Konstantin M. Bykov and the discovery of the role of the corpus callosum

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 572-590

  Kanne, Stephen M ^a   Finger, Stanley ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ART; ARTICLE; CORPUS CALLOSUM; HISTORY; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

CORPUS CALLOSUM; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; PHYSIOLOGY; PORTRAITS; RUSSIA;

EID: 0033210556     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/54.4.572     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. For historical reviews dealing with the corpus callosum, see Lauren J. Harris, "The corpus callosum and hemispheric communication: An historical survey of theory and research," in Frederick L. Kitterle, ed., Hemispheric Communication: Mechanisms and Models (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995), pp. 1-59; Anne Harrington, "Nineteenth-century ideas on hemisphere differences and "duality of mind," Behav. Brain. Sci., 1985, 8, 617-60; Redvers Ironside and Manfred Guttmacher, "The corpus callosum and its tumours," Brain, 1929, 52, 442-83; Robert J. Joynt, "The corpus callosum: History of thought regarding its function," in Marcel Kinsbourne and W. Lynn Smith, eds., Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1971), pp. 117-25; Louise H. Marshall and Horace W. Magoun, Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. (Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 1998), pp. 115-23.
2. For historical reviews dealing with the corpus callosum, see Lauren J. Harris, "The corpus callosum and hemispheric communication: An historical survey of theory and research," in Frederick L. Kitterle, ed., Hemispheric Communication: Mechanisms and Models (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995), pp. 1-59; Anne Harrington, "Nineteenth-century ideas on hemisphere differences and "duality of mind," Behav. Brain. Sci., 1985, 8, 617-60; Redvers Ironside and Manfred Guttmacher, "The corpus callosum and its tumours," Brain, 1929, 52, 442-83; Robert J. Joynt, "The corpus callosum: History of thought regarding its function," in Marcel Kinsbourne and W. Lynn Smith, eds., Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1971), pp. 117-25; Louise H. Marshall and Horace W. Magoun, Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. (Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 1998), pp. 115-23.
3. For historical reviews dealing with the corpus callosum, see Lauren J. Harris, "The corpus callosum and hemispheric communication: An historical survey of theory and research," in Frederick L. Kitterle, ed., Hemispheric Communication: Mechanisms and Models (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995), pp. 1-59; Anne Harrington, "Nineteenth-century ideas on hemisphere differences and "duality of mind," Behav. Brain. Sci., 1985, 8, 617-60; Redvers Ironside and Manfred Guttmacher, "The corpus callosum and its tumours," Brain, 1929, 52, 442-83; Robert J. Joynt, "The corpus callosum: History of thought regarding its function," in Marcel Kinsbourne and W. Lynn Smith, eds., Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1971), pp. 117-25; Louise H. Marshall and Horace W. Magoun, Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. (Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 1998), pp. 115-23.
4. For historical reviews dealing with the corpus callosum, see Lauren J. Harris, "The corpus callosum and hemispheric communication: An historical survey of theory and research," in Frederick L. Kitterle, ed., Hemispheric Communication: Mechanisms and Models (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995), pp. 1-59; Anne Harrington, "Nineteenth-century ideas on hemisphere differences and "duality of mind," Behav. Brain. Sci., 1985, 8, 617-60; Redvers Ironside and Manfred Guttmacher, "The corpus callosum and its tumours," Brain, 1929, 52, 442-83; Robert J. Joynt, "The corpus callosum: History of thought regarding its function," in Marcel Kinsbourne and W. Lynn Smith, eds., Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1971), pp. 117-25; Louise H. Marshall and Horace W. Magoun, Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. (Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 1998), pp. 115-23.
