Fluid- and reaction-assisted low-angle normal faulting: Evidence from rift-related brittle fault rocks in the Alps (Err Nappe, eastern Switzerland)

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 21, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 777-793

  Manatschal, Gianreto ^a  

^a GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRITTLE FAULT ROCKS; CATACLASITE; FAULTING; FLUID ASSISTED DEFORMATION; PHYLLOSILICATES;

DEFORMATION; FELDSPAR; GRAIN BOUNDARIES; GRAPHITE; MECHANICAL PERMEABILITY; PETROLOGY; PHASE TRANSITIONS; PRESSURE; QUARTZ; STRAIN;

ROCKS;

CATACLASITE; FAULT GOUGE; FAULTING; NAPPE; NORMAL FAULT;

SWITZERLAND;

EID: 0033165643     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00069-3     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Albers G.A., Mutter C.Z., Fang J. Shallow dips of normal faults during rapid extension: Earthquakes in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Geophysical Research. 102:1997;15301-15317.
2. Anderson E.M. The Dynamics of Faulting. 2nd ed. 1951;Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
3. Berthé D., Choukroune P., Jegouzo P. Orthogneiss, mylonite and non-coaxial deformation of granites: the example of the South Amorican Shear-Zone. Journal of Structural Geology. 1:1979;31-42.
4. Boullier A.M., Gueguen Y. SP-Mylonites: Origin of some mylonites by superplastic flow. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 50:1975;93-104.
5. Brace W.F. Permeability of crystalline rocks: new in situ measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research. 89:1984;4327-4330.
6. Caine J.S., Evans J.P., Forster C.B. Fault zone architecture and permeability structure. Geology. 24:1996;1025-1028.
7. Chester F.M., Logan J.M. Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the Punchbowl fault zone, California. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 124:1986;79-106.
8. Chester F.M., Logan J.M. Composite planar fabric of gouge from the Punchbowl Fault, California. Journal of Structural Geology. 9:1987;621-634.
9. Chester F.M., Friedman M., Logan J.M. Foliated cataclasites. Tectonophysics. 11:1985;139-146.
10. Chester J.P., Evans J.P., Biegel R.L. Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas Fault. Journal of Geophysical Research. 98:1993;771-786.
11. Cornelius H.P. Geologie der Err-Julier-Gruppe: Das Baumaterial. Beiträge zur geologischen Karte der Schweiz. 70:(1):1935;1-321.
12. Cornelius H.P. Geologie der Err-Julier-Gruppe: Der Gebirgsbau. Beiträge zur geologischen Karte der Schweiz. 70:(2):1950;1-264.
13. Engelder J.T. Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge. Geological Society of American Bulletin. 85:1974;1515-1522.
14. Evans, B., Dresen, G., 1991. Deformation of Earth Materials: Six Easy Pieces. Reviews of Geophysics, Supplement. U.S. National Report to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1987-1990, pp. 823-843.
15. Evans J.P. Deformation mechanisms in granitic rocks at shallow crustal levels. Journal of Structural Geology. 10:1988;437-443.
16. Evans J.P. Textures, deformation mechanisms, and the role of fluids in the cataclastic deformation of granitic rocks. Knipe R.J., Rutter E.H. Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. 54:1990;29-39 Geological Society Special Publication.
17. Evans J.P., Chester F.M. Fluid-rock interaction in faults of the San Andreas system: Inferences from San Gabriel fault rock geochemistry and microstructures. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;13007-13020.
18. Evans J.P., Forster C.B., Goddard J.V. Permeability of fault-related rocks, and implications for hydraulic structure of fault zones. Journal of Structural Geology. 19:1997;1393-1404.
19. Fitz Gerald J.D., Stünitz H. Deformation of granitoids at low metamorphic grade. I: Reactions and grain size reduction. Tectonophysics. 221:1993;269-297.
20. Froitzheim N., Eberli G.P. Extensional detachment faulting in the evolution of a Tethys passive continental margin, Eastern Alps, Switzerland. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 102:1990;1297-1308.
21. Froitzheim N., Manatschal G. Kinematic model for Jurassic rifting, mantle exhumation, and passive-margin formation in the Austroalpine and Penninic nappes (Eastern Switzerland). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 108:1996;1120-1133.
22. Froitzheim N., Schmid S.M., Conti P. Repeated change from crustal shortening to orogen-parallel extension in the Austroalpine units of Graubünden. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 87:1994;559-612.
