The radiological impact of actinides discharged to the Irish Sea

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity

Volumn 44, Issue 2-3, 1999, Pages 389-403

  Hunt, G J ^a   Smith, B D ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Americium; Collective dose; Food pathways; Irish sea; Plutonium; Radiological impact

Indexed keywords

ACTINIDE;

ACTINIDE; BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE; MARINE POLLUTION; RADIONUCLIDE; SEAWATER;

ARTICLE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD IRRADIATION; RADIATION MONITORING; RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION; SEA; SEA FOOD; UNITED KINGDOM;

IRISH SEA;

INVERTEBRATA; PORPHYRA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0033180879     PISSN: 0265931X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0265-931X(98)00142-8     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Assinder, D. (1999). A review of the occurrence and behaviour of Np in the Irish Sea. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 44(2-3), 335-347.
2. Barraclough, I. M., Robb, J. D., Robinson, C. A., Smith, K. R., & Cooper, J. R. (1996). The use of estimates of collective dose to the public. Journal of Radiological Protection, 16(2), 73-80.
3. Byrom, J., Robinson, C., Simmonds, J. P., Walters, B., & Taylor, R. R. (1995). Food consumption rates for use in generalised radiological dose assessments. Journal of Radiological Protection, 15(4), 335-341.
4. BNFL (1978). Annual Report on Radioactive Discharges and Monitoring of the Environment, 1977. British Nuclear Fuels plc, Risley.
5. BNFL (1997). Annual Report on Radioactive Discharges and Monitoring of the Environment, 1996 (Vol. 1). British Nuclear Fuels plc, Risley.
6. Camplin, W. C. (1994). Radioactivity in surface and coastal wastes of the British Isles, 1993. Aquat. Env. Monit. Report No. 42. MAFF Direct. Fish. Res, Lowestoft.
7. Camplin, W. C. (1995). Radioactivity in surface and coastal wastes of the British Isles, 1994. Aquat. Env. Monit. Report No. 45. MAFF Direct. Fish. Res, Lowestoft.
8. Camplin, W. C., Baxter, A. J., & Round, G. D. (1996). The radiological impact of discharges of natural radionuclides from a phosphate plant in the United Kingdom. Environment International, 22 (Suppl. 1), S259-S270.
9. Cambray, R. S., & Eakins, J. D. (1980). Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria, Part 1. Concentrations of plutonium and caesium-137 in environmental samples from west Cumbria and a possible maritime effect. UK. At. En. Auth. Report AERE-R 9807. Harwell, Oxon.
10. CEC. (1990). The Radiological Exposure of the Population of the European Community from Radioactivity in North European Marine Waters. Project 'Marina'. Report EUR 12483en. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
11. Dunster, H. J. (1952). The discharge of aqueous radioactive effluent from windscale works to the sea at Sellafield. Ministry of Supply, Division of Atomic Energy (Production) Report 8025 (16 pp.).
12. Eakins, J. D., Pattenden, N. J., Cambray, R. S., Lally, A. E., & Playford, K. (1981). Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria part 2: Radionuclide deposits in soil in the coastal region of Cumbria. UK At. En. Auth. Report AERE-R 9873. Harwell, Oxon.
13. Eakins, J. D., Lally, A. E., Burton, P. J., Kilworth, D. C., & Pratley, F. A. (1982). Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria part 5: The magnitude and mechanism of enrichment of seaspray with actinides in west Cumbria. UK. At. En. Auth. Report AERE-R 10 127.
14. Fry, F. A., Green, N., Dodd, N. J., & Hammond, D. J. (1985). Radionuclides in house dust. Nat. Rad. Prot. Board Report NRPB-R181 Chilton, Oxon.
15. Goddard, A. J. H., Minski, M. J., Thornton, I., & Culbard, E. B. (1986). Household particulate survey (radioactivity in house dust in west Cumbria and its significance). Dept. of Environment Report PECD 7/9/198-218/83. Imperial College, London.
16. Gray, J., Jones, S. R., & Smith, A. D. (1995). Discharges to the environment from the Sellafield site, 1951-1992. Journal of Radiological Protection, 15(2), 99-131.
17. Hetherington, J. A. (1976). Radioactivity in Surface and Coastal Waters of the British Isles, 1974. Rep. FRL-11. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft.
18. Howorth, J. M., & Eggleton, A. E. J. (1988). Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria, part 12: Modelling of the sea-to-land transfer of radionuclides and an assessment of the radiological consequences. UK. At. En. Auth. Report AERE-R 11733 Harwell, Oxon.
19. Hughes, J. S., & O'Riordan, M. C. (1993). Radiation exposure of the UK population - 1993 review. Nat. Radiol. Prot. Board Report No. 263. Chilton, Oxon.
20. Hunt, G. J. (1979). Radioactivity in surface and coastal waters of the British Isles, 1977. Aquat. Env. Monit. Report No. 3. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft.
21. Hunt, G. J. (1981). Radioactivity in surface and coastal waters of the British Isles, 1979. Aquat. Env. Monit. Report No. 6. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft.
22. Hunt, G. J. (1983). Radioactivity in surface and coastal waters of the British Isles, 1981. Aquat. Env. Monit. Report 9. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft.
23. Hunt, G. J. (1984). Simple models for prediction of external radiation exposure from aquatic pathways. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 8(4), 215-224.
24. Hunt, G. J. (1985). Timescales for dilution and dispersion of transuranics in the Irish Sea off Sellafield. Science of the Total Environment, 46, 261-278.
25. Hunt, G. J. (1991). Public radiation exposure due to radioactive waste discharges to the Irish Sea. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 36(2/4), 205-210.
