Problems of European Union citizenship rights at the periphery

Australian Journal of Politics and History

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 35-51

  Muller, Karis ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033242512     PISSN: 00049522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8497.00052     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. S. Hall considers the position of certain territories of member states whose nationals do not enjoy freedom of movement in the EU, namely the Faroe Islands, Channel Islands, Manx residents, the OCT and Greenland. See S. Hall, Nationality, Migration Rights and Citizenship of the Union (Dordrecht: Matinus Nijhoff, 1995), pp. 23-30.
2. Answer given by Mr Delors on behalf of the Commission to Written Question no. 2315/90 to the Commission of the European Communities, 18 October 1990. Official Journal No. C 107, 1991, item 39,91/C 107/39. An area without a legal border, the Commission is nonetheless hoping to ratify an External Frontiers Convention.
3. Pour une Europe des droits civiques et sociaux, Rapport du comité des Sages, Proposition VII and XIII (Luxembourg: Office des publications officielles des Communautés, 1996), p. 23.
4. See, for example, E. Guild, "The Legal Framework of Citizenship of the European Union", in U. Cesarani and M. Fulbrook, eds, Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 30-53, and Jo Shaw, "European Citizenship: The IGC and Beyond", European Integration online Papers, Vol. 1, No. 003 (1997) at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/eiop.htm. See also a briefing paper of January 1996 on European citizenship produced by the European Parliament, at: http://www.europarl.eu.int/dg7/fiches/en/fiche10htm#11.
5. See, for example, E. Guild, "The Legal Framework of Citizenship of the European Union", in U. Cesarani and M. Fulbrook, eds, Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 30-53, and Jo Shaw, "European Citizenship: The IGC and Beyond", European Integration online Papers, Vol. 1, No. 003 (1997) at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/eiop.htm. See also a briefing paper of January 1996 on European citizenship produced by the European Parliament, at: http://www.europarl.eu.int/dg7/fiches/en/fiche10htm#11.
6. See, for example, E. Guild, "The Legal Framework of Citizenship of the European Union", in U. Cesarani and M. Fulbrook, eds, Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 30-53, and Jo Shaw, "European Citizenship: The IGC and Beyond", European Integration online Papers, Vol. 1, No. 003 (1997) at http://eiop.or.at/eiop/eiop.htm. See also a briefing paper of January 1996 on European citizenship produced by the European Parliament, at: http://www.europarl.eu.int/dg7/fiches/en/fiche10htm#11.
7. e.g. S. Peers, "Towards Equality: Actual and Potential Rights of Third-Country Nationals in the European Union", Common Market Law Review 33 (1996), pp. 7-50.
8. Citizens of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba vote in European elections only if they have lived in the European part of the kingdom for a minimum of ten years and are on the electoral roll, have lived in a member state for a certain time, or are officials on a posting.
9. Falkland Islanders vote in European elections only if they are on the electoral register of a member state (e.g. having been born there); they can vote in person, by proxy or by post. They cannot vote if they are merely present in the UK at the time of an election.
10. The Council of Europe (1949) by January 1996 included thirty-nine European nations. Its objectives are mainly to support European culture and defend human rights. The Palace of Human Rights in Strasbourg (1959) hosts the European Court and Commission of Human Rights, which hear appeals by individuals who believe themselves to be victims of a breach of the Human Rights Convention, signed by thirty-two of the thirty-nine member states of the Council of Europe. The procedure for taking a complaint through first the Commission of Human Rights and then the Court is explained in L. Clements, European Human Rights, Taking a Case Under the Convention (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1994).
11. The Labour Government promised to incorporate the European Convention into national law, so that violations of human rights under the Convention can then be heard in the High Courts of London, Belfast or Edinburgh, instead of having to resort to the expense and long wait (often over six years) involved in taking a case to the ECHR.
12. Council of Europe, European Commission of Human Rights, Decision as to the Admissibility of Application No. 24833/94 by Denise Matthews against the United Kingdom, dated 16 April 1996. See also Daily Telegraph, 18 April 1996.
