An epidemiological study based on a regional inception cohort, with special reference to disease course and prognosis

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 400-415

  Langholz, Ebbe ^a,b  

^a GENTOFTE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b NONE   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID; MESALAZINE; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE;

CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORTALITY; PROGNOSIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLON TUMOR; DENMARK; FOLLOW UP; PREVALENCE;

COHORT STUDIES; COLITIS, ULCERATIVE; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; DENMARK; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 0033217153     PISSN: 09078916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Nielsen OH, Kreiner S, Binder V. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Copenhagen County from 1962 to 1987. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1247-56.
2. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Colorectal cancer risk and mortality in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1444-51.
3. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Course of ulcerative colitis: analysis of changes in disease activity over years. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 3-11.
4. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Nielsen OH, Binder V. Changes in extent of ulcerative colitis: a study on the course and prognostic factors. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 260-6.
5. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Krasilnikoff PA, Binder V. Inflammatory bowel diseases with onset in childhood: clinical features, morbidity, and mortality in a regional cohort. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32 139-47.
6. Acheson ED, Truelove SC. Early weaning in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a study of feeding in infancy in cases and controls Br Med J 1961; 2: 929-33.
7. Agresti A. Analysis of ordinal categorical Data. New York: Wiley. 1984.
8. Ayres RC, Gillen CD, Walmsley RS, Allan RN. Progression of ulcerative proctosigmoiditis: incidence and factors influencing progression. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 555-8.
9. Bargen JA. Chronic ulcerative colitis associated with malignant disease. Arch Surg 1928; 17: 561-76.
10. Barton JR, Gillon S, Ferguson A. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Scottish children between 1968 and 1983; marginal fall in ulcerative colitis, three-fold rise in Crohn's disease. Gut 1989; 30: 618-22.
11. Barton JR, Ferguson A. Clinical features, morbidity and mortality of Scottish children with inflammatory bowel disease. Q J Med 1990; 75: 423-39.
12. Benoni C, Nilsson Å. Smoking habits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 824-30.
13. Berner J, Kiær T. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease on the Faroe Islands 1964-83. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21: 188-92.
14. Bernstein CN, Shanahan F, Weinstein WM. Are we telling patients the truth about surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis?. Lancet 1994; 343: 71-4.
15. Binder V, Bonnevie O, Gertz TCL, Krasilnikoff PA, Vestermark S, Riis P. Ulcerative colitis in children: treatment, course and prognosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1973; 8: 161-7.
16. Binder V, Both H, Hansen PK, Hendriksen C, Kreiner S, Torp-Pedersen K. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in the County of Copenhagen, 1962 to 1978. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 563-8.
17. Bishop YMM, Fienberg SE, Holland PW. Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. 1975.
18. Blackstone MO, Riddell RH, Rogers BHG, Levin B. Dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in longstanding ulcerative colitis: an indication for colectomy Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 366-74.
19. BMDP Statistical Software Manual. Vol 1 & 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990.
20. Bonnevie O, Riis P, Anthonisen P. An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis in Copenhagen County. Scand J Gastroenterol 1968; 3: 432-8.
21. Bonnevie O, Binder V, Anthonisen P, Riis P. The prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1974; 9: 81-91.
22. Broström O, Monsén U, Nordenwall B, Sörstad J, Hellers G. Prognosis and mortality of ulcerative colitis in Stockholm county, 1955-1979. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987a; 22: 907-13.
23. Broström O, Löfberg R, Nordenwall B, Öst A, Hellers G. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis. An epidemiologic study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987b; 22: 1193-9.
24. Calkins BM, Mendeloff AI. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Epidemiologic Reviews 1986; 8: 60-91.
25. Calkins BM. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1841-54.
26. Castile RG, Telander RL, Cooney DR, Ilstrup DM, Perrault J, van Heerden J, Stickler GB. Crohn's disease in children: assessment of the progression of disease, growth, and prognosis. J Pediatr Surg 1980; 15: 462-9.
27. Chakravarty BJ. Predictors and the rate of medical treatment failure in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 852-5.
28. Chong SKF, Walker-Smith JA. Ulcerative colitis in childhood. J Roy Soc Med 1984; 77 suppl 3: 21-5.
29. Cook MG, Goligher JC. Carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia complicating ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1127-36.
