The effect of psychological stress and tolerance of ambiguity on stereotypic attributions

Anxiety, Stress and Coping

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 397-410

  Friedland, Nehemia ^a   Keinan, Giora ^a   Tytiun, Talia ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Psychological stress; Stereotyping; Tolerance of ambiguity

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033236619     PISSN: 10615806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10615809908249318     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Allport, G. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Addison Wesley.
2. Anderson, S.M., Klatzky, R.L. and Murray, J. (1990). Traits and social stereotypes: Efficiency differences in social information processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 192-201.
3. Baron, R.S., Inman, M.L., Kao, C.F. and Logan, H. (1992). Negative emotion and superficial social processing. Motivation and Emotion, 16, 323-346.
4. Beck, A.T. (1993). Cognitive approaches to stress. In P.M. Lehrer and R.L. Woolfolk (eds.), Principles and Practice of Stress Management (pp. 333-372). New York: Guilford Press.
5. Bodenhausen, G.V. (1990). Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Psychological Science, 1, 319-322.
6. Bodenhausen, G.V. (1993). Emotions, arousal, and stereotypic judgments: A heuristic model of affect and stereotyping. In D.M. Mackie and D.L. Hamilton (eds.), Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception (pp. 13-37). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
7. Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30, 29-50.
8. Campbell, J.D. and Tesser, A. (1983). Motivational interpretations of hindsight bias: An individual differences analysis. Journal of Social Psychology, 120, 235-243.
9. Cohen, S., Evans, G.W., Stokols, D. and Krantz, D.S. (1986). Behavior, Health and Environmental Stress. New York: Plenum.
10. Easterbrook, J.A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
11. Friedland, N. and Keinan, G. (1991). The effects of stress, ambiguity tolerance and trait anxiety on the formation of causal relationships. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 88-107.
12. Friedland, N., Keinan, G. and Regev, Y. (1992). Controlling the uncontrollable: Effects of stress on illusory perceptions of controllability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1-9.
13. Folkman, S. and Lazarus, R.S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of collegeexamination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.
14. Gilbert, D.T. and Hixon, G.J. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509-517.
15. Hamilton, D.L. and Rose, T.L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832-845.
16. Hamilton, D.L. and Trolier, T.K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J.F. Dovidio and S.L. Gaertner (eds.), Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism (pp. 127-163). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
17. Hamilton, V. (1982). Cognition and stress: An information processing model. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects (pp. 105-120). New York: Free Press.
18. Hoffman, C., Mischel, W. and Mazze, K. (1981). The role of purpose in the organization of information about behavior: Trait-based vs. goal-based categories in person cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 211-225.
19. Janis, I.L. (1993). Decision-making under stress. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects (pp. 56-74). New York: Free Press.
20. Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and Affect. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
21. Keinan, G. (1987). Decision-making under stress: Scanning of alternatives under controllable and uncontrollable threats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 639-644.
22. Keinan, G. (1994). Effects of stress and tolerance of ambiguity on magical thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 48-55.
23. Keinan, G., Friedland, N. and Arad, L. (1991). Chunking and integration: Effects of stress on the restructuring of information. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 133-145.
24. Keinan, G., Friedland, N. and Even Haim, G. The effect of stress and self-esteem on social stereotyping. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (in press).
25. Kim, H.S. and Baron, R.S. (1988). Exercise and illusory correlation: Does arousal heighten stereotypic processing? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 366-380.
26. Klein, G. (1996). The effect of acute stressors on decision making. In J.E. Driskell and E. Salas (eds.), Stress and Human Performance (pp. 49-88). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer.
28. Macdonald, A. (1970). Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 26, 791-798.
29. Mandler, G. (1982). Stress and thought processes. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects (pp. 88-104). New York: Free Press.
30. McPherson, K. (1983). Opinion-related information seeking: Personal and situational variables. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 116-124.
31. Mechanic, D. (1962). Students Under Stress. New York: Free Press.
32. Meichenbaum, D. (1985). Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press.
33. Paulman, R.G. and Kennelly, K.J. (1984). Test anxiety and ineffective test taking: Different names, same construct. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 279-288.
34. Sarason, I.G. (1986). Test anxiety, worry and cognitive interference. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-related Cognitions in Anxiety and Motivation (pp. 19-34). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Sarason, I.G. (1988). Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention. Anxiety Research: An International Journal, 1, 3-7.
36. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L. and Lushene, R.C. (1970). Test Manual for the State-trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychological Press.
37. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79-97.
38. Teichman, Y. and Melinek, C. (1978). Manual for the Hebrew State-trait Anxiety Inventory. Tel Aviv, Israel: Tel Aviv University.
39. Tobias, S. (1985). Test anxiety: Cognitive interference, defective skills and cognitive capacity. Educational Psychologist, 20(3), 135-142.
40. Tobias, S. (1986). Anxiety and cognitive processing of instructions. In R. Schwarzer (ed.), Self-related Cognitions in Anxiety and Motivation (pp. 35-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
41. Wickens, C.D. (1984). Processing resources in attention. In R. Parasuraman and D.R. Davis (eds.), Attention and Performance Vol. IV (pp. 63-102). London: Academic Press.
42. Wilder, D.A. (1993). The role of anxiety in facilitating stereotypic judgments of outgroup behavior. In D.M. Mackie and D.L. Hamilton (eds.). Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception (pp. 87-109). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
43. Wilder, D.A. and Simon, A.F. (1996). Incidental and integral affect as triggers of stereotyping. In R.M. Sorrentino and E.T. Higgins (eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition (pp. 397-419). New York: Guilford.
44. Wine, J. (1982). Evaluations of anxiety: A cognitive attentional construct. In H.W. Krohne and L. Laux (eds.), Achievement, Stress and Anxiety (pp. 207-219). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
45. Wright, P. (1974). The harassed decision maker: Time pressure, distractions, and the use of evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 555-561.
46. Yinon, A. (1987). Epistemic ideology and its influence on information processing. Tel Aviv University (unpublished doctoral dissertation).