elite in Mexicano-Chicano Relations," in Mindiola and Martinez, editors, Chicano-Mexicano Relations; J. A. Gutiérrez, "The Chicano"; and Juan Manuel Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales entre Mexicanos y Chicanos: Una Perspectiva desde este Lado de la Frontera," (paper presented at the Encuentro Chicano, Seminario Permanente de Estudios Chicanos y de Fronteras, 1990).
84. Bustamante, "Chicano-Mexicano Relations," 17.
85. Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery of Democracy: The Binational Politics of Mexican Immigrants in Silicon Valley (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Berkeley, 1993), 276; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales," 25-7.
86. Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery of Democracy: The Binational Politics of Mexican Immigrants in Silicon Valley (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California-Berkeley, 1993), 276; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas Actuales," 25-7.
87. Sam Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans, Proposing Dual Nationality (New York Times, 10 December 1995).
88. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora," on India; see also Esman, "Diasporas"; and Sayari, "Migration Policies," on Turkey.
89. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora," on India; see also Esman, "Diasporas"; and Sayari, "Migration Policies," on Turkey.
90. Helweg, "The Indian Diaspora," on India; see also Esman, "Diasporas"; and Sayari, "Migration Policies," on Turkey.
91. Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries."
92. Basch et al., Nations Unbound.
93. See Hector Aguilar Camín and Lorenzo Meyer, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910-1989 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982).
94. See Hector Aguilar Camín and Lorenzo Meyer, In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910-1989 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982).
95. Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 219.
96. Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 228-231; Gustavo Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos Miran hacia el Norte," in Gustavo Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Méxiccino Visto por los Mexicanos de Afuera (Mexico: UNAM, 1991), 5.
97. Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 228-231; Gustavo Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos Miran hacia el Norte," in Gustavo Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Méxiccino Visto por los Mexicanos de Afuera (Mexico: UNAM, 1991), 5.
98. Judith Adler Hellman. Mexico in Crisis (New York, Holmes and Meier, 1983), 29. See also Hamilton, Limits of State Autonomy, and Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 74-75.
99. Judith Adler Hellman. Mexico in Crisis (New York, Holmes and Meier, 1983), 29. See also Hamilton, Limits of State Autonomy, and Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 74-75.
100. Judith Adler Hellman. Mexico in Crisis (New York, Holmes and Meier, 1983), 29. See also Hamilton, Limits of State Autonomy, and Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 74-75.
101. Denise Dresser, "Exporting Conflict: The Transboundary Consequences of Mexican Politics," in Abraham Lowenthal and Katrina Burgess, editors, The California-Mexico Connection (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Politicas"; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos."
102. Denise Dresser, "Exporting Conflict: The Transboundary Consequences of Mexican Politics," in Abraham Lowenthal and Katrina Burgess, editors, The California-Mexico Connection (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Politicas"; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos."
103. Denise Dresser, "Exporting Conflict: The Transboundary Consequences of Mexican Politics," in Abraham Lowenthal and Katrina Burgess, editors, The California-Mexico Connection (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Politicas"; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos."
104. John Skirius, "Vasconcelos and México de Afuera (1928)," Aztlán 7/3 (1978): 479-497. 490. On Vasconcelos, see also Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Notes on an Interpretation of the Relations Between the Mexican Community in the United States and Mexico," in Vásquez and García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations, and Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors."
105. John Skirius, "Vasconcelos and México de Afuera (1928)," Aztlán 7/3 (1978): 479-497. 490. On Vasconcelos, see also Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Notes on an Interpretation of the Relations Between the Mexican Community in the United States and Mexico," in Vásquez and García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations, and Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors."
106. John Skirius, "Vasconcelos and México de Afuera (1928)," Aztlán 7/3 (1978): 479-497. 490. On Vasconcelos, see also Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Notes on an Interpretation of the Relations Between the Mexican Community in the United States and Mexico," in Vásquez and García y Griego, editors, Mexican-U.S. Relations, and Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors."
107. Graciela Sepúlveda, "Demandas de Participación Política de los Mexicanos en el Estado de California, EUA en la Lucha Desde Afuera," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político, 50.
108. Sepúlveda, "Demandas"; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery.
109. Sepúlveda, "Demandas"; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery.
110. Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans, 154-157.