30. Cosgrove M, Al-Atia RF, Jenkins HR. The epidemiology of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Dis Child 1996; 74: 460-1.
31. Cox DR. Regression models and life tables (with discussion). J Roy Stat Soc. Series B. 1972; 34: 187-220.
32. Cancer incidence in Denmark 1985. Danish Cancer Society. Copenhagen: Danish Cancer Registry. 1988.
33. Davies G, Evans CM, Shand WS, Walker-Smith JA. Surgery for Crohn's disease in childhood: influence of site of disease and operative procedure on outcome. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 891-4.
34. Davis JA. A partial coefficient for Goodman and Kruskal's Gamma. J Amer Statist Assoc 1967; 69: 174-80.
35. de Dombal FT, Watts J Mck, Watkinson G, Goligher JC. Local complications of ulcerative colitis: stricture, pseudopolyposis, and carcinoma of colon and rectum. Br Med J 1966; 1: 1442-7.
36. Devlin HB, Datta D, Dellipiani AW. The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in North Tees Health District. World J Surg 1980; 4: 183-93.
37. Devroede GJ, Taylor WF, Sauer WG, Jackman RG, Stickler GB. Cancer risk and life expectancy of children with ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 17-21.
38. Dixon MF, Brown LJR, Gilmour HM, Price AB, Smeeton NC, Talbot IC, Williams GT. Observer variation in the assessment of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Histopathology 1988; 13: 385-97.
39. Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1963; 4: 299-315.
40. Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Part IV: carcinoma of the colon Gut 1964; 5: 15-22.
41. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer: a population based study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1228-33.
42. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Ulcerative proctitis in central Sweden 1965-1983: a population based epidemiological study. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 97-102.
43. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a large, population-based study in Sweden. Gastroenterology 1991a; 100: 350-8.
44. Ekbom A, Helmick CG, Zack M, Holmberg L, Adami HO. Survival and causes of death in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 954-60.
45. Evans JG, Acheson ED. An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis in the Oxford area. Gut 1965; 6: 311-24.
46. Evans JG. Trends in mortality from ulcerative colitis in England and Wales. Gut 1971; 12: 119-22.
47. Farmer RG. Long-term prognosis for patients with ulcerative proctosigmoiditis (ulcerative colitis confined to the rectum and sigmoid colon) J Clin Gastroenterol 1979a; 1: 47-50.
48. Farmer RG, Easley KA, Rankin GB. Clinical patterns, natural history, and progression of ulcerative colitis: a long-term follow-up of 1,116 patients. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1137-46.
49. Ferguson A, Sedgwick DM. Juvenile onset inflammatory bowel disease: height and body mass index in adult life. Br Med J 1994; 308: 1259-63.
50. Fielding JF. "Inflammatory" bowel disease. Br Med J 1985; 290: 47-8.
51. Gabrielsson N, Granquist S, Sundelin P, Thorgeirsson T. Extent of inflammatory lesions in ulcerative colitis assessed by radiology, colonoscopy, and endoscopic biopsies. Gastrointest Radiol 1979; 4: 395-400.
52. Garland CF, Lilienfeld AM, Mendeloff AI, Markowita JA, Terrell KB, Garland FC. Incidence rates of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in fifteen areas of the United States. Gastroenterology 1981, 81: 1115-24.
53. Gilat T, Ribak J, Benaroya Y, Zemishlany Z, Weissman I. Ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv Jafo. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 335-42.
54. Gilat T, Lilos P, Zemishlany Z, Ribak J, Benaroya Y. Ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of Tel-Aviv Yafo III. Clinical course. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 14-9.
55. Gilat T, Hacohen D, Lilos P, Langman JS. Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: an international cooperative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 1009-24.
56. Gilat T, Fireman Z, Grossman A, Hacohen D, Kadish U, Ron E, Rozen P, Lilos P. Colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a population study in central Israel. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 870-7.
57. Goldgraber MB, Kirsner JB. Carcinoma of the colon in ulcerative colitis Cancer 1964; 17: 657-65.
58. Goligher JC, de Dombal FT, Graham NG, Watkinson G. Early surgery in the management of severe ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1967; 3: 193-5.