13. Council of Europe, European Commission of Human Rights, Decision as to the Admissibility of Application No. 24833/94 by Denise Matthews against the United Kingdom, dated 16 April 1996. See also Daily Telegraph, 18 April 1996.
14. ABC, (Madrid), 23 January 1997, Guardian, The Times (London) and La Libre Belgique (Brussels), 29 January 1997, European (London), 30 January 1997.
15. ABC, (Madrid), 23 January 1997, Guardian, The Times (London) and La Libre Belgique (Brussels), 29 January 1997, European (London), 30 January 1997.
16. ABC, (Madrid), 23 January 1997, Guardian, The Times (London) and La Libre Belgique (Brussels), 29 January 1997, European (London), 30 January 1997.
17. ABC, (Madrid), 23 January 1997, Guardian, The Times (London) and La Libre Belgique (Brussels), 29 January 1997, European (London), 30 January 1997.
18. Speech by the Hon. P. R. Caruana. The statement is not quite accurate as we noted earlier; the Dutch citizens of the overseas parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands cannot vote either, as they do not live on EU territory.
19. Gibraltar Chronicle, 25 September 1997.
20. House of Lords, Hansard, 24 June 1998.
21. House of Lords, Hansard, 12 October 1998. (Part of this was broadcast on the BBC News, London, 14 October 1998.) Lord Bethel is misinformed in some respects: the Canary islanders do contribute to the EC budget; the overseas Dutch do not normally vote in the EP elections; non-French Europeans in the French overseas territories and Territorial Collectivities cannot vote either.
22. Speech by the Chief Minister, the Hon P. R. Carunana, to the European Atlantic group, House of Commons, 24 November 1997. Government of Gibraltar Press Release no. 58/98, 30 March 1998. The Times, London, 29 June 1998.
23. Speech by the Chief Minister, the Hon P. R. Carunana, to the European Atlantic group, House of Commons, 24 November 1997. Government of Gibraltar Press Release no. 58/98, 30 March 1998. The Times, London, 29 June 1998.
24. Term used to describe all the French overseas dependencies, the DOM alone being in the EU.
25. For example in Mayotte the participation rate is never above thirty per cent.
26. MP Alexander Léontieff, Assemblée nationale, 16 June 1989.
27. Haut Commissariat de la République française en Polynésie française, "L'Europe et les Territoires d'outre-mer: aspects institutionnels et fonctionnels, 25 février 1994," and Haut Commissariat de la République française en Polynésie française, "Compte-rendu de la réunion du groupe de travail du 6 janvier 1995 sur les relations PTOM-CEE".
28. Haut Commissariat de la République française en Polynésie française, "L'Europe et les Territoires d'outre-mer: aspects institutionnels et fonctionnels, 25 février 1994," and Haut Commissariat de la République française en Polynésie française, "Compte-rendu de la réunion du groupe de travail du 6 janvier 1995 sur les relations PTOM-CEE".
29. Assemblée Territoriale de la Polynésie française, "Rapport portant avis de l'Assemblée Territoriale sur le projet de décision d'association des Pays et Territoires d'Outre-Mer (PTOM) et de la Communauté Economique Européenne (CEE), Papeete, le 6 mai 1991".
30. Gaston Flosse, interview in La Dépêche, Tahiti, 20 February 1997.
31. Loi organique no. 96-312 du 12 avril 1996 portant statut d'autonomie de la Polynésie française, Journal officiel de la République française, 13 avril 1996.
32. Les Nouvelles calédoniennes, (Noumea) 6 February 1997.
33. Ibid., 13 February 1997.
34. e.g. ibid., 29 May 1989, 20 August 1992.
35. French Senate, "Rapport d'Information sur l'avenir de l'association des Pays et Territoires d'Outre-mer à la Communauté européenne", par M. Daniel Millaud, Sénateur, 9 June 1995.
36. French Senate, Journal officiel, 15 November 1984. While nine of the fifteen member states are a single constituency for European electoral purposes, all the others are small and on mainland Europe. Only France, the largest member state, has part of its single constituency overseas.
