A structural model of achievement motives, performance approach and avoidance goals, and performance among Norwegian olympic athletes

Perceptual and Motor Skills

Volumn 89, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 997-1022

  Halyari, Hallgeir ^a,c   Kjørmo, Odd ^b  

^a Buskerud College   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH EASTERN NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOTIVATION; NORWAY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; SPORT;

ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOTIVATION; NORWAY; SPORTS;

EID: 0033254104     PISSN: 00315125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2466/pms.1999.89.3.997     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. AIKEN, L. S., & WEST, S. G. (1991) Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. AMES, C. (1992) Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes. In G. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sports and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Pp. 161-176.
3. AMES, C., & ARCHER, J. (1987) Mothers' beliefs about the role of ability and effort in school learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, 409-414.
4. ANDERSON, J. C., & GERBING, D. W. (1988) Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.
5. ATKINSON, J. W. (1957) Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64, 359-372.
6. ATKINSON, J. W. (1964) An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
7. ATKINSON, J. W. (1978) Motivational determinants of intellectual performance and cumulative achievement. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor (Eds.), Personality, motivation, and achievement. New York: Wiley, Pp. 221-242.
8. BAGOZZI, R. P., & YI, Y. (1988) On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
9. BAR-ELI, M., HARTMANN, I., & LEVY-KOLKER, N. (1994) Using goal setting to improve physical performance of adolescents with behavior disorders: the effect of goal proximity. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 11, 86-97.
10. BECKMANN, J., & KAZÉN, M. (1994) Action and state orientation and the performance of top athletes. In J. Kuhl & Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality, action versus state orientation. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber. Pp. 439-452.
11. BENTLER, P. M., & CHOU, C-P. (1987) Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 78-117.
12. BOLLEN, K. (1989) Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
13. BOMPA, T. O. (1983) Theory and methodology of training. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
14. BROWNE, M. W., & CUDECK, R. (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural models. London: Sage. Pp. 136-162.
15. BURTON, D. (1989a) The impact of goal specificity and task complexity on basketball skill development. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 34-47.
16. BURTON, D. (1989b) Winning isn't everything: examining the impact of performance goals on collegiate swimmers' cognitions and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 105-132.
17. BURTON, D. (1993) Goal setting in sport. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, & L. K. Tenant (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology. New York: Macmillan. Pp. 467-491.
18. COHEN, J., & COHEN, P. (1983) Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Cox, R. H. (1990) Sport psychology: concepts and applications. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
20. DARLINGTON, R. B. (1990) Regression and linear models. New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. DWECK, C. S. (1986) Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
22. DWECK, C. S., & LEGGETT, E. L. (1988) A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
23. ELLIOT A. J. (1994) Approach and avoidance achievement goals: an intrinsic motivation analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
24. ELLIOT, A. J. & CHURCH, M. A. (1997) A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 218-232.
25. ELLIOT, A. J. & HARACKIEWICZ, J. M. (1996) Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: a mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 461-475.
26. ELLIOT, A. J. & SHELDON, K. M. (1997) Avoidance achievement motivation: a personal goal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 171-185.
27. EMMONS, R. A. (1989) The personal striving approach to personality. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp. 87-126.
28. FEIGE, K. (1978) Leistungsentwicklung und Hochstleistungsalter von Spitzenlaufern. Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hoffmann.
29. GJESME, T. (1981a) Is there any future in achievement motivation? Motivation and Emotion, 5, 115-137.
30. GJESME, T. (1981b) Some factors influencing perceived goal distance in time: a preliminary check. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 175-182.
