Crime, punishment and liberty

History of Political Thought

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 173-185

  Rosen, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0033245244     PISSN: 0143781X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. 1 This paper draws on research for my essay, 'Utilitarianism and the Reform of the Criminal Law' to be published in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought, ed. R. Wokler and M. Goldie, forthcoming from Cambridge University Press.
2. 2 See, for example, M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris, 1975), translated as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, 1977); D. Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Albion's Fatal Tree, Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. D. Hay, P. Linebaugh, C. Winslow, J. Rule and E.P. Thompson (London, 1977); M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 (New York, 1978); and M. Ignatieff, 'State, Civil Society and Total Institution: A Critique of Recent Social Histories of Punishment', in Legality, Ideology, and The State, ed. D. Sugarman (London, 1983).
3. 2 See, for example, M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris, 1975), translated as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, 1977); D. Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Albion's Fatal Tree, Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. D. Hay, P. Linebaugh, C. Winslow, J. Rule and E.P. Thompson (London, 1977); M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 (New York, 1978); and M. Ignatieff, 'State, Civil Society and Total Institution: A Critique of Recent Social Histories of Punishment', in Legality, Ideology, and The State, ed. D. Sugarman (London, 1983).
4. 2 See, for example, M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris, 1975), translated as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, 1977); D. Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Albion's Fatal Tree, Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. D. Hay, P. Linebaugh, C. Winslow, J. Rule and E.P. Thompson (London, 1977); M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 (New York, 1978); and M. Ignatieff, 'State, Civil Society and Total Institution: A Critique of Recent Social Histories of Punishment', in Legality, Ideology, and The State, ed. D. Sugarman (London, 1983).
5. 2 See, for example, M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris, 1975), translated as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, 1977); D. Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Albion's Fatal Tree, Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. D. Hay, P. Linebaugh, C. Winslow, J. Rule and E.P. Thompson (London, 1977); M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 (New York, 1978); and M. Ignatieff, 'State, Civil Society and Total Institution: A Critique of Recent Social Histories of Punishment', in Legality, Ideology, and The State, ed. D. Sugarman (London, 1983).
6. 2 See, for example, M. Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (Paris, 1975), translated as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, 1977); D. Hay, 'Property, Authority and the Criminal Law', in Albion's Fatal Tree, Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. D. Hay, P. Linebaugh, C. Winslow, J. Rule and E.P. Thompson (London, 1977); M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 (New York, 1978); and M. Ignatieff, 'State, Civil Society and Total Institution: A Critique of Recent Social Histories of Punishment', in Legality, Ideology, and The State, ed. D. Sugarman (London, 1983).
7. 3 This traditional view may be seen in the monumental work by L. Radzinowicz, A History of English Criminal Law (5 vols., London, 1948-86).
8. 4 As David Garland has pointed out, Foucault has tended to see Bentham's ideas, for example, as reflecting modern penal practice when they were in fact set forth as ideals to aim at. See D. Garland, Punishment and Modern Society (Oxford, 1990), p. 163.
9. 5 See, for example, H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility, Essays in the Philosophy of Law (Oxford, 1968); Ted Honderich, Punishment, The Supposed Justifications (Harmondsworth, 1984); and C.L. Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, A Philosophical Introduction (Oxford, 1987).
10. 5 See, for example, H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility, Essays in the Philosophy of Law (Oxford, 1968); Ted Honderich, Punishment, The Supposed Justifications (Harmondsworth, 1984); and C.L. Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, A Philosophical Introduction (Oxford, 1987).
11. 5 See, for example, H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility, Essays in the Philosophy of Law (Oxford, 1968); Ted Honderich, Punishment, The Supposed Justifications (Harmondsworth, 1984); and C.L. Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, A Philosophical Introduction (Oxford, 1987).