59. Greenstein AJ, Sachar DB, Smith H, Pucillo A, Papatestas AE, Kreel I, Geller SA, Janowitz HD, Aufses Jr AH. Cancer in universal and leftsided ulcerative colitis: factors determining risk. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 290-4.
60. Griffiths AM, Nguyen P, Smith C, MacMillan JH, Sherman PM. Growth and clinical course of children with Crohn's disease. Gut 1993; 34: 939-43.
61. Grossman A, Fireman Z, Lilos P, Novis B, Rozen P, Gilat T. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in the Jewish Population of Central Israel 1970-1980. Hepato-gastroenterol 1989; 36: 193-7.
62. Gyde S, Prior P, Dew MJ, Saunders V, Waterhouse JAH, Allan RN. Mortality in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 36-43.
63. Gyde SN, Prior P, Allan RN, Stevens A, Jewell DP. Truelove SC, Löfberg R, Broström O, Hellers G Colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a cohort study of primary referrals from three centres. Gut 1988; 29: 206-17.
64. Hale-White W. On simple ulcerative colitis and other rare intestinal ulcers. Guy's Hosp Reports 1888; 45: 131-62.
65. Haug K, Schrumpf E, Barstad S, Fluge G, Halvorsen JF, & The study group of inflammatory bowel disease in western Norway. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in western Norway. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 517-22.
66. Helmholz HF. Chronic ulcerative colitis in childhood. Amer J Dis Child 1923; 26: 418-30.
67. Hendriksen C. Binder V. Social prognosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1980; 320: 581-7.
68. Hendriksen C, Kreiner S, Binder V. Long term prognosis in ulcerative colitis - based on results from a regional patient group from the county of Copenhagen. Gut 1985; 26: 158-63.
69. Hiatt RA, Kaufman L. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a defined Northern California population. West J Med 1988; 149: 541-6.
70. Hildebrand H, Fredrikzon B, Holmquist L, Kristiansson B, Lindquist B. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents in Sweden. J Pedatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991; 13: 293-7
71. Hildebrand H, Brydolf M, Holmquist L, Krantz I, Kristiansson B. Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in children in South-Western Sweden. Acta Pædiatr 1994; 83: 640-5.
72. Hodgson HJF. The natural history of treated ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 300-03.
73. Jacobsohn WZ, Levine Y. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of Jerusalem. Isr J Med Sci 1986; 22: 559-63.
74. Jalan KN, Prescott RJ, Sircus W, Card WI, McManus JPA, Falconer WA, Danish Medical Bulletin Small WP, Smith AN, Bruce J. An experience of ulcerative colitis. II: short term outcome. Gastroenterology 1970a, 59. 589-97.
75. Jalan KN, Prescott RJ, Sircus W, Card WI, McManus JPA, Falconer CWA, Small WP, Smith AN, Bruce J. An experience of ulcerative colitis. III: long term outcome. Gastroenterology 1970b; 59: 598-609.
76. Jenkins D, Goodall A, Scott BB. Ulcerative colitis: one disease or two? (Quantitative histological differences between distal and extensive disease). Gut 1990; 31: 426-30.
77. Jones HW, Grogono J, Hoare AM. Surveillance in ulcerative colitis: burdens and benefits. Gut 1988; 29: 325-31.
78. Jonsson B, Åhsgren L, Andersson LO, Stealing R, Rutegȧrd J. Colorectal cancer surveillance in patients with ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 689-91.
79. Kewenter J, Ahlman H, Hulten L. Cancer risk in extensive colitis. Ann Surg 1978; 15: 824-8.
80. Kildebo S, Nordgaard K, Aronsen O, Breckan R, Burhol PG, Jorde R. The incidence of ulcerative colitis in Northern Norway from 1983 to 1986. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 890-6.
81. Kirschner BS, Klich JR, Kaiman SS, deFavaro MV, Rosenberg IH. Reversal of growth retardation in Crohn's disease with therapy emphasizing oral nutritional restitution. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 10-5.
82. Kirsner JB. Historical aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 296-7.
83. Koletzko S, Griffiths A, Corey M, Smith C, Sherman P. Infant feeding practices and ulcerative colitis in childhood. Br Med J 1991; 302: 1580-1.
84. Kreiner S. Analysis of multidimensional contingency tables by exact conditional tests: techniques and strategies. Scand J Stat 1987; 14: 97-112.
