White agitation for an Aboriginal State in Australia (1925-1929)

Australian Journal of Politics and History

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 157-179

  Blackburn, Kevin ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033244671     PISSN: 00049522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8497.00060     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. I would like to express my thanks to the Government Department at the University of Queensland where the preliminary research for this article was done with Geoff Stokes using the Australian Political Thought project research grant.
2. See Henry Reynolds, "An Aboriginal Republic, Too?", Independent Monthly, March 1992, pp.11-12; and Henry Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996).
3. See Henry Reynolds, "An Aboriginal Republic, Too?", Independent Monthly, March 1992, pp.11-12; and Henry Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996).
4. Joseph P. Cotton, Jr., The Constitutional Decisions of John Marshall, Vol 2 (1905) (New York: Da Capo Press, 1969), pp.1-35, pp.309-320, and pp.334-377.
5. Stephen L. Pevar, The Rights of Indians and Tribes: The Basic ACLU Guide to Indian and Tribal Rignts 2nd ed., (Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 1992), pp.79-110.
6. See, among other works, H. Craig Miner, The Corporation and the Indian: Tribal Soverignty and Industrial Civilization in Indian Territory, 1865-1907 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1976), D.S. Otis, The Dawes Act and the Allotment of Lands Paul Francis Purcha, ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973); Vine Deloria jr. and Clifford M. Lytle, The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984); and Donald Parman, Indians and The American West in the Twentieth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
7. See, among other works, H. Craig Miner, The Corporation and the Indian: Tribal Soverignty and Industrial Civilization in Indian Territory, 1865-1907 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1976), D.S. Otis, The Dawes Act and the Allotment of Lands Paul Francis Purcha, ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973); Vine Deloria jr. and Clifford M. Lytle, The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984); and Donald Parman, Indians and The American West in the Twentieth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
8. See, among other works, H. Craig Miner, The Corporation and the Indian: Tribal Soverignty and Industrial Civilization in Indian Territory, 1865-1907 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1976), D.S. Otis, The Dawes Act and the Allotment of Lands Paul Francis Purcha, ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973); Vine Deloria jr. and Clifford M. Lytle, The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984); and Donald Parman, Indians and The American West in the Twentieth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
9. See, among other works, H. Craig Miner, The Corporation and the Indian: Tribal Soverignty and Industrial Civilization in Indian Territory, 1865-1907 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1976), D.S. Otis, The Dawes Act and the Allotment of Lands Paul Francis Purcha, ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973); Vine Deloria jr. and Clifford M. Lytle, The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984); and Donald Parman, Indians and The American West in the Twentieth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
10. See Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty, pp. 1-16.
11. David C. Hawkes, ed., Aboriginal Peoples and Government Responsibility (Ottawa Carleton University Press, 1989), p.297; James S. Frideres, Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts rev. ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall, 1993) ; Reynolds, Independent Monthly, March 1992, pp.11-12; and Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty, pp.177-178.
12. David C. Hawkes, ed., Aboriginal Peoples and Government Responsibility (Ottawa Carleton University Press, 1989), p.297; James S. Frideres, Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts rev. ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall, 1993) ; Reynolds, Independent Monthly, March 1992, pp.11-12; and Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty, pp.177-178.
13. David C. Hawkes, ed., Aboriginal Peoples and Government Responsibility (Ottawa Carleton University Press, 1989), p.297; James S. Frideres, Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts rev. ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall, 1993) ; Reynolds, Independent Monthly, March 1992, pp.11-12; and Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty, pp.177-178.
14. David C. Hawkes, ed., Aboriginal Peoples and Government Responsibility (Ottawa Carleton University Press, 1989), p.297; James S. Frideres, Native Peoples in Canada: Contemporary Conflicts rev. ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall, 1993) ; Reynolds, Independent Monthly, March 1992, pp.11-12; and Reynolds, Aboriginal Sovereignty, pp.177-178.
