Ethics challenges: Health, safety and accessibility in international travel and tourism

Public Personnel Management

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 595-614

  Richter, Linda K ^a   Richter, William L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033236764     PISSN: 00910260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009102609902800408     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. 1 WTO News, May 1997, p. 1.
2. 2 Richter, Linda K., "State-Sponsored Tourism Development: A Growth Field for Public Administration," Public Administration Review, Vol. 45, No. 6, November-December 1985, pp. 832-839.
3. 3 Richter, Linda K., and William L. Richter, "Tourism Development: Public Sector Careers for the 21st Century," paper presented at the American Society for Public Administration annual meeting, Indianapolis, March 23-27, 1985.
4. 4 Crosby, Alfred., America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
5. 5 WTO News, May,1997, p. 1.
6. 6 "Third International Conference on Senior Tourism," brochure, 1999.
7. 7 Travel Smart, Nov. 15, 1997:1, 8; Dec. 15, 1998, p. 16.
8. 7 Travel Smart, Nov. 15, 1997:1, 8; Dec. 15, 1998, p. 16.
9. 8 "Third International Conference on Senior Tourism," brochure, 1999.
10. 9 Pelton, Robert Young, Coskun Aral, and Wink Dulles, Fielding's The World's Most Dangerous Places, Third Edition (Redondo Beach, CA: Fielding Worldwide, 1998), p. 7.
11. 10 "The Coming Plagues," World Press Review, November 1998.
12. 11 Personal observation by Linda Richter as member of National Travel and Tourism Advisory Board, Washington, D.C., 1990-1994.
13. 12 Richter, Linda K., "Health Issues in International Tourism: Policy Prescriptions for the 21st Century," a paper presented at the International Academy for the Study of Tourism Meeting in Zagreb, Croatia, June 27-July 3, 1999.
14. 13 Peters, Guy, American Public Policy, Fifth Edition (New York: Chatham House, 1999), pp. 421-436.
15. 14 Preston, Robert, "The Demon in the Freezer," The New Yorker, July 12, 1999, pp. 44-61.
16. 15 Richter, Linda K., The Politics of Tourism in Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989).
17. 16 ECPAT Newsletter, Vol. XII, No. 1, February, 1999, Philippines, p. 11.
18. 17 Rawls, John, A Theory Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
19. 18 Richter, Linda K., Land Reform and Tourism Development: Policy-Making in the Philippines (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1982).
20. 19 Pirages, Dennis, and Paul Runci, "Ecological Interdependence and the Spread of Infectious Diseases," in Maryann K. Cusimano, ed., Beyond Sovereignty (New York: St. Martin, 2000), pp. 173-194.
21. 20 Pelton, Aral, and Dulles, Fielding's The World's Most Dangerous Places, p. 9.
22. 21 Bok, Sissela, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (New York; Vintage, 1979); Bok, Sissela, Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation (New York: Vintage, 1984).
23. 21 Bok, Sissela, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life (New York; Vintage, 1979); Bok, Sissela, Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation (New York: Vintage, 1984).
24. 22 Tidwell, Michael, "Who Can You Trust?," Travel Weekly, May, 1998, pp. 46, 49-51.
25. 23 Hirschman, Albert, Exit, Voice, Loyalty (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977).
26. 24 "Channels for Dialogue in the State Department," in William L. Richter, Frances Burke, and Jameson W. Doig, eds., Combating Corruption/Encouraging Ethics: A Sourcebook for Public Service Ethics (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Public Administration, 1990), pp. 224-228.
27. 25 "Fortress WHO: Breaking the Ramparts for Health's Sake," Lancet, No. 8944, January 28, 1995, pp. 203-204.
28. 26 WTO News, February-March, 1999, p. 12.
29. 27 Michael Lipsky, Street Level Bureaucrats (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1980).
30. 28 Fielding's The World's Most Dangerous Places, Third Edition.
31. 29 While the scope of this article does not allow space for discussion of faculty activities abroad - including research, consulting, lecturing, participation in international conferences, and other - it is helpful to note that they are a sizeable component of university international travel. Some of the issues discussed here with respect to students apply to faculty as well. Similarly, some of the observations concerning hosting international students apply to exchange faculty and visiting international scholars.
