Conceptual background to vascular cognitive impairment

Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders

Volumn 13, Issue SUPPL. 3, 1999, Pages

  Bowler, J V ^a,b,c   Steenhuis, R ^d   Hachinski, V ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b ROBARTS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^c ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d LONDON HEALTH SCIENCES CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Criteria; Diagnosis; Vascular dementia

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; MEMORY; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEMENTIA, VASCULAR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MEMORY;

EID: 0033202625     PISSN: 08930341     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002093-199912003-00006     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Almkvist O, Backman L, Basun H, Wahlund LO. Patterns of neuropsychological performance in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Cortex 1993;29:661-73.
2. Almkvist O, Wahlund L, Andersson-Lundman G, et al. White-matter hyperintensity and neuropsychological functions in dementia and healthy aging. Arch Neurol 1992;49:626-32.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 1994.
4. Babikian VL, Wolfe N, Linn R, et al. Cognitive changes in patients with multiple cerebral infarcts. Stroke 1990;21:1013-8.
5. Baldy-Moulinier M, Valmier J, Touchon J, et al. Clinical and neuropsychological rating scales for differential diagnosis of dementias. Gerontology 1986;32(suppl 1):89-97.
6. Bowen BC, Barker WW, Loewenstein DA, et al. MR signal abnormalities in memory disorder and dementia. Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11: 283-90.
7. m HMPAO SPECT. London: University of London, 1993.
8. Bowler JV, Hadar U, Wade JPH. Cognition in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;90:424-9.
9. Breteler MM, van Amerongen NM, van Swieten JC, et al. Cognitive correlates of ventricular enlargement and cerebral white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging. The Rotterdam Study. Stroke 1994a;25:1109-15.
10. Breteler MMB, van Swieten JC, Bots ML, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, vascular risk factors, and cognitive function in a population-based study: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1994b;44:1246-52.
11. Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group. The Canadian study of health and aging: study methods and prevalence of dementia. Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:899-913.
12. Carlesimo GA, Fadda L, Bonci A, Caltagirone C. Differential rates of forgetting from long-term memory in Alzheimer's and multi-infarct dementia. Int J Neurosci 1993;73:1-11.
13. Chui HC, Victoroff JI, Margolin D, et al. Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology 1992;42:473-80.
14. Corbett A, Bennett H, Kos S. Cognitive dysfunction following subcortical infarction. Arch Neurol 1994;51:999-1007.
15. Cummings JL, Benson DF. Subcortical dementia. Review of an emerging concept. Arch Neurol 1984;41:874-9.
16. del Ser T, Bermejo F, Portera A, et al. Vascular dementia. A clinico-pathological study. J Neurol Sci 1990;96:1-17.
17. Diaz JF, Merskey H, Hachinski VC, et al. Improved recognition of leukoaraiosis and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1991;48:1022-5.
18. Drachman DA. New criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia: do we know enough yet? Neurology 1993;43:243-5.
19. Erkinjuntti T. Differential diagnosis between Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: evaluation of common clinical methods. Acta Neurol Scand 1987;76:433-42.
20. Erkinjuntti T, Gao F, Lee DH, et al. Lack of difference in brain hyperintensities between patients with early Alzheimer disease and control subjects. Arch Neurol 1994;51:260-8.
21. Erkinjuntti T, Hachinski VC. Rethinking vascular dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis 1993;3:3-23.
22. Erkinjuntti T, Haltia M, Palo J, et al. Accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia: a prospective clinical and post-mortem neuropathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:1037-44.
23. Erkinjuntti T, Ketonen L, Sulkava R, et al. CT in the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 1987;75:262-70.
24. Erkinjuntti T, Laaksonen R, Sulkava R, et al. Neuropsychological differentiation between normal aging, Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 1986;74:393-403.
