Divorce Reform at the Turn of the Millennium: Certainties and Possibilities

Family Law Quarterly

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 783-800

  Wardle, Lynn D ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033268748     PISSN: 0014729X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Among the earliest critics were feminists who pointed out that easy unilateral no-fault divorce had contributed to the "feminization of poverty" because the detrimental economic consequences of divorce in a marriage of significant duration were disproportionately borne by women and their custodial children. See LENORE WEITZMAN, THE DIVORCE REVOLUTION: THE UNEXPECTED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN AMERICA (1985); Martha Fineman, Implementing Equality: Ideology, Contradiction and Social Change, A Study in Rhetoric and Response in Regulation of the Consequences of Divorce, 1983 WIS. L. REV. 789.
2. Among the earliest critics were feminists who pointed out that easy unilateral no-fault divorce had contributed to the "feminization of poverty" because the detrimental economic consequences of divorce in a marriage of significant duration were disproportionately borne by women and their custodial children. See LENORE WEITZMAN, THE DIVORCE REVOLUTION: THE UNEXPECTED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN AMERICA (1985); Martha Fineman, Implementing Equality: Ideology, Contradiction and Social Change, A Study in Rhetoric and Response in Regulation of the Consequences of Divorce, 1983 WIS. L. REV. 789.
3. For example, the American Law Institute's project to reform divorce law utterly refused to consider "divorce reform" of the grounds or basis or method of dissolving marriage. See AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE, PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF FAMILY DISSOLUTION: ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, PRELIMINARY DRAFT No. 6, Aug. 8, 1996.
4. See infra Part II.
5. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
6. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
7. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
8. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
9. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
10. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
11. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
12. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
13. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
14. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
15. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
16. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
17. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
18. See, e.g., Katharine T. Bartlett, Saving the Family From the Reformers, 31 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 809 (1998) [hereinafter Bartlett]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon L. Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship Between Divorce Laws and Divorce Rates, 18 INT'L REV. L. & ECON. 341 (1998)[hereinafter Dissolving the Relationship]; Thomas E. Schimmerling, The Non-Fault Debate: Is Blame Better?, TRIAL, August 1997, at 33 [hereinafter Schimmerling]; Laura Bradford, Note, The Counterrevolution: A Critique of Recent Proposals to Reform No- Fault Divorce Laws, 49 STAN. L. REV. 607 (1997) [hereinafter Bradford]; Jeanne Louise Carriere, "It's Deja Vu All Over Again": The Covenant Marriage Act in Popular Cultural Perception and Legal Reality, 72 TUL. L. REV. 1701 (1998); Robert M. Gordon, Note, The Limits of Limits on Divorce, 107 YALE L.J. 1435 (1998) [hereinafter Gordon]; Rebecca E. Silberbogen, Note, Does the Dissolution of Covenant Marriages Mirror Common Law England's Subordination of Women, 5 WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L. 207 (1998) [hereinafter Silberbogen]; see generally WILLIAM J. GOODE, WORLD CHANGES IN DIVORCE PATTERNS 2 (1993) [hereinafter GOODE]; Melissa Lawton, Note, The Constitutionality of Covenant Marriage Laws, 66 FORDHAM L. REV. 2471 (1998) [hereinafter Lawton]; Jason Andrew Macke, Note, Of Covenants and Conflicts - When "I Do" Means More Than It Used to, But Less Than You Thought, 59 OHIO ST. L.J. 1378 (1998); Heather K. McShain, For Better of For Worse? A Closer Look at Two Implications of Covenant Marriage, 32 FAM. L. Q. 629 (1998) [hereinafter McShain]; see further Ira Mark Ellman, The Misguided Movement to Revive Fault Divorce, and Why Reformers Should Look Instead to the American Law Institute, 11 INT'L J. L., POL'Y & FAM. 216 (1997) [hereinafter Ellman, Misguided Movement]; Ira Mark Ellman & Sharon Lohr, Marriage as Contract, Opportunistic Violence, and Other Bad Arguments for Fault Divorce, 1997 U. ILL. L. REV. 719; Ira Ellman, The Place of Fault in a Modern Divorce Law, 28 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 773 (1996).
19. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
20. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
21. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
22. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
23. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
24. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
25. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
26. See generally WEITZMAN, supra note 1; MARY ANN GLENDON, THE NEW FAMILY AND THE NEW PROPERTY (1981); Katherine Shaw Spaht, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage: Social Analysis and Legal Implications, 59 LA. L. REV. 64 (1998); Katherine Shaw Spaht, For the Sake of the Children: Recapturing the Meaning of Marriage, 72 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1547 (1998); J. Herbie DiFonzo, No-Fault Marital Dissolution: The Bitter Triumph of Naked Divorce, 31 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 519 (1994); Margaret F. Brinig, Book Review, Status, Contract and Covenant, 79 CORNELL L. REV. 1573 (1994); Lynn D. Wardle, Divorce Violence and the No-Fault Divorce Culture, 1994 UTAH L. REV. 741; Allen M. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions of the Marriage Contract, 8 BY U J. PUB. L. 91 (1993)[hereinafter Parkman, Reform of Divorce Provisions];
27. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
28. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
29. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
30. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
31. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
32. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
33. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
34. Lynn D. Wardle, No-Fault Divorce and the Divorce Conundrum, 1991 BYU L. REV. 79 (hereinafter Wardle, Divorce Conundrum]; Gary H. Nichols, Note, Covenant Marriage: Should Tennessee Join the Noble Experiment?, 29 U. MEM. L. REV. 397 (1999)[hereinafter Gary Nichols]; Joel A. Nichols, Comment, Louisiana's Covenant Marriage Law: A First Step Toward a More Robust Pluralism in Marriage and Divorce Law, 47 EMORY L.J. 929 (1998); Nicole D. Lindsey, Note, Marriage and Divorce: Degrees of "I Do," An Analysis of the Ever-Changing Paradigm of Divorce, 9 U. FLA. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 265, 275 (1998)[hereinafter Lindsey]; see generally Elizabeth Scott & Robert E. Scott, Marriage As A Relational Contract, 84 VA. L. REV. 1225, 1226 (1998)[hereinafter Scott & Scott]; Elizabeth S. Scott, Rational Decisionmaking about Marriage and Divorce, 76 VA. L. REV. 9, 31-32 (1990) [hereinafter Scott]; Judith T. Younger, Marital Regimes: A Story of Compromise and Democratization, Together with Criticism and Suggestions for Reform, 67 CORNELL L. REV. 45, 90-91 (1981) [hereinafter Younger] (impose tougher, delaying divorce standard for parents with children); Christopher Wolfe, The Marriage of Your Choice, FIRST THINGS, Feb. 1995, at 37;
35. see further ALLEN M. PARKMAN, NO-FAULT DIVORCE: WHAT WENT WRONG (1992);
36. Margaret F. Brinig & Steven M. Crafton, Marriage and Opportunism, 23 J. LEGAL STUDS. 869 (1994);
37. Martin Zelder, The Economic Analysis of the Effect of No-Fault Divorce on the Divorce Rate, 16 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL'Y 241 (1993).
38. Westlaw lists 77 law review articles, notes, essays, etc., that contain the term "covenant marriage," and 538 sources that contain the term "divorce reform." Westlaw (searched "covenant marriage" and "divorce reform" in JLR database, Sept. 27, 1999).
39. Scott & Scott, supra note 5, at 1226.
40. See, e.g., Washington Post/Kaiser/Harvard Survey Project American Values: 1998 National Survey of Americans on Values at 7, Q12 (asked whether divorce should be easier, harder or same as it is response was: Easier, 22; Harder, 62; Same, 11). 〈http:/ /www.kff.org/content/archive/1441/values.html〉 (searched Aug 3, 1999) (site move Aug. 17, 1999).
41. Id. at 7, Question 11.
42. Id. at 4, Question 7.
43. Time/CNN Poll: Divorce, 〈http://www.patriot.net/~crouch/wash/ timetable.htm〉 (searched July 31, 1999).
44. Bradford, supra note 4, at 618, citing Gary L. Bauer, End No-Fault Divorce, USA TODAY, Dec. 29, 1995, at 10A.
45. Lawton, supra note 4, at 2471.
46. Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 17, n. 441 (mentioning eight other states).
47. Bradford, supra note 4, at 607.
48. Louisiana Act 1380 (1977), amending LA. CIV. CODE arts. 102 & 103, and LA. REV. STAT. § 9:234, 9:245, and adding § 9:224(C), and § 9:225(A)(3), §§ 9:272-9:275, and §§ 9:307-9:309. The "unlikely story" of how the covenant marriage bill became law in Louisiana involves the pro bono drafting of a bill by a law professor, its the low-key introduction by a first-term legislator, the neglect of the proposal by typical vested interests (bench and bar) that might have opposed it, and its stunning passage on the final day of the session by overwhelming votes of 98-0 in the state House and 37-1 in the state Senate. Gary Nichols supra note 5, at 18, n. 443-444.