15. John Quick and Robert Randolph Garran, The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1901 ), pp. 967-971.
16. Andrew Markus, Governing Savages (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1990), p.168-172; and Michael Roe, "A Model Aboriginal State", Aboriginal History, 10, 1 (1986), pp.40-44.
17. Andrew Markus, Governing Savages (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1990), p.168-172; and Michael Roe, "A Model Aboriginal State", Aboriginal History, 10, 1 (1986), pp.40-44.
18. Legislators perceived these harmful effects of white "civilisation" to be alcohol and opium addiction, diseases of the whites which proved fatal to the Aborigines because they remained untreated, homelessness, starvation, and whites abusing Aborigines. For a critical discussion of their motives see Raymond Evans, Kay Saunders, and Kathryn Cronin, Race Relations in Colonial Queensland: History of Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination 3rd ed., (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993), pp.85-101 and pp.118-122.
19. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
20. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
21. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
22. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
23. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
24. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
25. For an indication of the conditions on the reserves, their function, and their proponents, see, among other works, Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1989); Peggy Brock, Outback Ghettos: Aborigines, Institutionalisation, and Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Raymond Evans, "'The Duty We Owe', Aboriginal Reserves, 915-1957", in D.J. Murphy, ed., Labor in Power: The Labor Party and Government in Queensland, 1915-1957 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp.330-354; Anna Haebich, For Their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia, 1900-1940 (Nedlands, W.A.: University of Western Australia, 1988); Andrew Markus, "Under the Act", in Bill Gammage and Peter Spearritt, eds., Australians 1938 (Sydney: Fairfax, 1987), pp.47-53; Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Canberra: Australia National University, 1988) ; and C.D. Rowley, Outcasts in White Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972) pp.41-61.
26. See Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives, 1926-27-28, vol.1, pp.691-694. For original manuscript copies of the "The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia House of Representatives Petition: A Model Aboriginal State" and "The Proposed Aboriginal State Manifesto" in Adelaide see Aborigines' Friends' Association: Correspondence files, Colonel J.C. Genders. Model Black State, SRG 139/1/65 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide); Herbert Basedow Papers, PRG 324, (Mortlock Library, Adelaide); or Constance Ternent-Cooke's Papers, files GRG 52/32/5 and GRG 52/32/6 (Public Records Office of South Australia, Adelaide). Copies are available in the Records of the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs and the Interior, "Proposed Model Aboriginal State", Series number A1/1, item number 1932/4262 (Australian Archives, Canberra). Both documents can also be found in the E.P. Elkin Papers, Box 96, Item 9 (University of Sydney Archives).
27. "Petition: A Model Aboriginal State".
28. Massie McKenzie, Mission to Arnhem Land (Adelaide: Rigby, 1976), pp. 19-27. Eventually the oil company folded up because it did not find oil there at all.
29. Ian Harmstorf, "Basedow, Herbert", in, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol.7 (Melbourne University Press, 1979), pp.202-203.
30. Many of the members of the executive committee of the Aborigines' Protection League were clergy or missionaries, most of whom had worked with Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory or South Australia. These included, apart from those already mentioned, Reverends John Blacket, R.C. Nicholson, Dr. J.A. Seymour, A.C. Stevens, and others, such as C. Eaton Taplin and James Lamb. The executive also included activists for women's rights who had been involved in the Aborigines' Friends' Association. The most prominent of these was Constance Ternent-Cooke.
31. Rhys Jones and Betty Meehan, "The Arnhem Salient", in the Desmond Ball, ed., Aborigines in the Defence of Australia (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1991), p.103.
32. See The early anthropological work of W. Lloyd Warner, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe rev. ed., (Gloucester, Massachusetts: P. Smith, 1969); and Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Arnhem Land: Its History and Its People (Melbourne: F.W. Cheshire, 1954).
33. See The early anthropological work of W. Lloyd Warner, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe rev. ed., (Gloucester, Massachusetts: P. Smith, 1969); and Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Arnhem Land: Its History and Its People (Melbourne: F.W. Cheshire, 1954).