5. For historical reviews dealing with the corpus callosum, see Lauren J. Harris, "The corpus callosum and hemispheric communication: An historical survey of theory and research," in Frederick L. Kitterle, ed., Hemispheric Communication: Mechanisms and Models (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995), pp. 1-59; Anne Harrington, "Nineteenth-century ideas on hemisphere differences and "duality of mind," Behav. Brain. Sci., 1985, 8, 617-60; Redvers Ironside and Manfred Guttmacher, "The corpus callosum and its tumours," Brain, 1929, 52, 442-83; Robert J. Joynt, "The corpus callosum: History of thought regarding its function," in Marcel Kinsbourne and W. Lynn Smith, eds., Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function (Springfield, III.: Charles C. Thomas, 1971), pp. 117-25; Louise H. Marshall and Horace W. Magoun, Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. (Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 1998), pp. 115-23.
6. Galen, Galen on Anatomical Procedures, C. Singer, trans. (London: Oxford University Press, 1956), book IX, sections 3 and 4.
7. Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (Basilae: J. Oporini, 1543). Thomas Willis, Cerebri anatome: cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usns (London: Martyn J. Allestry, 1664). Thomas Willis, The Anatomy of the Brain and Nerves, tercentenary ed., 1664-1964, (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1965).
8. Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (Basilae: J. Oporini, 1543). Thomas Willis, Cerebri anatome: cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usns (London: Martyn J. Allestry, 1664). Thomas Willis, The Anatomy of the Brain and Nerves, tercentenary ed., 1664-1964, (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1965).
9. Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (Basilae: J. Oporini, 1543). Thomas Willis, Cerebri anatome: cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usns (London: Martyn J. Allestry, 1664). Thomas Willis, The Anatomy of the Brain and Nerves, tercentenary ed., 1664-1964, (Montreal: McGill University Press, 1965).
10. François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Anatomie sur le siège de l'âme dans cerveau," Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 39-45; François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Observations par lesquelles on detâche découvrir la partie du cerveau ou l'âme exerce ses fonctions," Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 119-208. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Dissertatio altera de sede cogitantis animae. Reprinted in Lancisi, Opera qnae hactenus prodierunt omnia, vol. 2 (Geneva: Cramer and Perachon, 1712), 807-960.
11. François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Anatomie sur le siège de l'âme dans cerveau," Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 39-45; François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Observations par lesquelles on detâche découvrir la partie du cerveau ou l'âme exerce ses fonctions," Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 119-208. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Dissertatio altera de sede cogitantis animae. Reprinted in Lancisi, Opera qnae hactenus prodierunt omnia, vol. 2 (Geneva: Cramer and Perachon, 1712), 807-960.
12. François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Anatomie sur le siège de l'âme dans cerveau," Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 39-45; François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Observations par lesquelles on detâche découvrir la partie du cerveau ou l'âme exerce ses fonctions," Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 119-208. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Dissertatio altera de sede cogitantis animae. Reprinted in Lancisi, Opera qnae hactenus prodierunt omnia, vol. 2 (Geneva: Cramer and Perachon, 1712), 807-960.
13. François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Anatomie sur le siège de l'âme dans cerveau," Hist. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 39-45; François Gigot de La Peyronie, "Observations par lesquelles on detâche découvrir la partie du cerveau ou l'âme exerce ses fonctions," Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Paris, 1741, 119-208. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Dissertatio altera de sede cogitantis animae. Reprinted in Lancisi, Opera qnae hactenus prodierunt omnia, vol. 2 (Geneva: Cramer and Perachon, 1712), 807-960.
14. Emanuel Swedenborg, The Brain, Considered Anatomically, Physiologically, and Philosophically, vol. 1, Rudolph L. Tafel, ed., trans., annot. (London: Speirs, 1882), pp. 449-50. (These essays date from 1741 to 1744.)
15. Johann Gottfried Zinn, Experimenta quaedam circa corpus callosum, cerebellum, durant meningem, in vivis animalibus instituta. Dissertatio inauguralis. Göttingen, 1749. Reprinted in Albrecht von Haller, Disputationum anatomicarum selectarum. (Göttingen: A Vandenhoeck, 1751), 7, 421-69.