37. Quito Braun-Ortega, "Conseil économique, social et culturel, Séance informelle du 27 août 1992, Traité de Maastricht". In 1958, when the EEC was small and the associated territories much larger, France had promised its African colonies representation both in the then Assembly and in the French delegation in Brussels; see le Figaro, Paris, 8 April 1958.
38. Quito Braun-Ortega, "Conseil économique, social et culturel, Séance informelle du 27 août 1992, Traité de Maastricht". In 1958, when the EEC was small and the associated territories much larger, France had promised its African colonies representation both in the then Assembly and in the French delegation in Brussels; see le Figaro, Paris, 8 April 1958.
39. RFO Tahiti, 23 June 1994.
40. A Paris court ruled on 15 December 1998 that the availability of the Internet and Minitel to obtain information about voting trends from outside France discriminated against those not able use the electronic media, and hence contravened the European Convention of Human Rights. Therefore the 1997 law prohibiting the publication of such information was no longer valid. Libération, Paris, 16 December 1998.
41. Senator Millaud denounced the incoherence of permitting TOM citizens to vote for the EP at a Senate committee meeting, 4 December 1996. See http://www.seat.fr/rap/r96-1233.html.
42. RFO Tahiti, 16 September 1992.
43. Ibid., 18 September 1992. Temaru noted the absurdity of the timing of elections in Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes, 21 August 1992.
44. Ibid., 18 September 1992. Temaru noted the absurdity of the timing of elections in Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes, 21 August 1992.
45. Conseil économique, social et culturel, Papeete. Assemblée plenière, Séance informelle du 27 août, 1992.
46. Assemblée Nationale, Rapport d'Information ... sur le mode d'élection des membres du Parlement européen, par M. Henri Nallet, Député, 25 juin 1998. Assemblée Nationale, Commission des lois constitutionnelles, de la l'administration générale de la République, compte rendu no. 70, 1 juillet 1998. Assemblée Nationale, Rapport ... relative à l'élection des représentants au Parlement européen, par M. Marc Dolez, Député, 10 juillet 1998.
47. Assemblée Nationale, Rapport d'Information ... sur le mode d'élection des membres du Parlement européen, par M. Henri Nallet, Député, 25 juin 1998. Assemblée Nationale, Commission des lois constitutionnelles, de la l'administration générale de la République, compte rendu no. 70, 1 juillet 1998. Assemblée Nationale, Rapport ... relative à l'élection des représentants au Parlement européen, par M. Marc Dolez, Député, 10 juillet 1998.
48. During a discussion on the forthcoming Intergovernmental Conference a politician from one of the DOM asked the French Assembly (13 March 1996) to ensure that the millions of overseas French were represented by creating constituencies in the DOMTOMs. See http://www.easynet.fr/antilles/politiq/gov/96/confcee.htm.
49. See Y. N. Soysal, ́Changing Citizenship in Europé, in Cesarani and Fulbrook, eds, Citizenship, Nationality and Migration, pp. 17-29.
50. The 1994 EP elections saw a participation rate of 52.7% in France as a whole (admittedly better than the UK's rate of 26.4%).
51. Personal letter from Dr Garcia, leader of the Liberal Party, 4 July 1997.
52. See e.g. El Païs, Madrid, 6 December 1998.
53. The Noumea Accord states that there will be a progressive recognition of a citizenship of New Caledonia, which may later become a new nationality. On 12 October 1998 the new Senator of French Polynesia held a Press Conference on the future statute of his Territory, having just returned from discussions in Paris. La Dépêche, Tahiti, 1, 13 October 1998.
54. Tahiti-Pacifique, no. 91, November 1998.
55. House of Commons, London, Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, Third Special Report, Dependent Territories Review: session 1997-8, May 1998.
56. British Governance News Review, London, Issue 2, Spring 1998.
57. Antje Wiener, "(Staats)Bürgerschaft ohne Staat, Ortsbezogene Partizipationsmuster am Beispiel der Europäischen Union", PROKLA (Berlin) 4 (1996), pp. 497-513.