85. Labayle D, Fischer D, Vielh P, Drouhin F, Parieate A, Bories C, Duhamel O, Trousset M, Attali P. Sulindac causes regression of rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 635-9.
86. Lashner BA, Silverstein MD, Hanauer SB. Hazard rates for dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis: results from a surveillance program. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 1536-41.
87. Lashner BA, Kane SV, Hanauer SB. Lack of association between oral contraceptive use and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1032-6.
88. Laufer I, Mullens JE, Hamilton J. Correlation of endoscopy and double-contrast radiography in early stages of ulcerative colitis and granulomatous colitis. Radiology 1976; 118: 1-6.
89. Leidenius M, Kellokumpu I, Husa A, Riihelä M, Sipponen P. Dysplasia and carcinoma in longstanding ulcerative colitis: an endoscopic and histological surveillance programme. Gut 1991; 32: 1521-5.
90. Leijonmarck CE, Persson PG, Hellers G. Factors affecting colectomy rate in ulcerative colitis: an epidemiologic study. Gut 1990; 31: 329-33.
91. Lennard-Jones JE, Melville DM, Morson BC, Ritchie JK, Williams CB. Precancer and cancer in extensive colitis: findings among 401 patients over 22 years. Gut 1990; 31: 800-6.
92. Lennard-Jones JE, Morson BC, Ritchie JK, Williams CB. Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Experience over 15 years. Lancet 1983; 2: 149-52.
93. Lennard-Jones JE, Ritchie JK, Hilder W, Spicer CC. Assessment of severity in colitis; a preliminary study. Gut 1975; 16: 579-84.
94. Lindquist BL, Järnerot G, Wickbom G, Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Crohn's disease in children and adolescents. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 502-6.
95. Lockhart-Mummery JP. The causes of colitis; with special reference to its surgical management, with an account of 36 cases. Lancet 1907; 1: 1638-43.
96. Lynch DAF, Lobo AJ, Sobala GM, Dixon MF, Axon ATR Failure of colonoscopic surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1993; 34: 1075-80.
97. Löfberg R, Broström O, Karlén P, Tribukait B, Öst Å. Colonoscopic surveillance in longstanding total ulcerative colitis - A 15-year follow-up study. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1021-31.
98. Martinez-Salmeron JF, Rodrigo M, De Teresa J, Nogueras F, Garcia Montero M, de Sola C, Salmeron J, Caballero M. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases in the province of Granada, Spain - a retrospective study from 1979 to 1988. Gut 1993; 34: 1207-9.
99. Maté-Jimenez J, Muñoz S, Vicent D, Pajares JM. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in urban and rural areas of Spain from 1981 to 1988. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 18: 27-31.
100. McCullagh P, Neider JA. Generalized linear models. London: Chapman and Hall. 1983.
101. Mee AS, Jewell DP. Factors inducing relapse in inflammatory bowel disease. Br Med J 1978; 2: 801-2.
102. Mellemkjær L, Olsen JH, Frisch M, Johansen C, Gridley G, McLaughlin JK. Cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Cancer 1995; 60: 330-3.
103. Melville DM, Jass JR, Sheperd NA, Northover JMA, Capellaro D, Richman PI, Lennard-Jones JE, Ritchie JK, Andersen SN. Dysplasia and deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploidy in the assessment of precancerous changes in chronic ulcerative colitis. Observer variation and correlations. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 668-75.
104. Michener WM, Farmer RG, Mortimer EA. Long-term prognosis of ulcerative colitis with onset in childhood or adolescence. J Clin Gastroenterol 1979; 1: 301-5.
105. Mir-Madjlessi SH, Michener WM, Farmer RG. Course and prognosis of idiopathic ulcerative proctosigmoiditis in young patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5: 570-5.
106. Monsén U, Broström O, Nordenvall B, Sörstad J, Hellers G. Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among relatives of patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 214-8.
107. Moody GA, Jayanthi V, Probert CSJ, Mac Kay H, Mayberry JF. Long-term therapy with sulphalazine protects against colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a retrospective study of colorectal cancer risk and compliance with treatment in Leicestershire. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 1179-83.
