Unconsciously controlled processing: The Stroop effect reconsidered

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 449-455

  Besner, Derek ^a   Stolz, Jennifer A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; CANADA; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLOR VISION; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; PATTERN RECOGNITION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REACTION TIME; READING; RECOGNITION; RETRACTED ARTICLE; SEMANTICS;

ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; COLOR PERCEPTION; CONSCIOUSNESS; FORM PERCEPTION; HUMANS; ONTARIO; REACTION TIME; READING; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SEMANTICS;

EID: 0033183705     PISSN: 10699384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03210834     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. ALLPORT, D. A. (1980). Patterns and actions: Cognitive mechanisms are content-specific. In G. Claxton (Ed.), Cognitive psychology: New directions (pp. 26-64). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2. ANDERSON, J. (1995). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York: W. H. Freeman.
3. ASHCRAFT, M. H. (1994). Human memory and cognition (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
4. BAUER, B., & BESNER, D. (1997). Mental set as a determinant of processing in the Stroop task. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 61-68.
5. BESNER, D., & STOLZ, J. A. (1999). What kind of attention modulates the Stroop effect? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 99-104.
6. BESNER, D., STOLZ, J. A., & BOUTILIER, C. (1997). The Stroop effect and the myth of automaticity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 221-225.
7. BROWN, T. L., ROOS-GILBERT, L., & CARR, T. H. (1995). Automaticity and word perception: Evidence from Stroop and Stroop dilution effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 1395-1411.
8. CHEESMAN, J., & MERIKLE, P. M. (1985). Word recognition and consciousness. In D. Besner, T. G. Waller, & E. McKinnon (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (pp. 311-352). San Diego: Academic Press.
9. CHIAPPE, P. R., SMITH, M. C., & BESNER, D. (1996). Semantic priming in visual word recognition: Activation blocking and domains of processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 249-253.
10. COHEN, J. D., DUNBAR, K., & MCCLELLAND, J. L. (1990). On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97, 332-361.
11. FRIEDRICH, F. J., STRAYER, D. L., & CHRISTENSEN, S. M. (1997, November). ERP evidence of prime task effects on semantic priming. Paper presented at the 38th annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Philadelphia.
12. JACOBY, L. L., LINDSAY, D. S., & TOTH, J. P. (1992). Unconscious influences revealed. American Psychologist, 47, 802-809.
13. JOHNSTON, J. C. (1981). Effects of advance precuing of alternatives on the perception of letters alone and in words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 7, 560-572.
14. JOHNSTON, J. C., & MCCLELLAND, J. L. (1974). Perception of letters in words: Seek not and ye shall find. Science, 184, 1192-1194.
15. KAHNEMAN, D., & HENIK, A. (1981). Perceptual organization and attention. In M. Kubovy & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Perceptual organization (pp. 181-211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
16. LABERGE, D. (1983). Spatial extent of attention to letters and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 9, 371-379.
17. LABERGE, D., & SAMUELS, S. J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 292-323.
18. LOGAN, G. D., ZBRODOFF, N. J., & WILLIAMSON, J. (1984). Strategies in the color-word Stroop task. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 135-138.
19. MACLEOD, C. M. (1991). Haifa century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
20. MACLEOD, C. M. (1992). The Stroop task: The "gold standard" of attentional measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 12-14.
21. MARCEL, A. J. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 197-237.
22. MCCANN, R. S., FOLK, C. L., & JOHNSTON, J. C. (1992). The role of spatial attention in visual word processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 18, 1015-1029.
23. MCCORMICK, P. A. (1997). Orienting attention without orienting awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 23, 168-180.
24. MEDIN, D. L., & ROSS, B. H. (1997). Cognitive psychology (2nd ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
25. NEELY, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Role of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
26. NEELY, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. NEUMANN, O. (1984). Automatic processing: A review of recent findings and a plea for an old theory. In W. Prinz & A. F. Sanders (Eds.), Cognition and motor processes (pp. 255-293). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
28. PAQUET, L., & MERIKLE, P. M. (1988). Global precedence in attended and nonattended objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 14, 89-100.
29. POSNER, M. I., & SNYDER, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. RAYNER, K., & POLLATSEK, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
31. REICHER, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 274-280.
32. REISBERG, D. (1997). Cognition: Exploring the science of the mind. New York: W. W. Norton.
33. SCHNEIDER, W. (1988). Micro Experimental Laboratory: An integrated system for IBM PC compatibles. Behavior Research Methods. Instruments, & Computers, 20, 206-217.
34. SHAFFER, W. O., & LABERGE, D. (1979). Automatic semantic processing of unattended words. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 18, 413-426.
35. SHALLICE, T. (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36. SMITH, M. C., THEODOR, L., & FRANKLIN, P. E. (1983). On the relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 9, 697-712.
37. STOLZ, J. A., & BESNER, D. (1996). The role of set in visual word recognition: Activation and activation blocking as non-automatic processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 22, 1166-1177.
38. STOLZ, J. A., & BESNER, D. (1998). Levels of representation in visual word recognition: A dissociation between morphological and semantic processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 24, 1642-1655.
39. STOLZ, J. A., & MCCANN, R. S. (1999). Visual word recognition: Reattending to the role of spatial attention. Manuscript submitted for publication.
40. STROOP, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-661.
41. VAN SELST, M., & JOLICOEUR, P. (1994). A solution to the effect of sample size on outlier elimination. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47A, 631-650.