Gennadii Ziuganov: The reluctant candidate

Problems of Post-Communism

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 37-47

  Otto, Robert C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0033196653     PISSN: 10758216     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10758216.1999.11655850     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. For analysis of the current regime's oligarchic features, see Thomas Graham's seminal piece in Nezavisimaia gazeta (November 23, 1995), and Donald Jensen, "How Russia Is Ruled," RFE/RL Special Report, available at: http://www.rferl.org/nca/special/ruwhorules/index.html. For an analysis of oligarchic trends throughout Russian history, see Edward Keenan, "Moscow Political Folkways," Russian Review 45, no. 2 (April 1986): 115-81.
2. For analysis of the current regime's oligarchic features, see Thomas Graham's seminal piece in Nezavisimaia gazeta (November 23, 1995), and Donald Jensen, "How Russia Is Ruled," RFE/RL Special Report, available at: http://www.rferl.org/nca/special/ruwhorules/index.html. For an analysis of oligarchic trends throughout Russian history, see Edward Keenan, "Moscow Political Folkways," Russian Review 45, no. 2 (April 1986): 115-81.
3. For analysis of the current regime's oligarchic features, see Thomas Graham's seminal piece in Nezavisimaia gazeta (November 23, 1995), and Donald Jensen, "How Russia Is Ruled," RFE/RL Special Report, available at: http://www.rferl.org/nca/special/ruwhorules/index.html. For an analysis of oligarchic trends throughout Russian history, see Edward Keenan, "Moscow Political Folkways," Russian Review 45, no. 2 (April 1986): 115-81.
4. On the problems of the political opposition in Russia today, see the excellent analysis in NG-Stsenarii no. 8 (September 9, 1998).
5. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
6. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
7. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
8. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
9. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
10. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
11. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
12. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
13. Since 1993, Ziuganov has published eight books: Drama vlasti [Drama of power] (Moscow: Paleia, 1993); Derzhava [Great power] (2d, rev. ed., Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1994); Za gorizontom [To the horizon] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1995); Rossiia i sovremennii mir [Russia and the modern world] (Moscow: Obozrevatel, 1995); Veriu v Rossii [Faiths in Russia] (Voronezh, 1995); Rossiia - rodina moia [Russia: My motherland] (Moscow: INFORMPECHAT, 1996); Uroki zhizni [Lessons for life] (Moscow: n.p., 1997); and Geografiia pobedy [Geography of victory] (Moscow: n.p., 1997). The summary of his views is derived from these books, except where noted. Translated excerpts from Ziuganov's writings are found in Vadim Medish, ed., My Russia: The Political Autobiography of Gennadii Zyuganov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
14. On Ziuganov's rejection of Marxism, see Boris Slavin, "Otkaz ot Marksizma pogubit kompartiiu" [Rejection of Marxism killed the Communist Party), Golos kommunista 6 (1994): 4.
15. Ziuganov is careful, however, to delineate his differences with Huntington.
16. Sovetskaia Rossiia (November 24, 1998): 2.
17. See Ziuganov's introductory essay, "Rossiia i mir" [Russia and the world], in Sovremennaia Russkaia ideia i gosudarstvo [Modern Russian idea and state], ed. G.A. Ziuganov (Moscow: RUA-Korporatsiia, 1995), p. 14. The collection was published under the auspices of the Spiritual Heritage Foundation, headed by Ziuganov adviser Aleksei Podberezkin.
18. Sovetskaia Rossiia (December 24, 1998): 1.
19. Sovetskaia Rossiia (April 22, 1997): 1. Ziuganov emphasized that these words reflected the "difficult path traveled by Russian and Soviet communists toward an understanding of the interests of the whole people, the interests of the state, and the rights of its citizens as values that are worth living for and fighting for." Significantly, Ziuganov saw in Stalin's words a commitment to the interests of the nation as a whole, declaring the KPRF "the heirs to that part of the CPSU that never counterposed the class principle to the principle of the whole people."
20. On Ziuganov's elitism, see in particular Uroki zhizni, p. 109.
21. For a thorough and excellent discussion of the Russian Idea and Ziuganov's contributions, see James P. Scanlan, "The Russian Idea from Dostoevskii to Ziuganov," Problems of Post-Communism 43, no. 4 (July/August 1996): 35-43.