108. Morson BC, Pang LSC. Rectal biopsy as an aid to cancer control in ulcerative colitis. Gut 1967; 8: 423-34.
109. Motil KJ, Grand RJ, Davis-Kraft L, Ferlic LL, Smith EO. Growth failure in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 681-91.
110. Mourn B, Aadland E, Ekbom A, Vatn M. Seasonal variations in the onset of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996; 38: 376-8.
111. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Nielsen OH, Binder V. Incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease in the County of Copenhagen, 1962-1987. A six-fold increase in incidence. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 609-14.
112. Myren J, Eie H, Serck-Hansen A. The diagnosis of colitis by colonoscopy with biopsy and X-ray examination. A blind comparative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1975; 11: 141-4.
113. Niv Y, Torten D, Tamir A, Epstein L. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in the upper Galilee, Northern Israel, 1967-1986. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 1580-3.
114. Nordenwall B, Broström O, Berglund M, Monsén U, Nordenström J, Sörstad J, Hellers G. Incidence of ulcerative colitis in Stockholm County 1955-1979. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20: 783-90.
115. North CS, Clouse RE, Spitznagel EL, Alpers DH. The relation of ulcerative colitis to psychiatric factors. A review of findings and methods. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 974-81.
116. North CS, Alpers DH, Helzer JE, Spitznagel EL, Clouse RE. Do life events or depression exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease? A prospective study. Annals Int Med 1991; 114: 381-6.
117. Nugent FW, Haggitt RC, Gilpin PA. Cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1241-8.
118. Odes HS, Fraser D, Krawiec J. Ulcerative colitis in the Jewish population of Southern Israel 1961-1985: epidemiological and clinical study. Gut 1987; 28: 1630-6.
119. Olafsdottir EJ, Fluge G, Haug K. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease in children in western Norway. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 8: 454-8.
120. Orholm M, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Nielsen OH, Sørensen TIA, Binder V. Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 84-8.
121. Orholm M, Iselius L, Sørensen TIA, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Binder V. Investigation of inheritance of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases by complex segregation analysis.Br Med J 1993; 306: 20-4.
122. Persson PG, Bemell O, Leijonmarck CE, Farahmand BY, Hellers G, Ahlbom A. Survival and cause-specific mortality in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1339-45.
123. Pinchbeck BR, Kirdeikis J, Thomson ABR. Inflammatory bowel disease in Northern Alberta. An epidemiologic study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988; 10: 505-15.
124. Pinczowski D, Ekbom A, Baron J, Yuen J, Adami HO. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis: a case control study. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 117-20.
125. Powell-Tuck J, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE. The prognosis of idiopathic proctitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1977; 12: 727-32.
126. Probert CSJ, Jayanthi V, Mayberry JF. Inflammatory bowel disease in Indian migrants in Fiji. Digestion 1991; 50: 82-4.
127. Probert CSJ, Jayanthi V, Finder D, Wicks AC, Mayberry JF. Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian immigrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire. Gut 1992; 33: 687-93.
128. Probert CSJ, Jayanthi V, Wicks ACB, Mayberry JF. Mortality in patients with ulcerative colitis in Leicestershire, 1972-1989: an epidemiological study. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 538-41.
129. Qureshi H, Zuberi SJ, Banatwala N, Anwar A, Shamsi Z, Khan N. Ulcerative colitis in Karachi. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1989; 4: 313-6.
130. Raine PAM. BAPS collective review: Chronic inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Surg 1984; 19: 18-23.
131. Rampton DS, Sladen GE. Relapse of ulcerative proctocolitis during treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Postgrad Med J 1981; 57: 297-9.
132. Ranzi T, Bodini P, Zambelli A, Politi P, Lupinacci G, Campanini MC, Dal Lago AL, Lisciandrano D, Bianchi PA. Epidemiological aspects of inflammatory bowel disease in a north Italian population: a four-year prospective study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996; 8: 657-61.
133. Rask Madsen J, Laursen LS, Lauritsen K. Kronisk inflammatorisk tarmsygdom - status. Ugeskr Læger 1992; 154: 2243-50.
134. Riley SA, Mani V, Goodman MJ, Lucas S. Why do patients with ulcerative colitis relapse? Gut 1990; 31: 179-83.
135. Ritchie JK, Powell-Tuck J, Lennard-Jones JE. Clinical outcome of the first ten years of ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Lancet 1978; i: 1140-3.