49. Spaht, supra note 5, at 74-88; Joel Nichols, supra note 5, at 951-52; Alan J. Hawkins, Reflections on Covenant Marriage, THE FAMILY IN AMERICA, Nov. 1998, at 1-8.
50. Joel A. Nichols, supra note 5, at 929.
51. S. 1133, 43d Leg., 2d Reg. Sess. (Ariz. 1998) (codified at ARIZ. REV. STAT. ANN. § 25- 901-906 (West 1998)).
52. ARIZ. REV. STAT. §§ 25-312, 316 〈http://www.azleg.state.az.us/ars/25/ 312.htm〉 (searched Oct. 4, 1999).
53. Silberbogen, supra note 4, at 228, n. 203.
54. Under the Arizona covenant marriage statute, divorce is available (1) by establishing one of the grounds of serious marital fault, (2) by living separate and apart for over two years, (3) by living apart for a year under a decree of legal separation upon a showing of "habitual intemperance or ill treatment of the other spouse," or (4) if both spouses mutually agree to end the covenant marriage. ARIZ. REV. STAT. § 25-903.
55. Silberbogen, supra note 4, at 228, n. 203, citing Ira M. Ellman, Senate Bill Revives Horror of Fault Divorce, ARIZ. REPUBLIC, March 6, 1998, at B-5, available in 1998 WL 7755404.
56. Katherine Shaw Spaht & Symeon Symeonides, Covenant Marriage and the Conflict of Laws, 32 CREIGHTON L. REV. 1085, n.6 (1999), citing S.B 6 Mary Ann 06 (Ala. 1998); S.B. 1377 (Cal. 1997); H.B. 249, 144th G.A. (Ga. 1997); H.B. 1052, 110th G.A. (Ind. 1998); H.B. 2839, 77th Leg. (Kan. 1998); S.B. 2935, 80th (Minn. 1998); H.B. 1645, (Miss. 1998); H.B. 1864, 89th G.A. (Mo. 1998); L.H. 1214, 95th Leg. (Neb. 1998); H.B. 567, 122nd G.A. (Ohio 1997); H.B. 2208, 46th Leg. (Okla. 1998); S.B. 961, 112th G.A. (S.C. 1998); H.B. 2101, 100th G.A. (Tenn. 1998); H.B. 1056 (Va. 1998); S.B. 6135, 55th Leg. (Wash. 1998); H.B. 4562, 73rd Leg. (W. Va. 1998).
57. Amy L. Stewart, Covenant Marriage: Legislating Family Values, 32 IND. L. REV. 509, 515 (1999) (citing bills introduced in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia); see also Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 457, n.361.
58. "Covenant marriage" bills reportedly passed one house in Texas, Oklahoma, and Oregon in 1999. Americans for Divorce Reform, Review of Current Events in the Marriage Movement: January through August 1999 〈http://www.divorcereform.org〉 (searched August 29, 1999).
59. Stewart, supra note 25, at 514; Gary Nichols, supra note 5.
60. FLA STAT. ANN. § 741.0305 (fee reduction); § 741.04 (waiver of waiting period); § 61.21 (parent education course); see generally Spaht, supra note 5, at 129-30 (citing Marriage Preparation and Preservation Act, ch. 98-403 (Fla. H.B. No. 1019) (2d Reg. Sess. 1998) (eff. Jan. 1, 1999), and noting that "another provision of the same legislation requires that a course in life management skills (1/2 credit), which would include among the other components marriage and relationship skill-based education, be taught to high school students as a graduation requirement," citing FLA. STAT. ch. 232.6 (eff. Jan. 1, 1999); Lindsey, supra note 5, at 275; id. at 285 n. 93 (history of the Florida Act).
61. This does not include a number of divorce reform proposals made for other purposes, such as to enhance the economic outcome of divorce for women. Other commentators count different categories of divorce reform proposals. See Bradford, supra note 4, at 618-20 (discussion of three different divorce reform proposals).
62. See Adriaen M. Morse Jr., Fault: A Viable Means of Re-Injecting Responsibility in Marital Relations, 30 U. RICH. L. REV. 605, 605 (1996); Bradford, supra note 4, at 619.