22. Veljko Vujacic, "Gennadii Ziuganov and the 'Third Road,'" Post-Soviet Affairs 12, no. 2 (April/June 1996): 118-54. Vujacic argues that the idea of directed class harmony within the framework of a powerful state that relies on nationalism and traditional religion as its main ideological foundations was central to French, Spanish, and Italian fascism.
23. Pravda (September 10, 1993): 2.
24. Ziuganov first laid out the five stages of this conspiratorial process in late 1993. See "Rossiia nad bezdnoi," Nash sovremennik, no. 11 (1993): 182-91. He has repeated it in other works, including Uroki zhizni, p. 141 .
25. Ziuganov first laid out the five stages of this conspiratorial process in late 1993. See "Rossiia nad bezdnoi," Nash sovremennik, no. 11 (1993): 182-91. He has repeated it in other works, including Uroki zhizni, p. 141 .
26. Kommersant-daily (June 23, 1998) (electronic version). For the description of Ziuganov as "pathologically cautious," see Kommersant-daily (November 6, 1997): 7.
27. Kommersant-daily (June 23, 1998) (electronic version). For the description of Ziuganov as "pathologically cautious," see Kommersant-daily (November 6, 1997): 7.
28. The phrase is Iurii Burtin's. See Obshchaia gazeta, no. 4 (January 30-February 5, 1997): 8.
29. On Ziuganov's background, see Joan Urban and Valerii D. Solovei, Russia's Communists at the Crossroads (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 43-44, 187-88.
30. See, for example, Argumentì i fakti (February 4, 1998): 10.
31. See, for example, Russkii telegraf (February 25, 1998) (electronic version) and Obshchaia gazeta, no. 28 (July 16-22, 1998): 7.
32. See, for example, Russkii telegraf (February 25, 1998) (electronic version) and Obshchaia gazeta, no. 28 (July 16-22, 1998): 7.
33. The Party came under fire on just such a point at the time of the third vote on Kirienko. See Segodnia (April 25, 1998) (electronic version).
34. Urban and Solovei, Russia's Communists, pp. 121-47.
35. The latest version of the Party program is posted on the Party's Web site: http://www.KPRF.ru. On the Party's turn to these values, see also Obshchaia gazeta, no. 28 (July 16-22, 1998).
36. Sovetskaia Rossiia (April 22, 1997): 1.
37. Moscow Times (June 25, 1996): 1. It is quite likely that Ziuganov intended to keep such individuals as Evgenii Primakov, then foreign minister, and Minister of Interior Anatolii Kulikov.
38. Segodnia (April 25, 1998) (electronic version). Among the more notable defectors were Duma speaker Gennadii Seleznev and Iurii Masliukov.
39. Kommersant (November 24, 1998) (electronic version).
40. Nezavisimaia gazeta (January 22, 1999) (electronic version).
41. Segodnia (July 2, 1999) (electronic version)
42. See www.polit.ru, Novosti (July 2, 1999).
43. For Tuleev's attack on the party see Nezavisimaia gazeta (June 17, 1999) (electronic version). On his election plans see Segodnia (June 8, 1999) (electronic version). Although not a KPRF member, Tuleev has long backed it and had the third position on the party list in 1995.
44. For Tuleev's attack on the party see Nezavisimaia gazeta (June 17, 1999) (electronic version). On his election plans see Segodnia (June 8, 1999) (electronic version). Although not a KPRF member, Tuleev has long backed it and had the third position on the party list in 1995.
45. See for example Sovetskaia rossiia (May 18, 1999). The issue published the voting record of each deputy on each of the five impeachment counts. The entire issue attempted to portray the vote as a successful "people's impeachment."