26. Hunt, G. J. (1997). Radiation doses to critical groups since the early 1950s due to discharges of liquid radioactive waste from Sellafield. Health Physics, 72(4), 558-567.
27. Hunt, G. J., & Kershaw, P. J. (1990). Remobilisation of artificial radionuclides from the sediment of the Irish Sea. Journal of Radiological Protection, 10(2), 147-151.
28. Hunt, G. J., Leonard, D. R. P., & Lovett, M. B. (1990). Transfer of environmental plutonium and americium across the human gut: A second study. Science of the Total Environment, 90, 273-282.
29. Huntley, D. A., Dyer, K. R., Cavrot, D., Tooley, M. J., Zong, Y., Haslam, I. K., Green, N., & Wilkins, B. T. (1996). Potential Incursion of Marine Sediment Inland in Northwest England. Report NRPB-R284. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton.
30. Ds and Concentration Factors for Radionuclides in the Marine Environment. Technical Report 247. IAEA, Vienna.
31. ICRP (1973). Implications of Commission Recommendations that Doses be Kept as Low as Readily Achievable. (17pp). ICRP Publication 22. Pergamon, Oxford.
32. ICRP (1977). Recommendations of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 26. Annals ICRP, 1(3), 1-53.
33. ICRP (1985). Statement from the 1985 Paris meeting of the ICRP. Annals ICRP, 15(3), i-ii.
34. ICRP (1991). 1990 recommendations of the ICRP. ICRP Publication 60. Annals ICRP, 21(1-3), 1-201.
35. ICRP (1996). Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides, part 5: Compilation of ingestion and inhalation dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 72. Annals ICRP, 26(1), 1-91.
36. Kershaw, P. J., Denoon, D. C., & Woodhead, D. S. (1999). Observations on the redistribution of plutonium and americium in the Irish Sea sediments, 1978 to 1996: Concentrations and inventories. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 44(2-3), 191-221.
37. Knight, A., Green, B. M. R., O'Riordan, M. C., & Linsley, G. S. (1980) An air monitoring programme in the environment of a major nuclear establishment: Operation and results. Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association, Jerusalem, (pp. 87-90).
38. Longley, H., & Templeton, W. L. (1965). Marine environmental monitoring in the vicinity of windscale. In B. C. Godbold, & J. K. Jones, (Eds.), Radiological Monitoring of the Environment. Oxford: Pergamon.
39. Mayall, A., Cabianca, T., Morris, T. P., Nightingale, A., Simmonds, J. R., & Cooper, J. R. (1993). Collective Doses from Proposed Sellafield Discharges. Report NRPB-M453. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton.
40. MAFF. (1996). Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, 1995. Report RIFE-1. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.
41. MAFF. (1997). Radioactivity in Food and the Environment, 1996. Report RIFE-2. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.
42. Mitchell, N. T. (1975). Radioactivity in Surface and Coastal Waters of the British Isles, 1972-73. Report FRL 10. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft.
43. NCRP (1995). Principles and application of collective dose in radiation protection. NCRP Report No. 121. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland.
44. NRPB (1983). Gut transfer fractions for the actinides. Radiological Protection Bulletin, 50, 4.
45. NRPB (1990). Gut transfer factors. Docs NRPB, 1(2), 1-26.
46. Pattenden, N. J., Cambray, R. S., Playford, K., Eakins, J. D., & Fisher, E. M. R. (1980). Studies of environmental radioactivity in Cumbria Part 3: Measurements of radionuclides in airborne and deposited material. UK. At. En. Auth. Report AERE-R 9857. Harwell, Oxon.
47. Pentreath, R. J., & Lovett, M. B. (1978). Transuranic nuclides in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the north-eastern Irish Sea. Marine Biology, 48, 19-26.
48. Preston, A., & Jefferies, D. F. (1969). The ICRP critical group concept in relation to the Windscale Sea discharges. Health Physics, 16, 33-46.
49. Preston, A., & Mitchell, N. T. (1973). Evaluation of public radiation exposure from the controlled marine disposal of radioactive waste (with special reference to the United Kingdom). Proceedings of the International Symposium of the IAEA on Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment, Seattle, 10-14 July 1972. IAEA-SM-158/36, 575-593. Vienna: IAEA.
50. Simmonds, J. R., Lawson, G., & Mayall, A. (1995). Methodology for Assessing the Radiological Consequences of Routine Releases of Radionuclides to the Environment. Report EUR 15760EN. European Commission, Luxembourg.
51. Stather, J. W., Wrixon, A. D., & Simmonds, J. R. (1984). The risks of leukaemia and other cancers in seascale from radiation exposure. National Radiological Protection Board Report NRPB-R171. HMSO, London.
52. Van Wijnen, J. H., Clausing, P., & Brunekreef, B. (1990). Estimated soil ingestion by children. EnvironnmenTal Research, 51(2), 147.
53. Wilkins, B. T., Simmonds, J. R., & Cooper, J. R. (1994). Assessment of the present and future implications of radioactive contamination of the Irish Sea coastal region of Cumbria. National Radiological Protection Board Report NRPB-R267. Chilton, Oxon.
54. Wilkins, B. T., Green, N., Haslam, I. K., Huntley, D. A., Dyer, K. R., Cavrot, D, Tooley, M. J., & Zang, Y. (1999). Potential incursion of marine sediment inland during storms: The radiological importance of actinides. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 44(2-3), 371-388.
55. Wix, L. F. U., Fairbairn, A., & Dunster, H. J., (1959). A review of the monitoring associated with the discharge of radioactive liquid effluent to sea at windscale from early 1953 until the end of 1958. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Report AHSB (RP) R.1. Harwell, Berks (57pp.)