63. See supra notes 14-15.
64. Scott, supra note 5, at 31-32; Scott & Scott, supra note 5; Bradford, supra note 4, at 619.
65. See supra notes 16-28 and accompanying text.
66. Younger, supra note 5, at 90-91.
67. Bradford, supra note 4, at 608.
68. See generally Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 423-31, nn.156-205.
69. Id.
70. See generally Paul A. Nakonezny, Robert D. Shull & Joseph Lee Rodgers, The Effect of No-Fault Divorce Law on the Divorce Rate Across the 50 States and Its Relation to Income, Education, and Religiosity. 57 J. MARR. & FAM. 477 (May 1995) (noted in 〈http://www.divorcereform.org/stats.html〉 (Divorce/Marriage Statistics)); Martin Zelder, The Economic Analysis of the Effect of No-Fault Divorce on the Divorce Rate, 16 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL. 241 (1993); Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 116-19; but see Ellman, The Misguided Movement, supra note 5, at 220 (studies summarized and criticized).
71. See generally Paul A. Nakonezny, Robert D. Shull & Joseph Lee Rodgers, The Effect of No-Fault Divorce Law on the Divorce Rate Across the 50 States and Its Relation to Income, Education, and Religiosity. 57 J. MARR. & FAM. 477 (May 1995) (noted in 〈http://www.divorcereform.org/stats.html〉 (Divorce/Marriage Statistics)); Martin Zelder, The Economic Analysis of the Effect of No-Fault Divorce on the Divorce Rate, 16 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL. 241 (1993); Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 116-19; but see Ellman, The Misguided Movement, supra note 5, at 220 (studies summarized and criticized).
72. See generally Paul A. Nakonezny, Robert D. Shull & Joseph Lee Rodgers, The Effect of No-Fault Divorce Law on the Divorce Rate Across the 50 States and Its Relation to Income, Education, and Religiosity. 57 J. MARR. & FAM. 477 (May 1995) (noted in 〈http://www.divorcereform.org/stats.html〉 (Divorce/Marriage Statistics)); Martin Zelder, The Economic Analysis of the Effect of No-Fault Divorce on the Divorce Rate, 16 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL. 241 (1993); Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 116-19; but see Ellman, The Misguided Movement, supra note 5, at 220 (studies summarized and criticized).
73. See generally Paul A. Nakonezny, Robert D. Shull & Joseph Lee Rodgers, The Effect of No-Fault Divorce Law on the Divorce Rate Across the 50 States and Its Relation to Income, Education, and Religiosity. 57 J. MARR. & FAM. 477 (May 1995) (noted in 〈http://www.divorcereform.org/stats.html〉 (Divorce/Marriage Statistics)); Martin Zelder, The Economic Analysis of the Effect of No-Fault Divorce on the Divorce Rate, 16 HARV. J. L. & PUB. POL. 241 (1993); Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 116-19; but see Ellman, The Misguided Movement, supra note 5, at 220 (studies summarized and criticized).
74. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 553; Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 121-29.
75. WEITZMAN, supra note 1, passim; Parkman, supra note 5, at 92.
76. Parkman, Reform of the Divorce Provisions, supra note 5, at 93.
77. Bradford, supra note 4, at 608; Spaht, supra note 5, at 64-69; Younger, supra note 5, at 90-91.
78. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 519.
79. See infra notes 70-72 and accompanying text.
80. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 521-30; see infra notes 70-72 and accompanying text.
81. Scott & Scott, supra note 5, at 1329.
82. Id. at 1326.
83. Id. at 1329.
84. Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 124-25; Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 440, n. 260; CARL E. SCHNEIDER & MARGARET F. BRINIG, AN INVITATION TO FAMILY LAW, PRINCIPLES, PROCESS AND PERSPECTIVES 161-163 (1996).
85. Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 5, at 124-25; Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 440, n. 260; CARL E. SCHNEIDER & MARGARET F. BRINIG, AN INVITATION TO FAMILY LAW, PRINCIPLES, PROCESS AND PERSPECTIVES 161-163 (1996).
86. Ellman & Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship, supra note 4, at 341-58; Schimmerling, supra note 4, at 1332; Gordon, supra note 4, at 1451-53. This argument is, at best, a quibble about how the assertion of causation is stated; it is clear that liberalization of divorce laws was not the sole cause of heightened divorce rates, and it is also true that the causal relationship is not simple and measurable by all conceivable tests and measures. While tests of some measures have failed to establish causation, the number and variety of quantitative studies that have shown a causal connection have increased to the point that there is no serious doubt that enactment of no-fault divorce laws contributed to the increase in the rate of divorce.
87. Bradford, supra note 4, at 608; Bartlett, supra note 4, at 834-42; see further Carriere, supra note 4, at 170.
88. Ellman & Lohr, Dissolving the Relationship, supra note 4, at 342. This argument is an almost ironic imitation of the well-established contrary argument that adoption of no-fault divorce significantly impaired the bargaining power of women in divorce.