111. Hellman, Mexico in Crisis, 213.
112. Gómez-Quiñones, "Notes," 433.
113. Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 207.
114. Hellman, Mexico in Crisis, 59.
115. The number of Mexican immigrants in the U.S. grew from 100,000 in 1900 to almost a half-million in 1920 and possibly one mi lion by 1930 (García y Griego, "The Importation," 50). Due to repatriation, the number of Mexican-born people in the U.S. declined by somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000. In 1995, there were 6.3 million Mexican-born people in the U.S., up from 760,000 in 1970 (Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans").
116. The number of Mexican immigrants in the U.S. grew from 100,000 in 1900 to almost a half-million in 1920 and possibly one mi lion by 1930 (García y Griego, "The Importation," 50). Due to repatriation, the number of Mexican-born people in the U.S. declined by somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000. In 1995, there were 6.3 million Mexican-born people in the U.S., up from 760,000 in 1970 (Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans").
117. Griswold del Castillo and de Léon, North to Aztlán, 126; Massey et al., Return to Aztlán, 43.
118. Griswold del Castillo and de Léon, North to Aztlán, 126; Massey et al., Return to Aztlán, 43.
119. Fernando Lozano, Bringing it Back Home: Remittances to Mexico From Migrant Workers in the U.S. (San Diego: Center for the Study of U.S.-Mexico Relations, 1993); Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries."
120. Fernando Lozano, Bringing it Back Home: Remittances to Mexico From Migrant Workers in the U.S. (San Diego: Center for the Study of U.S.-Mexico Relations, 1993); Schmitter Heisler, "Sending Countries."
121. John Martínez, Mexican Emigration, 1910-1930 (Ph.D. dissertation. University of California-Berkeley, 1954).
122. Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 59.
123. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, La Migración de Mexicanos en el Extranjero (México, D.F.: SRE, 1928); Andrés Landa y Pina, El Servicio de Migración in Mexico (México, D.F.: Secretaría de Gobernación, 1930).
124. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, La Migración de Mexicanos en el Extranjero (México, D.F.: SRE, 1928); Andrés Landa y Pina, El Servicio de Migración in Mexico (México, D.F.: Secretaría de Gobernación, 1930).
125. García y Griego, "The Importation," 52; Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 452.
126. García y Griego, "The Importation," 52; Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 452.
127. Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos, 51.
128. On this period, see Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican-Americans, and Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos.
129. On this period, see Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican-Americans, and Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos.
130. See Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza.
131. See Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos, 73; Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 69; Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 447.
132. See Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos, 73; Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 69; Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 447.
133. See Carreras de Velasco, Los Mexicanos, 73; Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 69; Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 447.
134. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American, 109.
135. Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 106. See also Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza, 38-45, and Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors."
136. Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 106. See also Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza, 38-45, and Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors."
137. Cardoso, Mexican Emigration, 106. See also Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza, 38-45, and Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors."
138. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American, 113.
139. Enrique Santibañez, Ensayo Acerca de la Inmigración Mexicana en los Estados Unidos (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1970 [1930]), 48.
140. Ignacio Batiza, "To the Mexican Colony" (Consular communication, 1932), reprinted in Kiser and Kiser, editors, Mexican Workers, 45.
141. Cited in Balderrama, In Defense of La Raza, 30.
142. Telephone interview with José Aguilar, Alternate Consul, San Francisco; "Murieron Arrollados por un Ferrocarril dos Indocumentados en Texas," LaJornada, 11 April (1996).
143. Javier Rodríguez, "Mexico's 'Safe Trip' Promise Rings Hollow to Mexican Americans" (Hispanic Link News Service, 28 January, 1996).
144. Military and marine personnel, federal police, and customs agents will not be eligible for dual nationality, for strategic and security reasons (David Aponte, La Jornada, 13 April, 1995, 1). See also Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans," and Deborah Sontag, "A Mexican Town that Transcends all Borders," New York Times, 21 July (1988), A1.
145. Military and marine personnel, federal police, and customs agents will not be eligible for dual nationality, for strategic and security reasons (David Aponte, La Jornada, 13 April, 1995, 1). See also Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans," and Deborah Sontag, "A Mexican Town that Transcends all Borders," New York Times, 21 July (1988), A1.
