Radiological impact at the extraction stage of the thorium fuel cycle

Nuclear Technology

Volumn 128, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 25-34

  Schapira, J P ^b,c   Singhal, R K ^a,b  

^a BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

^b 91405 Orsay Campus   (France)

^c CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCULATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; EXTRACTION; MINING; MONAZITE; NUCLEAR FUELS; RADIOACTIVITY; RADIOISOTOPES; SOLID WASTES; URANIUM;

RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT; RADIOTOXITY; THORIUM FUEL CYCLE;

THORIUM;

EID: 0033204668     PISSN: 00295450     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.13182/NT99-A3011     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Thorium Supplement, Vol. A1b, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1991).
2. W. I. ENDERLIN, "An Assessment of U.S. Domestic Capacity for Producing Reactor-Grade Thorium Dioxide and Controlling Associated Waste and Effluents," PNL-2593, Pacific Northwest Laboratories (1978).
3. V. MAHADEVAN, G. R. NARAYANA DAS, and N. NAGARAJA RAO, "Prospecting and Evaluation of Beach Placers Along the Coastal Belt of India," presented at Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Conf., Geneva, Switzerland, September 1-13, 1958.
4. K. L. BHOLA, "A Survey of Uranium and Thorium in India," presented at Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy Conf., Geneva, Switzerland, September 1-13, 1958.
5. M. A. LUNG, "Present Review of the Thorium Nuclear Fuel Cycles," EUR 17771 EN, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium (1998).
6. F. BRATHEL and F. J. DAHLKAMP, "Thorium Deposit and Availability," presented at the International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Committee Mtg. on New Developments in Uranium Exploration-Resources-Production and Demand, Vienna, Austria, August 26-29, 1991.
7. T. CHUNG, "The Role of Thorium in Nuclear Energy," http://www.doe.gov/fuel nuclear.html.
8. Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs, "Inventaire national des déchets radioactifs," Paris (1996).
9. T. H. PIGFORD and C. S. YANG, "Thorium Fuel-Cycle Alternatives," EPA 520/6-78-008 and UCB-NE-3227, University of California, Berkeley (1978).
10. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Thorium Supplement, Vol. A2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1991).
11. S. V. MURTHY and P. P. V. J. NAMBIAR, "Operational Experience in the Health Physics Management of Thorium Industry in India," Proc. Radiological Health and Safety in Mining and Milling of Nuclear Materials Symp., Vienna, Austria, August 26-31, 1963, p. 169, International Atomic Energy Agency (1963).
12. A. C. PAUL, P. M. B. PILLAI, and K. C. PILLAI, "Handling of Mixed Cake Solid Waste from Monazite Processing," Bull. Radiat. Prot., 10, 185 (1987).
13. V. N. SASTRY, A. C. PAUL, and K. C. PILLAI, "Environmental Safety Evaluation of Mixed Cake Storage in Underground RCC Trenches," Bull. Radiat. Prot., 9, 159 (1986).
14. A. C. PAUL, S. G. SOMAN, and K. C. PILLAI, "Leachablity of Radium from Mixed Cake Solid Waste from Mona-zite Processing," Environ. Technol. Lett., 5, 131 (1984).
15. A. C. PAUL and K. C. PILLAI, "Leachability of Radium from Fertilizer and Monazite Process Wastes," IAEA Tech. Series Report 310, Vol. 2, p. 83, International Atomic Energy Agency (1990).
16. U. C. MISHRA, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Personal Communication.
17. Annals of the ICRP 68: Dose Coefficient for Intake of Radionuclides by Workers, Pergamon Press, New York (1990).
18. S. MENARD and J. P. SCHAPIRA, "Long Term Impact of Extraction of Thorium," IPNO-DRE 95-07, Institut de Physique Nucléaire, Orsay, France (1995).
19. F. L. CUTHBERT, Thorium Production Technology, p. 245, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts (1960).
20. H. R. MEYER, J. P. WITHERSPOON, J. P McBRIDE, and E. J. FREDERICK, "Comparison of the Radiological Impact of Thorium and Uranium Fuel Cycles," NUREG/CR-2184 and ORNL/TM-7868, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1982).
21. T. H. PIGFORD, "Environmental Aspects of Nuclear Energy Production," Ann. Rev. of Nucl. Sci., 24, 515 (1974).
22. URANIUM INSTITUTE OF LONDON, "Uranium: from Ore to Concentrate," http://www.uilondon.org.
23. Annals of the ICRP 47: Radiation Protection of Workers in Mine, Pergamon Press, New York (1986).
24. Annals of the ICRP 32: Limit of Inhalation of Radon Daughter by Workers, Pergamon Press, New York (1981).
25. R. KNIGHT, "ICRP60 and the Uranium Mining Industry," presented at the 18th Annual Uranium Institute Symposium, London, United Kingdom, September 8-10, 1993.