34. Mickey Dewar, The "Black War" in Arnhem Land: Missionaries and the Yolngu 1908-1940 (Darwin: Australian National University North Australia Research Unit, 1992);
35. and Ted Egan, Justice All Their Own: The Caledon Bay and Woodah Island Killings, 1932-1933 (Melbourne University Press, 1996).
36. See Donald Thomson, Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land (Melbourne: Currey O'Neil, 1983). For the unsuitability of Arnhem Land for grazing cattle as a reason for the lack of white interest in the area see Gordon Reid, A Picnic With the Natives: Aboriginal-European Relations in the Northern Territory to 1910 (Melbourne University Press, 1990), pp. 171-175.
37. See Donald Thomson, Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land (Melbourne: Currey O'Neil, 1983). For the unsuitability of Arnhem Land for grazing cattle as a reason for the lack of white interest in the area see Gordon Reid, A Picnic With the Natives: Aboriginal-European Relations in the Northern Territory to 1910 (Melbourne University Press, 1990), pp. 171-175.
38. "Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926; and Donald Thomson.
39. "Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926; and Donald Thomson.
40. "The Aboriginal Question", Daylight, 30 November 1926. A copy of this article is also available in SRG139/1/65.
41. Annie Martin to the Premier of the Commonwealth of Australia, 18 April 1927, Series number A1/1, item number 1932/4262 (Australian Archives, Canberra).
42. Ian Harmstorf, "Basedow, Herbert", in, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol.7 (Melbourne University Press, 1979), pp.202-203.
43. Many of the members of the executive committee of the Aborigines' Protection League were clergy or missionaries, most of whom had worked with Aboriginal in the Northern Territory or South Australia. These included, apart from those already mentioned, Reverends John Blacket, R.C. Nicholson, Dr. J.A. Seymour, A.C. Stevens, and others, such as C. Eaton Taplin and James Lamb. The executive also included activists for women's rights who had been involved in the Aborigines' Friends' Association. The most prominent of these was Constance Ternent-Cooke.
44. Rhys Jones and Betty Meehan, "The Amhem Salient", in Desmond Ball, ed., Aborigines in the Defence of Australia (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1991), p. 103.
45. See The early anthropological work of W. Lloyd Warner, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe rev. ed., (Gloucester, Massachusetts. P. Smith, 1969); and Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Arnhem Land: Its History and Its People (Melbourne: F.W. Cheshire, 1954).
46. See The early anthropological work of W. Lloyd Warner, A Black Civilization: A Social Study of an Australian Tribe rev. ed., (Gloucester, Massachusetts. P. Smith, 1969); and Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Arnhem Land: Its History and Its People (Melbourne: F.W. Cheshire, 1954).
47. Mickey Dewar, The "Black War" in Arnhem Land: Missionaries and the Yolngu 1908-1949 (Darwin: Australian National University North Australia Research Unit, 1992); and Ted Egas, Justice All Their Own: The Caledon Bay and Woodah Island Killings, 1932-1933 (Melbourne University Press, 1996).
48. Mickey Dewar, The "Black War" in Arnhem Land: Missionaries and the Yolngu 1908-1949 (Darwin: Australian National University North Australia Research Unit, 1992); and Ted Egas, Justice All Their Own: The Caledon Bay and Woodah Island Killings, 1932-1933 (Melbourne University Press, 1996).
49. See Donald Thomson, Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land (Melbourne: Currey O'Neil, 1983). For the unsuitability of Arnhem Land for grazing cattle as a reason for the lack of white interest in the area see Gordon Reid, A Picnic With the Natives: Aboriginal-European Relations in the Northern Territory to 1910 (Melbourne University Press, 1990), pp.171-175.
50. See Donald Thomson, Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land (Melbourne: Currey O'Neil, 1983). For the unsuitability of Arnhem Land for grazing cattle as a reason for the lack of white interest in the area see Gordon Reid, A Picnic With the Natives: Aboriginal-European Relations in the Northern Territory to 1910 (Melbourne University Press, 1990), pp.171-175.