146. Military and marine personnel, federal police, and customs agents will not be eligible for dual nationality, for strategic and security reasons (David Aponte, La Jornada, 13 April, 1995, 1). See also Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans," and Deborah Sontag, "A Mexican Town that Transcends all Borders," New York Times, 21 July (1988), A1.
147. Alfredo Corchado and Laurence Iliff, "Mexicans in U.S. May Get to Vote" (Miami Herald, 7 June, 1996).
148. Gaceta: Organo Oficial del Centro Cultural Mexicano 1/2 ( 1996), 2.
149. Nancy Nusser, "California Beating Incident Provokes Mexican Outcry," (Cox News Service, 12 April, 1996); "U.S., Mexico Agree to New Rights for Illegal Immigrants" (Associated Press, 7 May, 1996).
150. Nancy Nusser, "California Beating Incident Provokes Mexican Outcry," (Cox News Service, 12 April, 1996); "U.S., Mexico Agree to New Rights for Illegal Immigrants" (Associated Press, 7 May, 1996).
151. Carlos González Gutiérrez, "The Mexican Diaspora in California: Limits and Possibilities for the Mexican Government," in Lowenthal and Burgess, editors, The California-Mexico Connection, 227; Elena Gallegos and Mireya Cuellar, "No Configuran una Guerra los Abusos en Riverside, Habría Dicho Gurría," La Jornada, 11 April ( 1996). See also Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno.
152. Carlos González Gutiérrez, "The Mexican Diaspora in California: Limits and Possibilities for the Mexican Government," in Lowenthal and Burgess, editors, The California-Mexico Connection, 227; Elena Gallegos and Mireya Cuellar, "No Configuran una Guerra los Abusos en Riverside, Habría Dicho Gurría," La Jornada, 11 April ( 1996). See also Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno.
153. Carlos González Gutiérrez, "The Mexican Diaspora in California: Limits and Possibilities for the Mexican Government," in Lowenthal and Burgess, editors, The California-Mexico Connection, 227; Elena Gallegos and Mireya Cuellar, "No Configuran una Guerra los Abusos en Riverside, Habría Dicho Gurría," La Jornada, 11 April ( 1996). See also Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno.
154. Gaceta 1/4 (1995), 2; David Aponte, La Jornada 13 April (1995); David Aponte, $SRE: Casi 7 Milliones de Mexicanos, Elegibles para ser Ciudadanos de E.U." La Jornada, 30 April (1995).
155. Gaceta 1/4 (1995), 2; David Aponte, La Jornada 13 April (1995); David Aponte, $SRE: Casi 7 Milliones de Mexicanos, Elegibles para ser Ciudadanos de E.U." La Jornada, 30 April (1995).
156. Gaceta 1/4 (1995), 2; David Aponte, La Jornada 13 April (1995); David Aponte, $SRE: Casi 7 Milliones de Mexicanos, Elegibles para ser Ciudadanos de E.U." La Jornada, 30 April (1995).
157. González, "The Mexican Diaspora," 229.
158. La Paloma: Organo de Difusión del Programa para las Comunidades Mexicanas en el Extranjero 12 (1993), 7.
159. La Paloma 17 (1994), 2. The governor writes, in part, "Let me greet you with the affection that we Zacatecanos have always had among us, even though we are separated by a great distance, for the love of our country and the hope of contributing to its progress keep us united." The letter does not mention return.
160. González, "Mexican Diaspora," 228-229.
161. González, "Mexican Diaspora," 229; Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans"; La Paloma 16 (1993).
162. González, "Mexican Diaspora," 229; Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans"; La Paloma 16 (1993).
163. Telephone interview with Beatriz Navarro, Programa de Atención a las Comunidades Mexicanas en el Extranjero, 24 July, 1996; and see González, "Mexican Diaspora," 234; La Paloma, various issues.
164. Telephone interview with Beatriz Navarro, Programa de Atención a las Comunidades Mexicanas en el Extranjero, 24 July, 1996; and see González, "Mexican Diaspora," 234; La Paloma, various issues.
165. Telephone interview with Beatriz Navarro, Programa de Atención a las Comunidades Mexicanas en el Extranjero, 24 July, 1996; and see González, "Mexican Diaspora," 234; La Paloma, various issues.
166. Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno.
