Use of two profilers during MCTEX for unambiguous identification of Bragg scattering and Rayleigh Scattering

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 56, Issue 21, 1999, Pages 3679-3691

  Gage, Kenneth S ^a   Williams, Christopher R ^b   Ecklund, Warner L ^b   Johnston, Paul E ^b  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; MEASUREMENT METHOD; SCATTERING; TURBULENCE;

EID: 0033226574     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3679:UOTPDM>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Atlas, D., R. C. Srivastava, and R. S. Sekhon, 1973: Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 11, 1-35.
2. Balsley, B. B., and K. S. Gage, 1982: On the use of radars for operational wind profiling. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 63, 1009-1018.
3. Battan, L. J., 1973: Radar Observation of the Atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, 324 pp.
4. Carter, D. A., K. S. Gage, W. L. Ecklund, W. M. Angevine, P. E. Johnston, A. C. Riddle, J. S. Wilson, and C. R. Williams, 1995: Developments in UHF lower tropospheric wind profiling at NOAA's Aeronomy Laboratory. Radio Sci., 30, 977-1001.
5. Crane, R. K., 1980: A review of radar observations of turbulence in the lower stratosphere. Radio Sci., 15, 177-193.
6. Currier, P. E., S. K. Avery, B. B. Balsley, K. S. Gage, and W. L. Ecklund, 1992: Combined use of the 50 MHz and 915 MHz wind profilers in the estimation of raindrop size distributions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1017-1020.
7. Ecklund, W. L., D. A. Carter, and B. B. Balsley, 1988: A UHF wind profiler for the boundary layer: Brief description and initial results. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 432-441.
8. _, _, _, P. E. Currier, J. L. Green, B. L. Weber, and K. S. Gage, 1990: Field tests of a lower tropospheric wind profiler, Radio Sci., 25, 899-906.
9. _, K. S. Gage, and C. R. Williams, 1995: Tropical precipitation studies using a 915-MHz wind profiler. Radio Sci., 30, 1055-1064.
10. _, C. R. Williams, P. E. Johnston, and K. S. Gage, 1999: A 3-GHz Profiler for precipitating cloud studies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 16, 309-322.
11. Gage, K. S., 1990: Radar observation of the free atmosphere: Structure and dynamics. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 534-565.
12. _, and B. B. Balsley, 1978: Doppler radar probing of the clear atmosphere. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 59, 1074-1093.
13. _, and _, 1980: On the scattering and reflection mechanisms contributing to clear air radar echoes from the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Radio Sci., 15, 243-257.
14. _, C. R. Williams, and W. L. Ecklund, 1994: UHF wind profilers: A new tool for diagnosing tropical convective cloud systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 2289-2294.
15. _, _, and _, 1996: Application of the 915 MHz profiler for diagnosing and classifying tropical precipitating cloud systems. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 59, 141-151.
16. Gossard, E. E., 1988: Measuring drop-size distributions in clouds with a clear-air-sensing Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 640-649.
17. _, and R. G. Strauch, 1981: The refractive index spectra within clouds from forward-scatter radar observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 170-183.
18. _, R. B. Chadwick, T. R. Detman, and J. E. Gaynor, 1984a: Capability of surface-based clear-air Doppler radar for monitoring meteorological structure of elevated layers. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 474-485.
19. _, W. D. Neff, R. J. Zamora, and J. E. Gaynor, 1984b: The fine structure of elevated refractive layers: Implications for over-the-horizon propagation and radar sounding systems. Radio Sci., 19, 1523-1533.
20. _, R. G. Strauch, and R. R. Rogers, 1990: Evolution of dropsize distribution in liquid precipitation observed by ground-based Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 815-828.
21. _, _, D. C. Welsh, and S. Y. Matrosov, 1992: Cloud layers, particle identification, and rain-rate profiles from ZRV, measurements by clear-air Doppler radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 9, 108-119.
22. Hardy, K. R., and K. S. Gage, 1990: History of radar studies of the clear atmosphere. Radar in Meteorology, D. Atlas, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 130-142.
23. Hill, R. J., 1978: Spectra of fluctuations in refractivity, temperature, humidity, and the temperature-humidity cospectrum in the inertial and dissipation ranges. Radio Sci., 13, 953-961.
24. _, and S. F. Clifford, 1978: Modified spectrum of atmospheric temperature fluctuations and its application to optical propagation. J. Opt. Soc. Amer., 68, 892-899.
25. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 573 pp.
26. Keenan, T., R. Carbone, S. Rutledge, J. Wilson, G. Holland, and P May: 1996: The Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX): Overview and initial results. Preprints, Seventh Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Reading, United Kingdom, 326-328.
27. Knight, C. A., and L. J. Miller, 1993: First radar echoes from cumulus clouds. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 179-188.
28. Ottersten, H., 1969: Atmospheric structure and radar backscattering in clear air. Radio Sci., 4, 1179-1193.
29. Parsons, D., and Coauthors, 1994: The integrated sounding system: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 553-567.
30. Rajopadhyaya, D. K., P. T. May, R. C. Cifelli, S. K. Avery, C. R. Williams, W. L. Ecklund, and K. S. Gage, 1998: The effect of vertical air motions on rain rates and median volume diameter determined from combined UHF and VHF wind profiler measurements and comparisons with rain gauge measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 1306-1319.
31. Ralph, F. M., 1995: Using radar-measured radial vertical velocities to distinguish precipitation scattering from clear-air scattering. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 257-267.
32. Rogers, R. R., and M. K. Yau, 1989: A Short Course in Cloud Physics. 3d ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 290 pp.
33. _, and W. O. J. Brown, 1997: Radar observations of a major industrial fire. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 803-814.
34. _, C. A. Knight, J. D. Tuttle, W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, and S. A. Ethier, 1992: Radar reflectivity of the clear air at wavelengths of 5.5 and 33 cm. Radio Sci., 27, 645-659.
35. _, W. L. Ecklund, D. A. Carter, K. S. Gage, and S. A. Ethier, 1993a: Research applications of a boundary-layer wind profiler. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 567-580.
36. _, D. Baumgardner, S. A. Ethier, D. A. Carter, and W. L. Ecklund, 1993b: Comparison of raindrop size distributions measured by radar wind profiler and by airplane. J. Appl Meteor., 32, 694-699.
37. Tatarskii, V. I., 1971: The effects of the turbulent atmosphere on wave propagation. National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, TT 68-50464, 472 pp. [Available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.]
38. VanZandt, T. E., J. L. Green, K. S. Gage, and W. L. Clark, 1978: Vertical profiles of refractivity turbulence structure constant: Comparison of observations by the Sunset radar with a new theoretical model. Radio Sci., 13, 819-829.
39. Wakasugi, K., A. Mizutani, M. Matsuo, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, 1986: A direct method for deriving drop-size distributions and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 623-629.
40. _, _, _, _, and _, 1987a: Further discussion on deriving drop-size distribution and vertical air velocities directly from VHF Doppler radar spectra. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 170-179.
41. _, B. B. Balsley, and T. L. Clark, 1987b: The VHF Doppler radar as a tool for cloud and precipitation studies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 4, 273-280.
42. Wilczak, J. M., and Coauthors, 1995: Contamination of wind profiler data by migrating birds: Characteristics of corrupted data and potential solutions. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 449-467.
43. Williams, C. R., W. L. Ecklund, and K. S. Gage, 1995: Classification of precipitating clouds in the tropics using 915-MHz wind profilers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 996-1012.
44. Wilson, J. W., T. M. Weckwerth, J. Vivekanandan, R. M. Wakimoto, and R. W. Russell, 1994: Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: Origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1184-1206.