16. Johann Gottfried Zinn, Experimenta quaedam circa corpus callosum, cerebellum, durant meningem, in vivis animalibus instituta. Dissertatio inauguralis. Göttingen, 1749. Reprinted in Albrecht von Haller, Disputationum anatomicarum selectarum. (Göttingen: A Vandenhoeck, 1751), 7, 421-69.
17. Max Neuburger, The Historical Development of Experimental Brain and Spinal Cord Physiology before Flourens, Edwin Clarke, ed., trans. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), p. 137.
18. See Harris (n. 1), Harrington (n. 1), Ironside and Guttmacher (n. 1), Joynt (n. 1), Marshall and Magoun (n. 1); James Paget, "An account of a case in which the corpus callosum, fornix, and septum lucidum were imperfectly formed," Med.-Chir. Trans., 1864, 34, 55-73.
19. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
20. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
21. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
22. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
23. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
24. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
25. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
26. M. Arndt and F. Sklarek, "Ueber Balkenmangel im menschlichen Gehim," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1903, 37, 756-99; John S. Bristowe, "Cases of tumour of the corpus callosum," Brain, 1884, 7, 315-33; Alexander Bruce, "On the absence of the corpus callosum in the human brain, with the description of a new case," Brain, 1889, 12, 171-90; Ludwig Bruns, Die Gesclnvülste des Nervensystems (Berlin: Karger, 1897); A. Gianelli, "Gli effetti diretti ed indiretti dei neoplasmi encefalici sulle funzioni mentali," Il Policlinico, 1897, 4, 301-71; William W. Ireland, The Blot upon the Brain: Studies in History and Psychology (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886); D. N. Knox, "Description of a case of defective corpus callosum," Glasgow Med. J., 1875, 7. n.s., 227-37; Turner, "A human cerebrum imperfectly divided into two hemispheres," J. Anat. Physiol., 1877-1878, 12, 241-53.
27. B. Tkachenko and K. A. Lange. "Academician Konstantin Michaelovich Bikov (on the 100th anniversary of his birth)" [in Russian], Fiziol. Z. SSSR Imeni I. M. Scchenova [Sechenov Physiological Journal of the USSR], 1986, 72, 3-13.
28. Konstantin M. Bykov, The Cerebral Cortex and the Internal Organs, 3rd ed., W. Horsley Gantt, trans. (New York: Chemical Publishing Co. Inc., 1957); Konstantin M. Bykov, ed., Text-Book of Physiology, S. Belsky and D. Myshne, trans. (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958); Konstantin M. Bykov and I. T. Kurtsin, The Corticovisceral Theory of the Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer, S. A. Corson, trans., ed. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966).
29. Konstantin M. Bykov, The Cerebral Cortex and the Internal Organs, 3rd ed., W. Horsley Gantt, trans. (New York: Chemical Publishing Co. Inc., 1957); Konstantin M. Bykov, ed., Text-Book of Physiology, S. Belsky and D. Myshne, trans. (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958); Konstantin M. Bykov and I. T. Kurtsin, The Corticovisceral Theory of the Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer, S. A. Corson, trans., ed. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966).
30. Konstantin M. Bykov, The Cerebral Cortex and the Internal Organs, 3rd ed., W. Horsley Gantt, trans. (New York: Chemical Publishing Co. Inc., 1957); Konstantin M. Bykov, ed., Text-Book of Physiology, S. Belsky and D. Myshne, trans. (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1958); Konstantin M. Bykov and I. T. Kurtsin, The Corticovisceral Theory of the Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer, S. A. Corson, trans., ed. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966).
31. W. Horsley Gantt, "Translator's forward," in Bykov, (n. 11) The Cerebral Cortex, P. 3.
32. Ivan P. Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, Gleb Vassilievitch von Anrep, ed., trans. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927;rprt. New York: Dover Publications, 1960); Ivan P. Pavlov, Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes, W. Horsley Gantt, trans. (New York: International Publishing Co., 1928).