167. Dillon, "Mexico Woos U.S. Mexicans."
168. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, "La Atención a las Comunidades Mexicanas en el Extranjero" (1990), cited in Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Politícas," 44.
169. See Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood.
170. Basch et al., Nations Unbound, 269-270.
171. Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 461.
172. See Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American.
173. "Mexicans, let us never forget or cease to show interest in our country and in the land in which we first saw the light of day. For if we are here working hard and suffering, it will not always be so. We are but the children of Israel who are passing through our Egypt here in the United States doing onerous labors, swallowing our pride, bracing up under indignities heaped upon us here. If we expect to return and escape all this, as all good Mexicans ought to, then we should show interest in our country from this Egypt of ours" (quoted in Zazueta, "Mexican Political Actors," 457-458).
174. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
175. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
176. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
177. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
178. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
179. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
180. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 94. For similar arguments, see Jorge Castañeda, "Prólogo," in Ramírez Paredes, editor, El Sistema Político Mexicano; Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos"; Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas"; Arturo Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana en Estados Unidos," in Juan Manuel Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nacionules en el Umbral de Dos Siglos (México, D.F.: Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1993); and Robert Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
181. Rafael Alarcón and Jesús Martínez, "La Doble Nacionalidad en una Nación de Emigrantes," La Jornada, 21 June (1995).
182. Gonzalez, "Mexican Diaspora," 232; Navarro interview.
183. Gonzalez, "Mexican Diaspora," 232; Navarro interview.
184. Aponte, "SRE: Casi 7 Milliones."
185. Ismael Romero, "Pugnaría contra Candidatos Comunes y Votos de Mexicanos en el Exterior: Documento Interno," La Jornada 11 July (1995).
186. Alex Saragoza, personal communication.
187. R. Smith, "Reflections on Migration," 14.
188. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican-American, 119.
189. Aguilar Camín and Meyer, In the Shadow, 248.
190. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 91.
191. Members of the Council include the National Association of Members and Exporters of the Mexican Republic; National Bank of Foreign Trade; the Mexico City Chamber of Commerce; the National Chamber of the Manufacturing Industry; the Mexican Investment Board; the Nacional Financiera; and the Ministries of Trade and Industry, Finance, Tourism, and Foreign Affairs (La Paloma 7 (1992), 16).
192. La Paloma 15 (1993), 14. For more information on programs mentioned here, see various issues of La Paloma, 1993-1996.
193. La Paloma 15 (1993), 14. For more information on programs mentioned here, see various issues of La Paloma, 1993-1996.
194. These entrepreneurs, one article asserts, "have all triumphed over the differences that separate the two markets and have made cultural affinity, their people, traditions and forefathers' language the base that goes beyond plain commercial activity and which allows a closer relationship between the two communities" (La Paloma 15 (1993), 14).
195. Santamaría Gómez, "Política Mexicana," 352.
196. See La Paloma, various issues. Also, apparently, part of the Mexican government's strategy was to recruit prominent Latinos in the U.S., including Henry Cisneros and Federico Peña, to promote NAFTA among members of Congress; Mexican officials used the argument that Latino businesses would benefit from NAFTA because of increased contact with Mexican entrepreneurs (Alex Saragoza, personal communication).
197. See La Paloma, various issues. Also, apparently, part of the Mexican government's strategy was to recruit prominent Latinos in the U.S., including Henry Cisneros and Federico Peña, to promote NAFTA among members of Congress; Mexican officials used the argument that Latino businesses would benefit from NAFTA because of increased contact with Mexican entrepreneurs (Alex Saragoza, personal communication).
198. Jesús Martínez, At the Periphery, 277.
199. Irene Valdenegro Fonga, "La Migración, Un Problema al Márgen del Tratado de Libre Comercio," in Sandoval, editor, Las Fronteras Nationales, 152.
200. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 92-93. See also Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas," 10-11; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos," 59; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
201. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 92-93. See also Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas," 10-11; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos," 59; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
202. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 92-93. See also Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas," 10-11; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos," 59; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
203. Dresser, "Exporting Conflict," 92-93. See also Sandoval, "Las Relaciones Políticas," 10-11; Ramírez Paredes, "Los Políticos Mexicanos," 59; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
204. Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno; Gaceta 1/4 (1995), 1.
