Face categorization, graded priming, and the mediating influences of similarity

Social Cognition

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 367-389

  Zárate, Michael A ^a   Sanders, James D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033236974     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.1999.17.4.367     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Barsalou, L. W. (1990). Access and inference in categorization. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 268-271.
2. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Brooks, L. R. (1987). Decentralized control of cognition: The role of prior processing episodes. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Concepts and conceptual development (pp. 141-174). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
4. Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R, (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 184-210). New York: Guilford.
5. Carpenter, S. (1993). Organization of in-group and out-group information: The influence of gender-role orientation. Social Cognition, 11, 70-91.
6. Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R. B. (1986). Racial stereotypes: The content of their cognitive representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 22-37.
7. Elliott, S. W., & Anderson, J. R. (1995). Effect of memory decay on predictions from changing categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 815-836.
8. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1-74.
9. Hampton, J. A. (1995). Testing the prototype theory of concepts. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 686-708.
10. Hintzman, D. L. (1986). "Schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93, 411-428.
11. Homa, D., Sterling, S., & Trepel, L. (1981). Limitation of exemplar-based generalization and the abstraction of categorical information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 418-439.
12. Jacoby, L. L. (1983). Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of an experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 21-38.
13. Jacoby, L. L., & Kelley, C. M. (1987). Unconscious influences of memory for a prior event. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 314-336.
14. Kraus, S., Ryan, C. S., Judd, C. M., Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1993). Use of mental frequency distributions to represent variability among members of social categories. Social Cognition, 11, 22-43.
15. Kruschke, J. K. (1992). ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review, 99, 22-44.
16. Light, L. L., La Voie, D., & Kennison, R. (1995). Repetition priming of nonwords in young and older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 327-346.
17. Linville, P. W., & Fischer, G. W. (1993). Exemplar and abstraction models of perceived group variability and stereotypicality. Social Cognition, 11, 92-125.
18. Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived distributions of the characteristics of ingroup and outgroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 165-188.
19. Logan, G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492-527.
20. Logan, G. D. (1990). Repetition priming and automaticity: Common underlying mechanisms? Cognitive Psychology, 22, 1-35.
21. Malt, B. C. (1989). An on-line investigation of prototype and exemplar strategies in classification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 539-555.
22. Masson, M. E. J. (1995). A distributed memory model of semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 3-23.
23. McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Spreading activation versus compound cue accounts of priming: Mediated priming revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1155-1172.
24. Medin, D. L., & Schaffer, M. M. (1978). Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review, 85, 207-238.
25. Medin, D. L., & Smith, E. E. (1981). Strategies and classification learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 241-253.
26. Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence of retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90, 227-234.
27. Mullen, B. (1991). Group composition, salience, and cognitive representations: The phenomenology of being in a group. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 297-323.
28. Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
29. Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects on visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Nosofsky, R. M. (1986). Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 39-57.
31. Nosofsky, R. M. (1987). Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 87-108.
32. Park, B., & Hastie, R. (1987). Perception of variability in category development: Instance versus abstraction-based stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 621-635.
33. Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Ryan, C. (1991). Measures and models of perceived group variability. European Review of Social Psychology, 2, 211-245.
34. Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1968). On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 304-308.
35. Read, S. J. (1987). Similarity and causality in the use of social analogies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 189-207.
36. Rips, L. J., Shoben, E. J., & Smith, E. E. (1973). Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 1-20.
37. Roediger, H. L., III (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
38. Rosch, E. H. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 192-233.
39. Ross, B. H. (1984). Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 371-416.
40. Rothbart, M., Sriram, N., & Davis-Stitt, C. (1996). The retrieval of typical and atypical category members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 309-336.
41. Schul, Y., & Burnstein, E. (1990). Judging the typicality of an instance: Should the category be accessed first? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 964-974.
42. Sedikides, C., & Ostrom, T. M. (Eds). (1993). Perceptions of group variability. [Special Issue] Social Cognition, 11.
43. Sherman, J. W. (1996). Development and mental representation of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1126-1141.
44. Smith, E. R., & Zárate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3-21.
45. Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B., & Musen, G. (1993). The structure and organization of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 453-495.
46. Stangor, C., & Lange, J. E. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in understanding stereotypes and stereotyping. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 357-416.
47. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 207-218.
48. Stroessner, S. J. (1996). Social categorization by race or sex: Effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times. Social Cognition, 14, 247-276.
49. Tenpenny, P. L. (1995). Abstractionist versus episodic theories of repetition priming and word identification. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 339-363.
50. Theios, J., & Amrhein, P. C. (1989). Theoretical analysis of the cognitive processing of lexical and pictorial stimuli: Reading, naming, and visual and conceptual comparisons. Psychological Review, 96, 5-24.
51. Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems. Science, 247, 301-306.
52. Whittlesea, B, W. A., & Dorken, M. D. (1993). Incidentally, things in general are particularly determined: An episodic-processing account of implicit learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 227-248.
53. Zarate, M. A., & Smith, E. R. (1990). Person categorization and stereotyping. Social Cognition, 8, 161-185.
54. Zárate, M. A., Bonilla, S., & Luévano, M. (1995). Ethnic influences on exemplar retrieval and stereotyping. Social Cognition, 13, 145-162.