33. Ivan P. Pavlov, Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, Gleb Vassilievitch von Anrep, ed., trans. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1927;rprt. New York: Dover Publications, 1960); Ivan P. Pavlov, Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes, W. Horsley Gantt, trans. (New York: International Publishing Co., 1928).
34. Gleb Vassilievitch von Anrep, "The irradiation of conditioned reflexes," Proc. R. Soc., 1922-1923, 94, 404-26.
35. Pavlov, (n. 13) Lectures, p. 327.
36. Ibid., p. 328.
37. Konstantin M. Bykov and Aleksei D. Speranski, "Observations upon dogs after section of the corpus callosuni" [in Russian], Collected Papers of the Physiological Laboratories of I, P. Pavlov. St. Petersburg, 1924, 1, 47-59; Konstantin M. Bykov, "Contributions to the question of the symmetrical reproduction of function of the hemispheres," in Jubilee Volume for Pavlov (Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1925).
38. Konstantin M. Bykov and Aleksei D. Speranski, "Observations upon dogs after section of the corpus callosuni" [in Russian], Collected Papers of the Physiological Laboratories of I, P. Pavlov. St. Petersburg, 1924, 1, 47-59; Konstantin M. Bykov, "Contributions to the question of the symmetrical reproduction of function of the hemispheres," in Jubilee Volume for Pavlov (Leningrad: Gosizdat, 1925).
39. Konstantin M. Bykov, "Versuche an Hunden mit Durchscheiden des Corpus Callosum," Zentralblatt Neurol. Psych., 1924, 39, 199.
40. Pavlov, (n. 13) Conditioned Reflexes, pp. 352-53.
41. The translation from German to English was made by Karin Baumgartner (St. Louis, Missouri). Dr. Ulf Norrsell (Göteberg, Sweden) was kind enough to go over the wording and grammar to convey Bykov's experiments and thoughts in a clearer and more meaningful way than would be the case with an exact word-by-word translation.
42. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés (Paris: A. Maloine, 1909). The quotation is translated in Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex, Gerhardt von Bonin, ed., trans. (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1960), p. 266.
43. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés (Paris: A. Maloine, 1909). The quotation is translated in Some Papers on the Cerebral Cortex, Gerhardt von Bonin, ed., trans. (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1960), p. 266.
44. Pavlov (n. 13) Conditioned Reflexes, p. 150.
45. Ibid., p. 150.
46. V. Delov. "Analysers (Sense organs)," in Bykov, (n. 13) Text-Book of Physiology, p. 718.
47. Walter E. Dandy, "Operative experience in cases of pineal tumors," Arch. Surg., 1936, 33, 19-46, p. 40.
48. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
49. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
50. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
51. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
52. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
53. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
54. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
55. Andrew J. Akelaitis, "A study of gnosis, praxis and language following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1940, 66, 182-85; "Psychobiological studies following section of the corpus callosum," Am. J. Psych., 1941, 97, 1147-57; "Studies on the corpus callosum. II. The higher visual functions in each homonymous field following complete section of the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry, 1941, 45, 788-96; "Studies on the corpus callosum. III. A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 47, 971-1008; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VI. Orientation (temporal-spatial gnosis) following section of the corpus callosum," ibid., 1942, 48, 914-37; "Studies on the corpus callosum. VII. Study of language functions (tactile and visual lexia and graphia) unilaterally following section of the corpus callosum," J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1943, 2, 226-62; Andrew J. Akelaitis, Wilford A. Risteen, R. Yorke Herren and William P. Van Wagenen, "A contribution to the study of dyspraxia and apraxia following partial and complete section of the corpus callosum," Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 1941, 67, 75-78; William P. Van Wagenen and R. Yorke Herren, "Surgical division of commissural pathways in the corpus callosum: Relation to spread of epileptic attack," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1940, 44, 740-59.