89. Bartlett, supra note 4, at 823-25.
90. Bradford, supra note 4, at 608; Bartlett, supra note 4, at 823-25; see further Carriere, supra note 4, at 170.
91. McShain, supra note 4, at 632-37.
92. Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 449-50, n.313.
93. Bradford, supra note 4, at 608; Bartlett, supra note 4, at 822-23; Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 450-51 (citing a representative of the ACLU).
94. Bartlett, supra note 4, at 810, 814; Gordon, supra note 4, at 1436, 1442.
95. McShain, supra note 4, at 632; Gordon, supra note 4, at 1446-41; Schimmerling, supra note 4, at 36.
96. Carriere, supra note 4, at 1714-15; Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 453, n.332.
97. Macke, supra note 4, at 1387.
98. Nancy Mayer, Oregon Debates Divorce vs. Commitment: Who's Right?, PORTLAND OREGONIAN, July 24, 1999, at E01, 1999 WL 5360786 ("Family activists who want to strengthen the institution of marriage and make divorces harder to get are echoing a movement that is gaining momentum both in Oregon and across the nation.") (searched September 27, 1999); see also Joel Nichols, supra note 5, at 930 ("increasing dissatisfaction with current marriage and divorce laws in America.").
99. Joel Nichols, supra note 5, at 930 (quoting Michigan State Representative Jessie Dalman).
100. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 519.
101. Macke, supra note 4, at 1387.
102. Bradford, supra note 4, at 618.
103. Hillary Rodham Clinton, quoted in Walter Isaacson, "We're Hoping That We Have Another Child": An Exclusive Interview with the First Lady, TIME, June 3, 1996, at 28, cited in Macke, supra note 4, at 1386 n.34.
104. Macke, supra note 4, at 1385; Joel Nichols, supra note 5, at 930.
105. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, I DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA 304 (1972) ("There is certainly no country in the world where the tie of marriage is more respected than in America or where conjugal happiness is more highly or worthily appreciated. . . . While the European endeavors to forget his domestic troubles by agitating society, the American derives from his own home that love oF order which he afterwards carries with him into public affairs.").
106. Wardle, Divorce Conundrum, supra note 4, at 91-95. See also Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at n. 102-104.
107. Thus, one critic of no-fault claims that the party opposing divorce in California cannot expect and will not receive due process "since the outcome is determined in advance by the desire of one party to end a marriage," and that "a fair hearing . . . is not a legal reality in California." DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 553, citing Harold O.J. Brown, Easy Divorce Challenged as Breaking of Contract, DAILY PROGRESS (Charlottesville, Va.), May 3, 1992, at A7.
108. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 550 (quoting Dean Herma Hill Kay).
109. See supra notes 16-28.
110. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 519; Gary Nichols, supra note 5, at 414-15, n.94-95.
111. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 521.
112. Id. at 522-29.
113. Psychiatrists objected to "directed counseling," because they did not view their role as "'either to try to save a marriage or to try to destroy it.'" DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 522.
114. DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 525.
115. Id. at 524.
116. Id. at 548.
117. Id. at 547.
118. Id. at 549.
119. Id. at 548, quoting LYNNE C. HALEM, DIVORCE REFORM: CHANGING LEGAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES 251 (1980).
120. The Church of England had succeeded in the 1950s in stopping efforts to liberalize divorce laws. In 1964, the Archbishop of Canterbury appointed a committee which wrote Putting Asunder, which endorsed breakdown as standard for divorce, attacked the hypocrisy of the marital fault system of divorce, and recommended that divorce courts conduct a coroner's "inquest" into reason for breakdown, even in uncontested cases. Thus, it endorsed a fault-less divorce system featuring a therapeutic-model divorce court, with expanded investigatory role and "a massive infusion of forensic social workers." DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 533-37. As in California, the legal establishment supported the non-fault divorce reform but opposed the proposed therapeutic divorce court model with its detailed inquest and encouragement of conciliation. A few months after the Putting Asunder was published, the Law Commission produced its own report, Reform of the Grounds of Divorce: The Field of Choice, which criticized the inquest-model divorce reform proposals, but recommended irretrievable breakdown as the standard, which became the new law, with thin facade of therapeutic court. Id. at 537-538.
121. Many lawyers believe that judicial power, judicial analysis, and lawyers do not combine well with the methods or purposes of therapeutic intervention. To paraphrase Charles Tenney, courts do not solve problems, they decide legal issues. "The peremptory tools of a court's legal equipment render it ill-suited to broad social or psychological questions." DiFonzo, supra note 5, at 529.
122. GOODE, supra note 4, at 336.