51. "Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926; and Donald Thomson.
52. "Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926; and Donald Thomson.
53. "The Aboriginal Question", Daylight, 30 November 1926; A copy of this article is also available in SRG139/1/65.
54. Annie Martin to the Premier of the Commonwealth of Australia, 18 April 1927, Series number A1/1, item number 1932/4262 (Australian Archives, Canberra).
55. See W.K. Jackson and G.A. Wood, "The New Zealand Parliament and Maori Representation", Historical Studies 11, 43 (1964), pp.383-396.
56. See "The Proposed Aboriginal State Manifesto".
57. "Proposed Black State", Daylight, 28 February 1925.
58. John A. Williams, Politics of the New Zealand Maori: Protest and Co-operation, 1891-1909 (University of Auckland, 1969), pp.113-164.
59. See for example Douglas Sinclair, "Land Since the Treaty", in Michael King, ed., Te Ao Huihuri: Aspects of Maoritanga (Auckland: Reed, 1992), p.90; Alex Frame, "Colonising Attitudes Towards Maori Custom", New Zealand Law Journal 17 March 1981, pp.106-107; and M.P.K. Sorrenson, "Giving Better Effect to the Treaty", New Zealand Journal of History 24, 2 (October 1990), pp.141-146.
60. See for example Douglas Sinclair, "Land Since the Treaty", in Michael King, ed., Te Ao Huihuri: Aspects of Maoritanga (Auckland: Reed, 1992), p.90; Alex Frame, "Colonising Attitudes Towards Maori Custom", New Zealand Law Journal 17 March 1981, pp.106-107; and M.P.K. Sorrenson, "Giving Better Effect to the Treaty", New Zealand Journal of History 24, 2 (October 1990), pp.141-146.
61. See for example Douglas Sinclair, "Land Since the Treaty", in Michael King, ed., Te Ao Huihuri: Aspects of Maoritanga (Auckland: Reed, 1992), p.90; Alex Frame, "Colonising Attitudes Towards Maori Custom", New Zealand Law Journal 17 March 1981, pp.106-107; and M.P.K. Sorrenson, "Giving Better Effect to the Treaty", New Zealand Journal of History 24, 2 (October 1990), pp.141-146.
62. For an account of these Maori political institutions see Peter Cleave, "Tribal and State-Like Political Formation in New Zealand Maori Society", Journal of The Polynesian Society 92, 1 (1983), pp.51-92; M.P.K. Sorrenson, "The Maori King Movement, 1858-1885", in Robert Chapman and Keith Sinclair, eds., Studies of a Small Democracy: Essays in Honour of Willis Airey (Auckland: University of Auckland, 1963), pp.33-55; and M.P.K. Sorrenson, "Colonial Rule and Local Response: Maori Response to European Domination in New Zealand since 1860", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4, 2 (January 1976), pp. 127-137.
63. For an account of these Maori political institutions see Peter Cleave, "Tribal and State-Like Political Formation in New Zealand Maori Society", Journal of The Polynesian Society 92, 1 (1983), pp.51-92; M.P.K. Sorrenson, "The Maori King Movement, 1858-1885", in Robert Chapman and Keith Sinclair, eds., Studies of a Small Democracy: Essays in Honour of Willis Airey (Auckland: University of Auckland, 1963), pp.33-55; and M.P.K. Sorrenson, "Colonial Rule and Local Response: Maori Response to European Domination in New Zealand since 1860", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4, 2 (January 1976), pp. 127-137.
64. For an account of these Maori political institutions see Peter Cleave, "Tribal and State-Like Political Formation in New Zealand Maori Society", Journal of The Polynesian Society 92, 1 (1983), pp.51-92; M.P.K. Sorrenson, "The Maori King Movement, 1858-1885", in Robert Chapman and Keith Sinclair, eds., Studies of a Small Democracy: Essays in Honour of Willis Airey (Auckland: University of Auckland, 1963), pp.33-55; and M.P.K. Sorrenson, "Colonial Rule and Local Response: Maori Response to European Domination in New Zealand since 1860", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 4, 2 (January 1976), pp. 127-137.