56. M. N. Goldstein and R. J. Joynt, "Long-term follow-up of a callosal sectioned patient," Arch. Neurol., 1969, 20, 96-102. It should be noted that deficits were also found in one of Walter Dandy's (n. 25) third ventricle tumor patients when reexamined by others several years later: see J. H. Trescher and F. R. Ford, "Colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Report of a case; operative removal with section of posterior half of corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1937, 37, 959-73.
57. M. N. Goldstein and R. J. Joynt, "Long-term follow-up of a callosal sectioned patient," Arch. Neurol., 1969, 20, 96-102. It should be noted that deficits were also found in one of Walter Dandy's (n. 25) third ventricle tumor patients when reexamined by others several years later: see J. H. Trescher and F. R. Ford, "Colloid cyst of the third ventricle. Report of a case; operative removal with section of posterior half of corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1937, 37, 959-73.
58. The Lashley quotation is given in Roger W. Sperry, "The great cerebral commissure," Sci. Am., 1964, 210, 42.
59. Ronald E. Myers, "The corpus callosum and hemispheric interaction" (Ph.D. diss., Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago; 1955).
60. Myers, (n. 29), pp. 18-19.
61. Ronald E. Myers, "Function of corpus callosum in interocular transfer," Brain, 1956, 79, 358-63. The thesis experiment was also described in abstract form in Ronald E. Myers, "Localization of function within the corpus callosum," Anat. Rec., 1956, 124, 339-40. This abstract contains no reference to Dykov's work.
62. Ronald E. Myers, "Function of corpus callosum in interocular transfer," Brain, 1956, 79, 358-63. The thesis experiment was also described in abstract form in Ronald E. Myers, "Localization of function within the corpus callosum," Anat. Rec., 1956, 124, 339-40. This abstract contains no reference to Dykov's work.
63. Clifford T. Morgan, Physiological Psychology (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1943). PP. 515-16; Clifford T. Morgan and Elliot Stellar, Physiological Psychology, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1950), pp. 479-81.
64. Clifford T. Morgan, Physiological Psychology (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1943). PP. 515-16; Clifford T. Morgan and Elliot Stellar, Physiological Psychology, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1950), pp. 479-81.
65. Morgan and Stellar, (n. 32) Physiological Psychology, p. 480.
66. Morgan and Stellar (n. 32) cited Karl S. Lashley's Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929). This book does not provide specific descriptions of experiments on the corpus callosum.
67. Edward V. Evarts, "Coordination of movement as a key to higher brain function: Roger W. Sperry's contributions from 1939-1952," in Colwyn Trevarthen, ed., Brain Circuits and the Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger W. Sperry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. xviii-xxvi.
68. In response to a letter written by one of us (S. F.), Michael Gazzaniga kindly wrote back on 15 April 1998 and told us this part of the story. He also told us about the role played by the statement in Clifford T. Morgan's textbook.
69. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
70. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
71. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
72. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
73. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
74. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
75. Perry Black and Ronald E. Myers, "Visual function of the forebrain commissures in the chimpanzee," Science, 1964, 146, 799-800; Ford F. Ebner and Ronald E. Myers, "Corpus callosum and interhemispheric transmission of tactual learning," J. Neurophysiol., 1962, 25, 380-91; Ronald E. Myers, "The neocortical commissures and interhemispheric transmission of information," in E. George Ettlinger, ed., Functions of the Corpus Callosum, vol. 20. Ciba Foundation Study Group (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 1-17; Ronald E. Myers and Calvin O. Henson, "Role of corpus callosum in transfer of tactuokinesthetic learning in chimpanzee," Arch Neurol., 1960, 3, 404-9; Ronald E. Myers and Roger W. Sperry, "Interhemispheric communication through the corpus callosum," Arch. Neurol. Psych., 1958, 80, 298-303; Roger W. Sperry, John S. Stamm, and Nancy Miner, "Releaming tests for interocular transfer following division of optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1955, 49, 529-33; John S. Stamm and Roger W. Sperry, "Function of corpus callosum in contralateral transfer of somesthetic discrimination of cats," J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1957, 50, 138-43.