205. Zedillo, Informe del Gobierno; Gaceta 1/4 (1995), 1.
206. Navarro, Aguilar interviews.
207. Personal communication.
208. Luis Guarnizo, "De Migrantes Asalariados a Empresarios Transnacionales: La Economía Etnica en Los Angeles y la Transnacionalización de la Migración," Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1997).
209. Guarnizo, "The Rise of Transnational Social Formations," 37-40.
210. González, "Mexican Diaspora," 222.
211. Basch et al., Nations Unbound, 135.
212. Guarnizo, "The Rise of Transnational Social Formations."
213. Wayne Cornelius, "Los Migrantes de la Crisis: The Changing Profile of Mexican Migration to the United States," in Gonzalez de la Rocha and Agustín Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Agustín Escobar Latapí, "The Connection at its Source: Changing Socioeconomic Conditions and Migration Patterns," in Lowenthal and Burgess, The California-Mexico Connection, 77-78. According to Castañeda and Pastor, 10,000 to 15,000 white-collar workers emigrated annually between 1982 and 1988, including doctors, dentists, architects, businesspeople, scientists, and intellectuals (Jorge Castañeda and Robert Pastor, Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico [New York: Knopf, 1988], 328).
214. Wayne Cornelius, "Los Migrantes de la Crisis: The Changing Profile of Mexican Migration to the United States," in Gonzalez de la Rocha and Agustín Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Agustín Escobar Latapí, "The Connection at its Source: Changing Socioeconomic Conditions and Migration Patterns," in Lowenthal and Burgess, The California-Mexico Connection, 77-78. According to Castañeda and Pastor, 10,000 to 15,000 white-collar workers emigrated annually between 1982 and 1988, including doctors, dentists, architects, businesspeople, scientists, and intellectuals (Jorge Castañeda and Robert Pastor, Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico [New York: Knopf, 1988], 328).
215. Wayne Cornelius, "Los Migrantes de la Crisis: The Changing Profile of Mexican Migration to the United States," in Gonzalez de la Rocha and Agustín Escobar Latapí, editors, Social Responses to Mexico's Economic Crisis of the 1980s (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, 1991); Agustín Escobar Latapí, "The Connection at its Source: Changing Socioeconomic Conditions and Migration Patterns," in Lowenthal and Burgess, The California-Mexico Connection, 77-78. According to Castañeda and Pastor, 10,000 to 15,000 white-collar workers emigrated annually between 1982 and 1988, including doctors, dentists, architects, businesspeople, scientists, and intellectuals (Jorge Castañeda and Robert Pastor, Limits to Friendship: The United States and Mexico [New York: Knopf, 1988], 328).
216. Gonzalez, "Mexican Diaspora."
217. Navarro interview.
218. There is an enormous literature, of course, on the relation of the capitalist state to the dominant classes, which it is not my purpose to address here. I suggest only that not every action of the state - in this case incorporative policy toward emigrants - is directly aimed at fostering capital accumulation.
219. Stuart Hall, "The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity," in Anthony King, editor, Culture, Globalization and the World-System (Binghamton, NY: Macmillan, 1991), 29.
220. Brubaker, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship, 5.
221. R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
222. Saskia Sassen, The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 52. See also Michael Burawoy, "The Function and Reproduction of Migrant Labor: Comparative Material from South Africa and the United States," American Journal of Sociology 81/5 (1976).
223. Saskia Sassen, The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 52. See also Michael Burawoy, "The Function and Reproduction of Migrant Labor: Comparative Material from South Africa and the United States," American Journal of Sociology 81/5 (1976).
224. Basch et al., Nations Unbound; Guarnizo, "The Rise of Transnational Social Formations"; Feldman-Bianco, "Multiple Levels"; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
225. Basch et al., Nations Unbound; Guarnizo, "The Rise of Transnational Social Formations"; Feldman-Bianco, "Multiple Levels"; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
226. Basch et al., Nations Unbound; Guarnizo, "The Rise of Transnational Social Formations"; Feldman-Bianco, "Multiple Levels"; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."
227. Basch et al., Nations Unbound; Guarnizo, "The Rise of Transnational Social Formations"; Feldman-Bianco, "Multiple Levels"; R. Smith, "Deterritorialized Nation Building."