25. Erkinjuntti T, Larsen T, Sulkava R, et al. EEG in the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 1988;77:36-43.
26. Fischer P, Gatterer G, Marterer A, Danielczyk W. Nonspecificity of semantic impairment in dementia of Alzheimer's type. Arch Neurol 1988;45: 1341-3.
27. Fisher CM. Lacunes: small, deep cerebral infarcts. Neurology 1965;15: 774-84.
28. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-98.
29. Fukuda H, Kobayashi S, Okada K, Tsunematsu T. Frontal white matter lesions and dementia in lacunar infarction. Stroke 1990;21:1143-9.
30. Gainotti G, Parlato V, Monteleone D, Carlomagno S. Neuropsychological markers of dementia on visual-spatial tasks: a comparison between Alzheimer's type and vascular forms of dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1992;14:239-52.
31. Gorelick PB, Chatterjee A, Patel D, et al. Cranial computed tomographic observations in multi-infarct dementia. A controlled study. Stroke 1992;23:804-11.
32. Goto K, Ishii N, Fukasawa H. Diffuse white matter disease in the geriatric population. A clinical, neuropathological and CT study. Radiology 1989;141:687-95.
33. Hachinski VC. The decline and resurgence of vascular dementia. Can Med Assoc J 1990;142:107-11.
34. Hachinski VC. Multi-infarct dementia: a reappraisal. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1991;5:64-8.
35. Hachinski VC. Preventable senility: a call for action against the vascular dementias. Lancet 1992;340:645-7.
36. Hachinski VC, Bowler JV Vascular dementia. Neurology 1993;43:2159-60.
37. Hachinski VC, Lassen NA, Marshall J. Multi-infarct dementia: a cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet 1974;ii:207-9.
38. Hershey LA, Modic MT, Greenough PG, Jaffe DF. Magnetic resonance imaging in vascular dementia. Neurology 1987;37:29-36.
39. Hier DB, Hagenlocker K, Shindler AG. Language disintegration in dementia: effects of etiology and severity. Brain Long 1985;25:117-33.
40. Hijdra A. Vascular dementia. In: WG Bradley, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Marsden CD, eds. Neurology in clinical practice. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991:1425-35.
41. Hom J, Reitan RM. Generalized cognitive function after stroke. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1990;12:644-54.
42. Hunt AL, Orrison WW, Yeo RA, et al. Clinical significance of MRI white matter lesions in the elderly. Neurology 1989;39:1470-4.
43. Kawamura J, Meyer JS, Ichijo M, et al. Correlations of leuko-araiosis with cerebral atrophy and perfusion in elderly normal subjects and demented patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:182-7.
44. Kertesz A, Clydesdale S. Neuropsychological deficits in vascular dementia vs Alzheimer disease. Frontal lobe deficits prominent in vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 1994;51:1226-31.
45. Kertesz A, Polk M, Carr T. Cognition and white matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging in dementia. Arch Neurol 1990;47:387-91.
46. Kontiola P, Laaksonen R, Sulkava R, Erkinjuntti T. Pattern of language impairment is different in Alzheimer disease and multi-infarct dementia. Brain Lang 1990;38:364-83.
47. Ladurner G, Iliff LD, Leehner H. Clinical factors associated with dementia in ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982;45:97-101.
48. Lassen NA. Incomplete cerebral infarction - focal incomplete ischaemic tissue necrosis not leading to emollision. Stroke 1982;13:522-3.
49. Liu CK, Miller BL, Cummings JL, et al. A quantitative MRI study of vascular dementia. Neurology 1992;42:138-43.
50. Loeb C, Gandolfo C, Bino G. Intellectual impairment and cerebral lesions in multiple cerebral infarcts. A clinical-computed tomography study. Stroke 1988;19:560-5.
51. Meyer JS, McClintic KL, Rogers RL, et al. Aetiological considerations and risk factors for multi-infarct dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:1489-97.
52. Meyer JS, Rogers RL, Mortel KF. Multi-infarct dementia: demography, risk factors and therapy. In: Ginsberg MD, Dietrich WD, eds. Cerebrovascular diseases. Sixteenth research (Princeton) conference. New York: Raven Press, 1989:199-206.
53. Mirsen TR, Lee DH, Wong CJ, et al. Clinical correlates of white-matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. Arch Neurol 1991:48:1015-21.
54. Miyao S, Takano A, Teramoto J, Takahashi A. Leukoaraiosis in relation to prognosis for patients with lacunar infarction. Stroke 1992;23:1434-8.
55. Muramoto O. Selective reminding in normal and demented aged people: auditory verbal versus visual spatial task. Cortex 1984;20:461-78.