76. The view that early Soviet science often did not meet Western standards is discussed by Bruce R. Dworkin in Learning and Physiological Regulation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 88.
77. Olan R. Hyndman and Wilder Penfield, "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Its recognition by ventriculography," Arch Neurol Psych., 1937, 37, 1251-70; W. Seletzky and J. Gilula, "Zur Frage der Funktionen des Balkens bei Tieren," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1928, 86, 57-73; Ironside and Guttmacher (n. 1).
78. Olan R. Hyndman and Wilder Penfield, "Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Its recognition by ventriculography," Arch Neurol Psych., 1937, 37, 1251-70; W. Seletzky and J. Gilula, "Zur Frage der Funktionen des Balkens bei Tieren," Arch. Psych. Nervenkran., 1928, 86, 57-73; Ironside and Guttmacher (n. 1).
79. Fr. Hartmann Jun. and W. Trendelenburg, "Zur Frage der Bewegungstörungen an der Katze und am Affen," Z. Exp. Med., 1927, 54, 578; Gonzolo R. Lafora and M. Prados y Such, "Experimentalversuche über die Funktion des Gehirnbalkens," Z. Neurol. Psych., 1923, 84, 617-41; Seletzky and Gilula (n. 39).
80. Fr. Hartmann Jun. and W. Trendelenburg, "Zur Frage der Bewegungstörungen an der Katze und am Affen," Z. Exp. Med., 1927, 54, 578; Gonzolo R. Lafora and M. Prados y Such, "Experimentalversuche über die Funktion des Gehirnbalkens," Z. Neurol. Psych., 1923, 84, 617-41; Seletzky and Gilula (n. 39).
81. Myers mentioned this in a follow-up telephone interview on 22 July 1998.
82. Nationalistic trends, the battle against reductionism, and related issues in the sociology of science in German-speaking countries are examined by medical historian Anne Harrington in her monograph Reenchanted Science (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996).
83. Bykov, (n. 11) The Cerebral Cortex.
84. Tkachenko and Lange, (n. 10).
85. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
86. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
87. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
88. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
89. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York:
90. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
91. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
92. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
93. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
94. Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen and Roger W. Sperry, "Some functional effects of sectioning the cerebral commissures in man," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1962, 48, 1765-69; Michael S. Gazzaniga, Joseph E. Bogen, and Roger W. Sperry, "Observations on visual perception after disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres in man," Brain, 1965, 88, 221-36; Michael S. Gazzaniga and Roger W. Sperry, "Language after section of the cerebral commissures," Brain, 1967, 90, 131-48; Roger W. Sperry, Problems Outstanding in the Evolution of Brain Function (James Arthur Lecture) (New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1964); "Mental unity following surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres," Harvey Lect, 1968, 62, 293-23; "A modified concept of consciousness," Psychol Rev., 1969, 76, 532-36; "Perception in the absence of the neocortical commissures," in David A. Hamburg, Karl A. Pribram and Albert J. Stunkard, eds., Perception and Its Disorders (Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1970), pp. 123-38; "Forebrain commissurotomy and conscious awareness," J. Med. Phil., 1977, 2, 101-26; "Some effects of disconnecting the cerebral hemispheres" (Nobel lecture delivered in Stockholm on 9 December 1981), Science, 1982, 217, 1223-26; Roger W. Sperry and Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Language following surgical disconnection of the hemispheres," in Frederic L. Darley, ed., Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1967), pp. 108-21.
95. Myers, (n. 37), "Neocortical commissures", p. 3.
96. Joseph E. Bogen, "The callosal syndromes," in Kenneth M. Heilman and Edward Valenstein, eds., Clinical Neuropsychology, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), PP. 295-338.
97. Although Bykov has been almost ignored in western books and journals, his work has been cited in recent publications by Harris (n. 1) and Marshall and Magoun (n. 1).