65. See for example Sorrenson, "The Maori King Movement, 1858-1885", pp.51-52.
66. See Ian Hugh Kawharu, Maori Land Tenure: Studies of A Changing Institution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp.24-30.
67. Official Record of the Proceedings and Debates of Australasian Federation, 1890 (Melbourne: Government Printer 1890), pp. 125-126. I am indebted to Phoebe Thornley for this information.
68. "Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926.
69. Suzanne Edgar, "Sexton, John Henry", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol.11 (Melbourne University Press, 1988), pp.571-572; and J.H. Sexton, An Extensive Survey of Australian Aboriginal Problems (Adelaide: Aborigines' Friends' Association, 1937), p.2.
70. Suzanne Edgar, "Sexton, John Henry", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol.11 (Melbourne University Press, 1988), pp.571-572; and J.H. Sexton, An Extensive Survey of Australian Aboriginal Problems (Adelaide: Aborigines' Friends' Association, 1937), p.2.
71. Constance Ternent-Cooke's letter to Archdeacon Bussell, 11 November 1929, see Aborigines Friends' Association: Correspondence files, SRG 139/1/130 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide).
72. For details on Genders see H.T. Burgess, ed., The Cyclopedia of South Australia (Adelaide, 1907), pp.556-557. There are some scant family history records that give an indication of his career held by his grandchildren, Patrica Schroder of North Adelaide and Keith Genders of Wattlehouse Park in South Australia.
73. See The Annual General Meeting, 14 February 1924, in Aborigines' Friends' Association: Minute Book of General and Some Committee Meetings 1922-1933, pp.60-62, SRG 139/2/5 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide).
74. "Proposed Black State", Daylight, 28 February 1925. Sec J.C. Jennison, "An Aboriginal Model State", Advertiser, 5 April 1926.
75. "Proposed Black State", Daylight, 28 February 1925. Sec J.C. Jennison, "An Aboriginal Model State", Advertiser, 5 April 1926.
76. Sir Josiah Symon's Papers, General Correspondence, Genders, J. Charles, MS 1736 (National Library of Australia, Canberra); and "Symon, Sir Josiah Henry", in Australian Dictionary of Biography CD-Rom (Melbourne University Press, 1996).
77. Quoted in Christobel Mattingley and Ken Hampton, Survival In Our Own Land: "Aboriginal" Experiences in "South Australia" Since 1836 rev. ed (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1992), p.187.
78. Minutes of General Committee, 29 January 1925, in Aborigines' Friends' Association: Minute Book of General and Some Committee Meetings 1922-1933, p.102, SRG 139/2/5 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide).
79. Letter to C. Eaton Taplin, President of the Aborigines' Friends Association, from J.C. Genders, 11 February 1925, in SRG 139/1/65.
80. Minutes of General Committee, 31 March 1925, in Aborigines' Friends' Association: Minute Book of General and Some Committee Meetings 1922-1933, p. 115, SRG 139/2/5 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide). For a press report of the meeting see "The Black Model State", Advertiser, 1 April 1925.
81. Minutes of General Committee, 31 March 1925, in Aborigines' Friends' Association: Minute Book of General and Some Committee Meetings 1922-1933, p. 115, SRG 139/2/5 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide). For a press report of the meeting see "The Black Model State", Advertiser, 1 April 1925.
82. Warner, A Black Civilization, p.15; and Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Arnhem Land, pp. 7-8.
83. Warner, A Black Civilization, p.15; and Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt, Arnhem Land, pp. 7-8.
84. Warner, A Black Civilisation, pp. 145-179.
85. Aborigines' Friends' Association: Correspondence files, Colonel J.C. Genders. Model Black State, SRG 139/1/65 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide).
86. See "Proposed Black State", Daylight, 28 February 1925, in SRG 139/1/65.
87. "The Care of the Aborigines", Advertiser, 16 March 1925.