32. 30 Davis, Todd M., ed., Open Doors, 1997-98: Report on International Educational Exchange (New York: Institute of International Education, 1998), pp. 89-90.
33. 31Travel Smart, December 5, 1998, p. 16.
34. 32 Amy Magaro Rubin, "Students with Disabilities Press Colleges to Help Them Take Part in Foreign Study," The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 27, 1996, p. A47.
35. 33 "Ethics and Internet to Highlight General Assembly," WTO News, July-August-September, 1999, p. 15.
36. 34 Lancet, 1995, p. 203.
37. 35 "Fortress WHO: Breaking the Ramparts for Health's Sake," Lancet, No. 8944, January 28, 1995, p. 202.
38. 36 Pirages, Dennis, and Paul Runci, "Ecological Interdependence and the Spread of Infectious Diseases," in Maryann K. Cusimano, ed., Beyond Sovereignty (New York: St. Martin, 2000), p. 189.
39. 37 "E. Coli Outbreak Leads to Lawsuit," Kansas City Star, September 19, 1999, p. A15.
40. 38 Pirages, Dennis, and Paul Runci, "Ecological Interdependence and the Spread of Infectious Diseases," in Maryann K. Cusimano, ed., Beyond Sovereignty (New York: St. Martin, 2000), pp. 173-194.
41. 39 Morse, Stephen, "Too Close for Our Own Good," Washington Post, November 30, 1997, as cited in Pirages and Runci, in Cusimani, ed., Beyond Sovereignty, p. 189.
42. 39 Morse, Stephen, "Too Close for Our Own Good," Washington Post, November 30, 1997, as cited in Pirages and Runci, in Cusimani, ed., Beyond Sovereignty, p. 189.
43. 40 Kansas City Star, September 21, 1999.
44. 41 "Bill of Rights and Responsibilities for International Students and Institutions," available from AACRO, One Dupont Circle, NW, Washington, DC 20036.
45. 42 Discussion sessions at annual meetings of the Association of International Education Administrators, Monterrey, CA, February 20, 1998, and Merida, Mexico, February 12, 1999.
46. 43 Richter, William L., Frances Burke, and Jameson W. Doig, eds., Combating Corruption/Encouraging Ethics: A Sourcebook for Public Service Ethics (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Public Administration, 1990), pp. 217-246.
47. 44 Http://travel.state.gov/studentinfo.html. For the WHO and CDC web sites, see www.who.int and www.cdc.gov, respectively.
48. 45 For example: (A.2.) "Program sponsors should provide health and safety information for prospective participants...;" (A.3.) "Provide clear information concerning aspects of home campus services and conditions that cannot be replicated at overseas locations;" (A.4.) "Provide orientation to participants prior to the program;" (A.10.) "Communicate applicable codes of conduct and the consequences of noncompliance to participants." "Responsible Study Abroad: Health and Safety Guidelines," photocopy.
49. 46 Amy Magaro Rubin, "Students with Disabilities Press Colleges to Help Them Take Part in Foreign Study," The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 27, 1996, p. A48. Mobility International's list of member organizations in their Roundtable Consortium may be found on their web page at www.miusa.org/rtc.htm.
50. 47 Richard C. Kast, "Liability Issues: In Loco Parentis and the Reasonable Person," International Educator (Fall 1997/Winter 1998), pp. 27-32.
51. 48 "Responsible Study Abroad: Health and Safety Guidelines," paragraph A.8.
52. 49 See, for instance, Eileen Seidman, "Vulnerability Assessment: A Three-Letter Word," The Bureaucrat, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 1983), pp. 32-34;
53. reprinted in Richter, Burke, and Doig, eds., Combating Corruption/Encouraging Ethics: A Sourcebook for Public Service Ethics (Washington, D.C.: American Society for Public Administration, 1990), pp. 161-164
54. 50 www.uga.edu/oie/y2kstudent.htm
55. 51 The Health and Safety Guidelines urge universities to "Provide appropriate and ongoing health and safety training for program directors and staff, including guidelines with respect to intervention and referral, and working within the limitations of their own competencies." Responsible Study Abroad: Health and Safety Guidelines, paragraph A.9.
56. 52 Walter, Robert J. "Public Employers' Potential Liability from Negligence in Hiring Decisions," Public Administration Review, Vol. 52, No. 5, 491-495.
57. 53 Richter, Linda K., "After Political Turmoil: The Lessons of Rebuilding Tourism in Three Asian Countries," Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 1 (August 1999), 41-46.