23. Groshong R.H. Low-temperature deformation mechanisms and their interpretation. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 100:1988;1329-1360.
24. Handy M.R. The solid-state flow of polymineralic rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research. 95:1990;8647-8661.
25. Handy M.R., Herwegh M., Regli R. Tektonische Entwicklung der westlichen Zone von Samedan (Oberhalbstein, Graubünden, Schweiz). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 86:1993;785-818.
26. Heitzmann P. Kakirite, Kataklasite, Mylonite - Zur Nomenklatur der Metamorphite mit Verformungsgefüge. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 78:1985;273-286.
27. Jordan P. The deformational behaviour of bimineralic limestone-halite aggregates. Tectonophysics. 135:1987;185-197.
28. Maddock R.M. Frictional melting in landslide-generated frictionites (hyalomylonites) and fault-generated pseudotachylites. Discussion. Tectonophysics. 128:1986;151-153.
29. Maddock R.H., Grocott J., van Nes M. Vesicles, amygdales and similar structures in fault-generated pseudotachylites. Lithos. 20:1987;419-432.
30. Magloughlin J.F., Spray J.G. Frictional melting processes and products in geological materials. Tectonophysics. 204:1992;197-337.
31. Manatschal, G., 1995. Jurassic rifting and formation of a passive continental margin (Platta and Err nappes, Eastern Switzerland): geometry, kinematics and geochemistry of fault rocks and a comparison with the Galicia margin. PhD thesis, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich.
32. Manatschal G., Nievergelt P. A continent-ocean transition recorded in the Err and Platta nappes (Austroalpine and Penninic nappes, Eastern Switzerland). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 90:1997;3-27.
33. Manatschal, G., Marquer, D., Früh-Green, G.L., in press. Channelized fluid flow and mass transfer along a rift-related detachment fault (Eastern Alps, SE Switzerland). Geological Society of America Bulletin.
34. Miller S.A., Nur A., Olgaard D.L. Earthquakes as a coupled shear stress-high pore pressure dynamical system. Geophysical Research Letters. 23:1996;197-200.
35. Neuzil C.E. How permeable are clays and shales? Water Resource Research. 30:1994;145-150.
36. Passchier C.W., Trouw R.A.J. Microtectonics. 1996;Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
37. Philpotts A.R. Origin of pseudotachylites. American Journal of Sciences. 262:1964;1008-1035.
38. Reynolds S.J., Lister G.S. Structural aspects of fluid-rock interactions in detachment zones. Geology. 15:1987;362-366.
39. Rutter E.H. On the nomenclature of mode of failure transitions in rocks. Tectonophysics. 122:1986;381-387.
40. Rutter E.H., Maddock R.H., Hall S.H., White S.H. Comparative microstructures of natural and experimentally produced clay-bearing fault gouges. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 124:1986;3-30.
41. Sammis C.G., Osborne R.H., Anderson J.L., Banerdt M., White P. Self-similar cataclasis in the formation of fault gouge. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 124:1986;53-78.
42. Schmid S.M., Handy M.R. Towards a genetic classification of fault rocks: geological usage and tectonophysical implications. Müller D.W., McKenzie J.A., Weissert H. Controversies in Modern Geology. 1991;339-361 Academic Press, London.
43. Scholz C.H. Wear and gouge formation in brittle faulting. Geology. 15:1987;493-495.
44. Shimamoto T., Nagahama H. An argument against the crush origin of pseudotachylites based on the analysis of clast-size distribution. Journal of Structural Geology. 14:1992;999-1006.
45. Sibson R.H. Generation of pseudotachylite by ancient seismic faulting. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomic Society. 43:1975;775-794.
46. Stöcklin, J., 1949. Zur Geologie der nördlichen Errgruppe zwischen Val d'Err und Weissenstein (Graubünden). PhD thesis, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich, Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck.
47. Toyoshima T. Pseudotachylite from the main zone of the Hidaka metamorphic belt, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 9:1990;507-523.
48. Wernicke B. Low-angle normal faults and seismicity: A review. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;20159-20174.
49. Wintsch R.P., Christoffersen R., Kronenberg A.K. Fluid-rock reaction weakening of fault zones. Journal of Geophysical Research. 100:1995;13021-13032.