88. J.C. Genders To the Members of the Committee re Proposed Aboriginal State, 21 September 1925, Constance Ternent-Cooke's Papers, file GRG 52/32/3 (Public Records Office of South Australia, Adelaide).
89. See Sir Josiah Symon's Papers, General Correspondence, Genders, J. Charles, MS 1736 (National Library of Australia, Canberra); and "Proposed Black State", Daylight, 28 February 1925.
90. "A Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926; and "Protecting Aborigines", Argus, 8 April 1926.
91. "A Black 'Model State'", Advertiser, 29 March 1926; and "Protecting Aborigines", Argus, 8 April 1926.
92. "The Aboriginal Question", Advertiser, 23 September 1926.
93. Editorial, Argus, 19 April 1927.
94. Bulletin, 11 November 1926; and Smith's Weekly, 5 November 1927.
95. Bulletin, 11 November 1926; and Smith's Weekly, 5 November 1927.
96. Propaganda Circular Adopted by the First Meeting of the Members of the Aborigines Protection League, in SRG 139/1/65; "Aboriginal State: Petition for Establishment", News, 23 February 1927; and "Aboriginal State", Register, 22 February 1927.
97. Propaganda Circular Adopted by the First Meeting of the Members of the Aborigines Protection League, in SRG 139/1/65; "Aboriginal State: Petition for Establishment", News, 23 February 1927; and "Aboriginal State", Register, 22 February 1927.
98. Australian Aboriginals, p.11.
99. See Sexton to Secretary Home and Territories Department 16 March 1925 in SRG 139/1/65; and see Home and Territories Department No. N.T. 25/868, Memorandum, 2/4/25, in The Records of the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs and the Interior, Proposed Model Aboriginal State, in A1/1 1932/4262.
100. "Aborigines' State. 'A Beautiful Dream'", Sydney Morning Herald (hereafter SMH), 15 July 1927, p.12.
101. Markus, Governing Savages, p.93.
102. R.H. Weddell to The Secretary Home and Territories Department, 3 September 1927, and Reflections on proposed native stole by Cecil Cook in A1/1 1932/4262.
103. J. Chas. Genders, The Australian Aborigines (Adelaide, Aborigines' Protection League, 1937), p. 1, typed manuscript in the Mortlock Library, Adelaide. A copy of this document is also available in the E.P. Elkin Papers, Box 96 Item 25 (University of Sydney Archives).
104. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates (hereafter CPD), vol.116, 20 October 1927, p. 116; and Roe, "A Model Aboriginal State", p.43.
105. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates (hereafter CPD), vol.116, 20 October 1927, p. 116; and Roe, "A Model Aboriginal State", p.43.
106. Makin, CPD, vol.118, 18 May 1928, pp.5048-5049. For Needham's opinions see "An Aboriginal Reserve", Advertiser, 2 April 1925.
107. Makin, CPD, vol.118, 18 May 1928, pp.5048-5049. For Needham's opinions see "An Aboriginal Reserve", Advertiser, 2 April 1925.
108. "Aborigines Want Racial Equality", SMH, 15 November 1927.
109. David Horton, ed., The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture, Vol.2 (Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1994), p.672.
110. Heather Goodall, Invasion to Embassy: Land in Aboriginal Politics in New South Wales, 1770-1972 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996), pp. 166-168.
111. "Segregation of Aborigines", SMH, 23 November 1927.
112. Black Man's Burden", West Australian, 10 March 1928.
113. Report to Advisory Council of Aborigines, Visit to Point McLeay Mission December 16th to 20th 1927, in the Department of Aboriginal Affairs Records on The Advisory Council of Aborigines Correspondence Files, GRG 52/10/1927/9 (Public Records Office of South Australia, Adelaide).
114. Andrew Markus, "William Cooper and the 1937 Petition to the King", Aboriginal History 7, 1 (1983), pp.46-60; Andrew Markus, ed., Blood From a Stone: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Publications in History, 1986); and Australian Dictionary of Biography CD-ROM.