136. Róin F, Róin J. Inflammatory bowel disease of the Faroe Islands, 1981-88. A prospective epidemiologic study: primary report. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24(supl 170): 44-6.
137. Rosenstock E, Farmer RG, Petras R, Sivak Jr MV, Rankin GB, Sullivan BH. Surveillance for colonic carcinoma in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1342-6.
138. Russel MG, Dorant, Brummer RJ, van de Kruijs MA, Muris JW, Bergers JM, Goedhard J, Stockbrügger RW. Appendectomy and the risk of developing ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease: results of a large case-control study. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 377-82.
139. Rutgeerts P, D'haens G, Hiele M, Geboes K, Vantrappen G. Appendectomy protects against ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1190-8.
140. Rutegård JN, Ahsgren LR, Janunger KG Ulcerative colitis. Colorectal cancer risk in an unselected population. Ann Surg 1988; 208: 721-4.
141. Sackett DL, Whelan G. Cancer risk in ulcerative colitis: scientific requirements for the study of prognosis. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 1632-5.
142. Samuelsson SM. Ulcerös kolit och proktit. Studie över sjukdomens förekomst i Uppsala län 1945-64. De sjukdomsdrabbades konstitutionella och sociala bakgrund samt sjukdomens forlopp och sociala konsekvenser. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet 1976.
143. Sedgwick DM, Barton JR, Hamer-Hodges DW, Nixon SJ, Ferguson A. Population-based study of surgery in juvenile onset ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 176-8.
144. Sellu DP. Seasonal variation in onset of exacerbations of ulcerative proctocolitis. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1986; 31: 158-60.
145. Shivananda S, Pena AS, Mayberry JF, Ruitenberg EJ, Hoedemaeker PJ. Epidemiology of proctocolitis in the region of Leiden, The Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 993-1002.
146. Shivananda S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, Fear N, Price A, Carpenter L, van Blankenstein M, and The EC-IBD Study Group. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: Is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel disease (EC-IBD). Gut 1996; 39: 690-7.
147. Siegel S, Castellan NJ. Non-parametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1988.
148. Sinclair TS, Brunt PW, Mowat NAG Nonspecific proctocolitis in Northeastern Scotland: a community study. Gastroenterology 1983; 85: 1-11.
149. Skirrow MB. Campylobacter enteritis: a new disease. Br Med J 1977; 2: 9-11.
150. Smithson JE, Radford-Smith G, Jewell DP. Appendectomy and tonsillectomy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 21: 283-6.
151. Srivastava ED, Mayberry JF, Morris TJ, Smith PM, Williams GT, Roberts GM, Newcombe RG, Rhodes J. Incidence of ulcerative colitis in Cardiff over 20 years: 1968-87. Gut 1992; 33: 256-8.
152. Stefänsson T, Ekbom A, Sparen P, Påhlman L. Increased risk of left-sided colon cancer in patients with diverticular disease. Gut 1993; 34: 499-502.
153. Stewénius J, Adnerhill I, Anderson H, Ekelund GR, Florén CH, Fork FT, Janzon L, Lindström C, Ögren M. Incidence of colorectal cancer and all cause mortality in nonselected patients with ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis in Malmö, Sweden. Int J Colorect Dis 1995a; 10: 117-22.
154. Stewénius J, Adnerhill I, Ekelund G, Florén C-H, Fork F-T, Janzon L, Lindström C, Mars I, Nyman M, Rosengren J-E. Ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis in the city of Malmö, Sweden: a 25-year incidence study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995b; 30: 38-43.
155. Stewénius J. Ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis in a defined population: an epidemiological and clinical study. Malmö: Lund University 1995c.
156. Stonnington CM, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR, Melton III LJ. Prognosis of chronic ulcerative colitis in a community. Gut 1987a; 28: 1261-6.
157. Stonnington CM, Phillips SF, Melton III LJ, Zinsmeister AR. Chronic ulcerative colitis: incidence and prevalence in a community. Gut 1987b; 28: 402-9.
158. Stowe SP, Redmond SR, Stormont JM, Shah AN, Chessin LN, Segal HL, Chey WY. An epidemiologic study of inflammatory bowel disease in Rochester, New York. Hospital incidence. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 104-10.