31. GJESME, T. (1983a) On the concept of future time orientation: considerations of some functions' and measurement implications. International Journal of Psychology, 18, 443-461.
32. GJESME, T. (1983b) Worry and emotionality components of test anxiety in relation to situational and personality determinants. Psychological Reports, 52, 267-280.
33. GJESME, T. (1996) Future time orientation and motivation. In T. Gjesme & R. Nygård (Eds.), Advances in motivation. Oslo: Scandinavian Univer. Press. Pp. 210-222.
34. HALL, H. K., & BYRNE, A. T. J. (1988) Goal-setting in sport: clarifying recent anomalies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 184-198.
35. HALVARI, H. (1987) Effects of achievement motives on wrestling ability, oxygen uptake, speed of movement, muscular strength and technical performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 255-270.
36. HALVARI, H. (1989) The relations between competitive experiences in midchildhood and achievement motives among male wrestlers. Psychological Reports, 65, 979-988.
37. HALVARI, H. (1990) Effects of achievement motives and sex on wrestling ability and motor performance. International Journal of Psychology, 25, 529-543.
38. HALVARI, H. (1991a) Achievement motivation, physiological responses, and achievement-related activities. Dr. Philos. dissertation, Univer. of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
39. HALVARI, H. (1991b) Effects of goal distance in time on relations between achievement motives and energy consumption by aerobic processes during 1500 m running. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 1143-1165.
40. HALVARI, H. (1991c) Goal distance in time and its effects on the relations between achievement motives, future-time orientation, and motor performance among girls and boys. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 675-697.
41. HALVARI, H. (1991d) Perception of goal proximity, latency and duration of action plans, and worry in relation to goal distance in time and personality characteristics. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 707-738.
42. HALVARI, H. (1997) Moderator effects of age on the relation between achievement motives and performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 303-318.
43. HALVARI, H., & GJESME, T. (1995) Trait and state anxiety before and after competitive performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 1059-1074.
44. HALVARI, H., & THOMASSEN, T. O. (1997) Achievement motivation, sports-related future orientation, and sporting career. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123, 343-365.
45. HECKHAUSEN, H. (1980) Motivation und Handeln. New York: Springer-Verlag.
46. HEMPHILL, J. K., & WESTIE, C. M. (1950) The measurement of group dimensions. Journal of Psychology, 29, 325-342.
47. HOYLE, R., & PANTER, A. (1995) Writing about structural equation models. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp. 100-119.
48. HU, L., & BENTLER, P. M. (1995) Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pp. 76-99.
49. IVANCEVICH, J. M. (1974) Changes in performance in a management by objectives program. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 563-574.
50. JAWORSKI, B. J., & KOHLI, A. K. (1993) Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57, 53-70.
51. JOHNSON, S. R., OSTROW, A. C., PERNA, F. M., & ETZEL, E. F. (1997) The effects of group versus individual goal setting on bowling performance. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 190-200.
52. JÖRESKOG, K. G. (1993) Testing structural equation models. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models. London: Sage. Pp. 294-316.
53. JÖRESKOG, K. G., & SÖRBOM, D. (1982) Recent developments in structural equation modeling. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 404-416.
54. JÖRESKOG, K. G., & SÖRBOM, D. (1996) LISREL 8: user's reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
55. JUDD, C. M., & KENNY, D. A. (1981) Process analysis: estimating mediation in treatment evaluations. Evaluation Review, 5, 602-619.
56. KJØRMO, O. (1970) Fotballaget som sosialt system [The football team as a social system]. Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo.
57. KJØRMO, O. (1997) Norske toppidrettsutøvere og rammebetingelser i den norske modellen for toppidrett [Norwegian elite athletes and frames in the elite organizational unit]. Oslo: Norges Idrettshøgskole.
58. KOESTNER, R., WEINBERGER, J., & MCCLELLAND, D. C. (1991) Task-intrinsic and social-extrinsic sources of arousal for motives assessed in fantasy and self-report. Journal of Personality, 59, 57-82.
59. KUHL, J. (1982) The expectancy-value approach within the theory of social motivation: elaborations, extensions, critique. In N. T. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: expectancy-value models in psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pp. 125-163.