115. Andrew Markus, "William Cooper and the 1937 Petition to the King", Aboriginal History 7, 1 (1983), pp.46-60; Andrew Markus, ed., Blood From a Stone: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Publications in History, 1986); and Australian Dictionary of Biography CD-ROM.
116. Andrew Markus, "William Cooper and the 1937 Petition to the King", Aboriginal History 7, 1 (1983), pp.46-60; Andrew Markus, ed., Blood From a Stone: William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League (Clayton, Victoria: Monash Publications in History, 1986); and Australian Dictionary of Biography CD-ROM.
117. Russell McGregor, "Protest and Progress: Aboriginal Activism in the 1930s", Australian Historical Studies 25, 101 (1993), p. 562.
118. "Welfare of Aborigines", Advertiser, 31 May 1928; and "Save the Aborigines Movement", Register, 1 June 1928.
119. "Welfare of Aborigines", Advertiser, 31 May 1928; and "Save the Aborigines Movement", Register, 1 June 1928.
120. "Homeless Outcasts", Advertiser, 1 June 1928.
121. J. Chas Genders, "The Aborigines", Register, 2 June 1928.
122. See Hampton and Mattingley, Survival In Our Own Land, pp. 184-186.
123. "Save the Aborigines Movement", Register, 1 June 1928.
124. Australian Aboriginals: A Statement by the Aborigines ' Protection League Explaining its Basic Principles and Discussing Statements in The Public Press and Recent Reports and Recommendations (Adelaide: The Aborigines' Protection League, 1929), p.7.
125. "Aborigines' Reserve", Register, 15 June 1928.
126. Peggy Brock, "South Australia, in Ann McGrath, ed., Contested Ground: Australian Aborigines Under the British Crown_(Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1995), pp.223-227.
127. Brock, Outback Ghettos, pp.21-62; and Mattingley and Hampton, Survival In Our Own Land, p. 182 and p. 197.
128. Brock, Outback Ghettos, pp.21-62; and Mattingley and Hampton, Survival In Our Own Land, p. 182 and p. 197.
129. "The Aborigines: Native State Wanted", Advertiser, 15 June 1928.
130. "Rights of Aborigines", Argus, 31 January 1929.
131. "Native State: For Aborigines", SMH, 9 February 1929.
132. "Aborigines Native State Opposed", SMH, 12 February 1929.
133. "The Aboriginals and Half-Castes of Central Australia and North Australia", J.W. Bleakley, printed 8 February 1929", Commonwealth Parliamentary Papen, Session 1929, Vol.2, p-30. See also the editorial, Argus, 19 April 1927.
134. "The Aboriginals and Half-Castes of Central Australia and North Australia", J.W. Bleakley, printed 8 February 1929", Commonwealth Parliamentary Papen, Session 1929, Vol.2, p-30. See also the editorial, Argus, 19 April 1927.
135. For an example of this in the late 1930s see Markus, Governing Savages, p.182.
136. "Welfare of Aborigines", Argus, 24 July 1929.
137. Conference of Representatives of Missions, Societies, and Associations Interested in the Welfare of Aboriginals Interested in the Welfare of Aboriginals to Consider the Report and Recommendations Submitted to the Commonwealth Government by J. W. Bleakley, p.10, in the Records of the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs and the Interior, Conference re Aboriginal Welfare, Series number A659/1, item number 44/1/3148 (Australian Archives, Canberra).
138. Basedow, South Australian Parliamentary Debates, 1929, Vol.1, 16 May and 11 June 1929, p.162 and p.286.
139. See Dr. Charles Duguid's Papers, Series 8 Organizational Material, MS 5068 (National Library of Australia, Canberra); and See the Records of the Aborigines' Advancement League, the Minutes of the Protection League, 1938-1940, Volume 1, SRG 250/1 (Mortlock Library, Adelaide).
140. See the comparative study of coloniser and indigenous people relations in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Canada by A. Grenfell Price, White Settlers and Native Peoples (Melbourne: Georgian House, 1950).