46. Vremia MN (March 5, 1999) (electronic version).
47. Russkii telegraf (February 21, 1998) (electronic version).
48. For an illustration of Ziuganov's deference to Luzhkov, see Zavtra, no. 28 (1998): 2.
49. Nezavisimaia gazeta (January 16, 1999) (electronic version).
50. Moscow News, no. 35 (September 2-8, 1995): 6. Neverov and his business have completely disappeared from view.
51. For a portrait of Semago, see Moskovskii komsomolets (February 15, 1998): 5.
52. Novye izvestiia (October 28, 1998): 4.
53. In addition to the Semago interview, for information on Vidmanov and his role in financing the party, see also Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 6, 1998) (electronic version) and Argumenti i fakti (February 2, 1999) (electronic version). The government decree on Rosagropromstroi is in Rossiiskaia gazeta (March 1, 1995): 14.
54. In addition to the Semago interview, for information on Vidmanov and his role in financing the party, see also Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 6, 1998) (electronic version) and Argumenti i fakti (February 2, 1999) (electronic version). The government decree on Rosagropromstroi is in Rossiiskaia gazeta (March 1, 1995): 14.
55. In addition to the Semago interview, for information on Vidmanov and his role in financing the party, see also Nezavisimaia gazeta (December 6, 1998) (electronic version) and Argumenti i fakti (February 2, 1999) (electronic version). The government decree on Rosagropromstroi is in Rossiiskaia gazeta (March 1, 1995): 14.
56. Argumenti i fakti (February 2, 1999) (electronic version). For a general picture of the budget and off-budget funds as a source of financing for political groupings, see Kommersant-vlast, no. 6 (February 16, 1999).
57. Argumenti i fakti (February 2, 1999) (electronic version). For a general picture of the budget and off-budget funds as a source of financing for political groupings, see Kommersant-vlast, no. 6 (February 16, 1999).
58. On the party's financial relationship with Gazprom, see Ekspert, no. 27 (July 21, 1997): 38-41. Maintaining Gazprom's integrity became a veritable fixation of the entire patriotic opposition.
59. See, for example, Kommersant-daily (November 6, 1997): 7.
60. On Vorotnikov's ties to MOST, see Moskovskii komsomolets (January 21, 1999) (electronic version).
61. Kommersant-daily (November 6, 1997): 6.
62. Novye izvestiia (October 28, 1998): 4. Semago says that Kuptsov engaged in this operation during the crucial third vote on Kirienko's nomination as prime minister.
63. Novaia gazeta ponedelnik (February 8, 1999) (electronic version); Nezavisimaia gazeta (October 22, 1998) (electronic version); Kommersant-vlast (November 3, 1998) (electronic version).
64. Novaia gazeta ponedelnik (February 8, 1999) (electronic version); Nezavisimaia gazeta (October 22, 1998) (electronic version); Kommersant-vlast (November 3, 1998) (electronic version).
65. Novaia gazeta ponedelnik (February 8, 1999) (electronic version); Nezavisimaia gazeta (October 22, 1998) (electronic version); Kommersant-vlast (November 3, 1998) (electronic version).
66. Both are quoted in Argumenti i fakti (February 2, 1999) (electronic version).
67. See, for example, Peter Reddaway's assessment in the New York Times (July 2, 1996): A15. For a more recent assessment of Ziuganov's fear of power, see Obshchaia gazeta, no. 11 (March 18-25, 1999) (electronic version).
68. See, for example, Peter Reddaway's assessment in the New York Times (July 2, 1996): A15. For a more recent assessment of Ziuganov's fear of power, see Obshchaia gazeta, no. 11 (March 18-25, 1999) (electronic version).
69. On this point see Obshchaia gazeta, no. 45 (November 14-20, 1997): 8.
70. Nezavisimaia gazeta (May 17, 1996): 2.
71. Segodnia (May 8, 1996): 2.
72. Argumenti i fakti (November 3, 1998) (electronic version).
73. See http://www.polit.ru (February 24, 1999). Ziuganov was taking issue with Primakov's call for the president to nominate the governor and then have the local legislature approve the nomination. Ziuganov believed that the president did not need to nominate a candidate.
74. "Rus griadushchaia," Nash sovremennik, no. 1 (1999): 164.
75. Sovetskaia Rossiia (September 22, 1994): 3.
76. On the other hand, there is an emerging sense that the party is an expensive luxury that should be allowed to whither away in normal electoral politics. See Gleb Pavlovskii's article in Nezavisimaia gazeta (May 27, 1999) (electronic version).
77. Moscow Times (July 1, 1999) (electronic version).