12. 6 See J. Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules', Philosophical Review, LXIV (1955), and the 1968 postscript to C.W.K. Mundle, 'Punishment and Desert', Philosophical Quarterly, IV (1954), both of which appear in The Philosophy of Punishment, ed. H.B. Acton (London, 1969), pp. 81-2, 103-14. 7 But see Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, pp. 13-37, 67 ff.
13. 6 See J. Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules', Philosophical Review, LXIV (1955), and the 1968 postscript to C.W.K. Mundle, 'Punishment and Desert', Philosophical Quarterly, IV (1954), both of which appear in The Philosophy of Punishment, ed. H.B. Acton (London, 1969), pp. 81-2, 103-14. 7 But see Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, pp. 13-37, 67 ff.
14. 6 See J. Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules', Philosophical Review, LXIV (1955), and the 1968 postscript to C.W.K. Mundle, 'Punishment and Desert', Philosophical Quarterly, IV (1954), both of which appear in The Philosophy of Punishment, ed. H.B. Acton (London, 1969), pp. 81-2, 103-14. 7 But see Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, pp. 13-37, 67 ff.
15. 6 See J. Rawls, 'Two Concepts of Rules', Philosophical Review, LXIV (1955), and the 1968 postscript to C.W.K. Mundle, 'Punishment and Desert', Philosophical Quarterly, IV (1954), both of which appear in The Philosophy of Punishment, ed. H.B. Acton (London, 1969), pp. 81-2, 103-14. 7 But see Ten, Crime, Guilt, and Punishment, pp. 13-37, 67 ff.
16. 8 Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (hereafter SL), VI. 16. Translations are taken from Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. A. Cohler, B. Miller and H. Stone (Cambridge, 1989).
17. 8 Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (hereafter SL), VI. 16. Translations are taken from Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. A. Cohler, B. Miller and H. Stone (Cambridge, 1989).
18. 9 Discussions of liberty in Montesquieu have tended to emphasize constitutional liberty and the separation of powers and have ignored the material in Book XII. See, for example, R. Shackleton, Montesquieu, A Critical Biography (London, 1961), pp. 284-301.
19. 10 SL, XII.4.
20. 11 Ibid.
21. 12 Ibid.
22. 13 Ibid.
23. 14 SL, XII.5-6.
24. 15 SL, XII.7.
25. 16 SL, XII.8.
26. 17 SL, XII.9-13, 16.
27. 18 SL, XII.12.
28. 19 M. Cranston, Philosophers and Pamphleteers, Political Theorists of the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1986), p. 9.
29. 20 J. Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. J. Bowring (11 vols., Edinburgh, 1838-43), Vol. III, pp. 286-7. See H.L.A. Hart, Essays on Bentham, Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory (Oxford, 1982), p. 40.
30. 20 J. Bentham, The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. J. Bowring (11 vols., Edinburgh, 1838-43), Vol. III, pp. 286-7. See H.L.A. Hart, Essays on Bentham, Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory (Oxford, 1982), p. 40.
31. 21 See C. Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, trans. D. Young (Indianapolis, 1986), pp. 29-33, 48-53.
32. 22 See ibid., Ch. 2, pp. 8-9.
33. 23 Ibid., p. 9.
34. 24 This much-quoted passage in the eighteenth century is taken from the 1767 English translation of Beccaria's work which was based on André Morellet's French version of 1766. See An Essay on Crimes and Punishments; Translated from the Italian with a Commentary, Attributed to Mons. De Voltaire, Translated from the French (London, 1767), p. 98.
35. 25 Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, p. 14.
36. 26 Ibid., p. 15.
37. 27 Bentham, Works, ed. Bowring, Vol. I, p. 399.
38. 28 Ibid., p. 407 n.
39. 29 Ibid.
40. 30 W. Paley, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, in The Works of William Paley, D.D. . . (5 vols., London, 1819), Vol. II, p. 8. See T.P. Schofield, 'A Comparison of the Moral Theories of William Paley and Jeremy Bentham', and J.E. Crimmins, 'Strictures on Paley's Net: Capital Punishment and the Power to Pardon', both in The Bentham Newsletter, XI (1987), pp. 4-22 and 23-34.
41. 30 W. Paley, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy, in The Works of William Paley, D.D. . . (5 vols., London, 1819), Vol. II, p. 8. See T.P. Schofield, 'A Comparison of the Moral Theories of William Paley and Jeremy Bentham', and J.E. Crimmins, 'Strictures on Paley's Net: Capital Punishment and the Power to Pardon', both in The Bentham Newsletter, XI (1987), pp. 4-22 and 23-34.
42. 31 An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. J.H. Burns and H.L.A. Hart (London, 1970), p. 166.
43. 32 See H.L.A. Hart, Essays on Bentham, Studies in Jurisprudence and Political Theory (Oxford, 1982), p. 46.
44. 33 Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. Burns and Hart, p. 168.
45. 34 SL, XII.4.
46. 35 Bentham, Works, ed. Bowring, Vol. I, p. 411.
47. 36 SL, XII.4.
48. 37 Bentham, Works, ed. Bowring, Vol. I, p. 410.
49. 38 Ibid.
50. 39 Ibid., p. 411.
51. 40 Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, ed. Burns and Hart, p. 159 n.