159. Svartz N. The treatment of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterologia 1956; 86: 683-8.
160. Tan CC, Kang JY, Guan R, Yap I, Tay HH. Inflammatory bowel disease: an uncommon problem in Singapore. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 7: 360-2.
161. Tandon BN, Mathur AK, Mohapatra LN, Tandon HD, Wig KL. A study on the prevalence and clinical pattern of non-specific ulcerative colitis in northern India. Gut 1965; 6: 448-53.
162. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Heath Jr CW. Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1593-6.
163. Tragnone A, Hanau C, Bazzocchi G, Lanfranchi GA. Epidemiological characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease in Bologna, Italy - incidence and risk factors. Digestion 1993; 54: 183-8.
164. Travis SPL. Review article: insurance risks for patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 51-9.
165. Trallori G, d'Albasio G, Palli D, Bardazzi G. Cipriani F, Fritelli G, Russo A, Vanozzi A, Morettini A. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease over a 10-year period in Florence (1978-1987). Ital J Gastroenterol 1991; 23: 559-63.
166. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis. Final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955; 2: 1041-8.
167. Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet 1974; 1: 1067-70
168. Tsianos EV, Masalas CN, Merkouropoulos M, Dalekos GN, Logan RFA. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in north west Greece: rarity of Crohn's disease in an area where ulcerative colitis is common. Gut 1994; 35: 369-72.
169. Tysk C, Lindberg E, Jämerot G, Flodérus-Myrhed B. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study on heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut 1988; 29: 990-6.
170. Tysk C, Järnerot G. Ulcerative proctocolitis in Örebro, Sweden. A retrospective epidemiologic study, 1963-1987. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 945-50.
171. Tysk C, Järnerot G. Seasonal variations in exacerbations of ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 95-6.
172. Vilien M, Jørgensen MJ, Quyang Q, Schlichting P, Linde J, Riis P, Binder V. Colonic epithelial dysplasia or carcinoma in a regional group of patients with ulcerative colitis of more than 15 years duration. J Int Med 1991; 230: 259-63.
173. Vucelic B, Korac B, Sentic M, Milicic D, Hadzic N, Juresa V, Bozikov J, Rotkvic I, Buljevac M, Kovacevic I, Ticak M, Makek N. Ulcerative colitis in Zagreb Yugoslavia: incidence and prevalence 1980-1989. Int J Epidemiology 1991; 20: 1043-7.
174. Warwick RRG, Sumerling MD, Gilmour HM, Shearman DJC. Colonoscopy and double contrast barium enema examination in chronic ulcerative colitis. Am J Roentgenol 1973; 117: 292-6.
175. Watts JMcK, De Dombal FT, Watkinson G, Goligher JC. Long-term prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Br Med J 1966; 1: 1447-53.
176. Whelan G. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Medical Clinics of North America 1990; 74: 1-12.
177. Whittaker J. Graphical models in applied Multivariate Analysis. New York: Wiley. 1990.
178. Wigley RD, Maclaurin BP. A study of ulcerative colitis in New Zealand, showing a low incidence in Maoris. Br Med J 1962; 2: 228-31.
179. Wilks S. Morbid appearances in the intestine of Miss Bankes. London Medical Gazette 1859; 2: 264-5.
180. Williams C, Teague R. Colonoscopy. Gut 1973; 14: 990-1003.
181. Wittkower E. Ulcerative colitis: personality studies. Br Med J 1938; 2: 1356-60.
182. Woolrich AJ, DaSilva MD, Korelitz BI. Surveillance in the routine management of ulcerative colitis: the predictive value of low-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 431-8.
183. Wurzelmann JI, Lyles CM, Sandler RS. Childhood infections and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39.555-60.
184. Wyke RJ, Edwards FC, Allan RN. Employment problems and prospects for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1988; 29: 1229-35.
185. Yoshida Y, Murata Y. Inflammatory bowel disease in Japan: studies of epidemiology and etiopathogenesis. Med Clin North America 1990; 74: 67-90.
186. Ahsgren L, Jonsson B, Stenling R, Rutegård J. Prognosis after early onset of ulcerative colitis. A study from an unselected patient population. Hepato-Gastroenterol 1993; 40: 467-70.