60. KUHL, J. (1994) A theory of action and state orientations. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: action versus state orientation. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber. Pp. 9-46.
61. KYLLO, B. L., & LANDERS, D. M. (1995) Goal setting in sport and exercise: a research synthesis to resolve the controversy. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 117-137.
62. LEE, C., BOBKO, P., EARLEY, C. P., & LOCKE, E. A. (1991) An empirical analysis of a goal-setting questionnaire. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 467-482.
63. LERNER, B. S., & LOCKE, E. A. (1995) The effect of goal setting, self-efficacy, competition, and personality trials on the performance of an endurance task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 138-152.
64. LETZELTER, M. (1978) Trainingsgrundlagen. Reinbek: Rowohlt Verlag.
65. LOCKE, E. A. (1982) Relation of goal level to performance with a short work period and multiple goal levels. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 512-514.
66. LOCKE, E. A., & LATHAM, G. P. (1990) A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
67. MAN, F., NYGÅRD, R., & GJESME, T. (1994) The Achievement Motives Scale (AMS): theoretical basis and results from a first try-out of a Czech form. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 38, 209-218.
68. MARTENS, R., VEALEY, R. S., & BURTON, D. (1990) Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
69. MARTIN, D. (1982) Grundlagen der Trainingslehre. Teil I und II. Schorndorf: Verlag Karl Hofmann.
70. MATWEJEW, L. P. (1975) Periodisierung des Sportlichen Trainings. Berlin: Bartels & Wernitz.
71. MCCLELLAND, D. C. (1985) Human motivation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer. Press.
72. MCCLELLAND, D. C. (1995) Human motivation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer. Press.
73. MCCLELLAND, D. C., ATKINSON, J. W., CLARK, R. A., & LOWELL, E. L. (1953) The achievement motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
74. MEEHL, P. E. (1990) Appraising and amending theories: the strategy of Lakatosian defense and two principles that warrant it. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 108-141.
75. MUTHEN, B., & KAPLAN, D. (1985) A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171-189.
76. NARVER, J. C., & SLATER, S. F. (1990) The effect of market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54, 20-35.
77. NICHOLLS, J. G. (1989) The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer. Press.
78. NICHOLLS, J. G., PATASHNICK, M., CHUNG CHEUNG, P., THORKILDSEN, T. A., & LAUER, J. M. (1989) Can achievement motivation theory succeed with only one conception of success? In F. Halisch & J. Van den Beroken (Eds.), Intentional perspectives on achievement motivation. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger. Pp. 100-119.
79. NUTTIN, J. R. (1984) Motivation, planning and action: a relational theory of behavior dynamics. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
80. NYGÅRD, R., & GJESME, T. (1973) Assessment of achievement motives: comments and suggestions. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 17, 39-46.
81. PEDHAZUR, E. J. (1982) Multiple regression in behavioral research: explanation and prediction. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden.
82. RAYNOR, J. O. (1969) Future orientation and motivation of immediate activity: an elaboration of the theory of achievement motivation. Psychological Review, 76, 606-610.
83. SPANGLER, W. D. (1992) Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: two meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 140-154.
84. TANAKA, J. S. (1993) Multifaceted conceptions of fit in structural equation models. In K. A. Bollen & S. J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models. London: Sage. Pp. 10-39.
85. TENENBAUM, G., PINCHAS, S., ELBAZ, G., BAR-ELI, M., & WEINBERG, R. (1991) Effect of goal proximity and goal specificity on muscular endurance performance: a replication and extension. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 174-187.
86. THEODORAKIS, Y. (1996) The influence of goals, commitment, self-efficacy and self-satisfaction on motor performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 171-182.
87. THOMASSEN, T. O., & HALVARI, H. (1996) Achievement motivation and involvement in sport competitions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 1363-1374.
88. WEINBERG, R., STITCHER, T., & RICHARDSON, P. (1994) Effects of a seasonal goal-setting program on lacrosse performance. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 166-175.
89. WEST, S. G., AIKIN, L. S., & KRULL, J. L. (1996) Experimental personality designs: analyzing categorical by continuous variable interactions. Journal of Personality, 64, 1-48.