56. Parnetti L, Mecocci P, Santucci C, et al. Is multi-infarct dementia representative of vascular dementias? A retrospective study. Acta Neurol Scand 1990;81:484-7.
57. Ferez FI, Gay JR, Taylor RL. WAIS performance of neurologically impaired aged. Psychol Rep 1975a;37:1043-7.
58. Ferez FI, Gay JR, Taylor RL, Rivera VM. Patterns of memory performance in the neurologically impaired aged. Can J Neurol Sci 1975b;2:347-55.
59. Ferez FI, Rivera VM, Meyer JS, et al. Analysis of intellectual and cognitive performance in patients with multi-infarct dementia, vertebrobasilar insufficiency with dementia, and Alzheimer disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975c;38:533-40.
60. Powell AL, Cummings JL, Hill MA, Benson DF. Speech and language alterations in multi-infarct dementia. Neurology 1988;38:717-9.
61. Pujol J, Junque C, Vendrell P, et al. Cognitive correlates of ventricular enlargement in vascular patients with leukoaraiosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1991;84:237-42.
62. Rao SM, Leo GJ, Bernardin L, Unverzagt F. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns and prediction. Neurology 1991;41:685-91.
63. Rao SM, Minenberg W, Bernardin L, et al. Neuropsychological test findings in subjects with leukoaraiosis. Arch Neurol 1989;46:40-4.
64. Ricker JH, Keenan PA, Jacobson MW. Visuoperceptual-spatial ability and visual memory in vascular dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia 1994;32:1287-1296.
65. Román GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN international workshop. Neurology 1993;43:250-60.
66. Schmidt R. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia and normal aging. Eur Neurol 1992;32:164-9.
67. Shuttleworth EC, Huber SJ. The picture absurdities test in the evaluation of dementia. Brain Cogn 1989;11:50-9.
68. Skoog I, Berg S, Johansson B, et al. The influence of white matter lesions on neuropsychological functioning in demented and non-demented 85 year olds. In: Skoog I, ed. Mental disorders in the elderly. A population study in 85-year-olds. Göteborg: University of Göteborg, 1993.
69. Skoog I, Palmertz B, Andreasson L-A. The prevalence of white matter lesions on computed tomography of the brain in demented and non-demented 85 year olds. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1994;7:169-75.
70. Steingart A, Hachinski VC, Lau C, et al. Cognitive and neurologic findings in subjects with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (leukoaraiosis). Arch Neurol 1987a;44:32-5.
71. Steingart A, Hachinski VC, Lau C, et al. Cognitive and neurologic findings in demented patients with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (leukoaraiosis). Arch Neurol 1987b;44:36-9.
72. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Mayeux R, et al. Dementia after stroke: baseline frequency, risks, and clinical features in a hospitalized cohort. Neurology 1992;42:1185-93.
73. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Paik M, et al. Clinical determinants of dementia related to stroke. Ann Neurol 1993;33:568-75.
74. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Stern Y, et al. Cognitive impairment after stroke: frequency, patterns, and relationship to functional abilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:202-7.
75. Tomlinson BE, Blessed G, Roth M. Observations on the brains of demented old people. J Neurol Sci 1970;11:205-42.
76. Tupler LA, Coffey CE, Logue PE, et al. Neuropsychological importance of subcortical white matter hyperintensity. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1248-52.
77. Villardita C. Alzheimer disease compared with cerebrovascular dementia. Neuropsychological similarities and differences. Acta Neurol Scand 1993:87:299-308.
78. Wade DT, Parker V, Langten Hewer R. Memory disturbance after stroke: frequency and associated losses. Int Rehab Med 1986;8:60-4.
79. Wade DT, Wood VA, Hewer RL. Recovery of cognitive function soon after stroke: a study of visual neglect, attention span and verbal recall. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:10-3.
80. Wahlund LO, Andersson Lundman G, Julin P, et al. Quantitative estimation of brain white matter abnormalities in elderly subjects using magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 1992;10:859-65.
81. Wolfe N, Linn R, Babikian VL, et al. Frontal systems impairment following multiple lacunar infarcts. Arch Neurol 1990;47:129-32.
82. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. Genera: World Health Organization, 1993.