Testing the Contingency Theory of Accommodation in Public Relations

Public Relations Review

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 171-195

  Cancel, Amenda E ^a   Mitrook, Michael A ^a   Cameron, Glen T ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033149368     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0363-8111(99)80161-1     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. A. E. Cancel, G. T. Cameron, L. M. Sallot, and M. A. Mitrook, "It Depends: A Contingency Theory of Accommodation in Public Relations," Journal of Public Relations Research 9 (1997), pp. 31-63.
2. S. A. Hellweg, "The Application of Grunig's Symmetry-Asymmetry Public Relations Models to Internal Communications Systems," paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, San Francisco, May 1989.
3. P. Murphy, "The Limits of Symmetry: A Game Theory Approach to Symmetric and Asymmetrical Public Relations," Public Relations Research Annual 3 (1991), pp. 115-131.
4. D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, Manager's Guide to Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995).
5. S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.
6. P. Murphy, op. cit.
7. S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.
8. P. Murphy, op. cit.
9. J. E. Grunig, L. A. Grunig, and D. M. Dozier, "Combining the Two-Way Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Models into a Contingency Model of Excellent Public Relations," in G. Bentele, H. Steinmann, and A. Zerfass (eds.), Dialogorientierte Unternehmenskommunikation (Berlin: Vistas, 1996), pp. 199-228.
10. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
11. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
12. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
13. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
14. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
15. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
16. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
17. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
18. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
19. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
20. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
21. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
22. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
23. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
24. See the following for development and evaluation of the excellence theory: D. M. Dozier, L. Grunig, and J. Grunig, op. cit.; J. Grunig, "Organizations and Public Relations: Testing a Communication Theory," Journalism Monographs 46 (November 1976); J. E. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1(4) (1984); J. E. Grunig, "Communication, Public Relations, and Effective Organizations: An Overview of the Book," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992); L. Grunig, "Activism and Organizational Response: Contemporary Cases of Collective Behavior," paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Norman, OK, 1986; J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig, "Toward a Theory of the Public Relations Behavior of Organizations: Review of a Program of Research," in J. E. Grunig and L. A. Grunig (eds.), Public Relations Research Annual, 1 (1989); J. E. Grunig and L.A. Grunig, "Models of public relations: A review and reconceptualization," paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN, 1990; S. A. Hellweg, op. cit.; G. Leichty and J. Springston, "Reconsidering public relations models," Public Relations Review, 19, 4, (1993), pp. 327-339; R. K. Long, "Comments on 'Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,'" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6(1) (1987), pp. 91-93; R. Pearson, "Beyond ethical relativism in public relations: Coorientation, rules, and the idea of communication symmetry," Public Relations Research Annual, 1, (1989), pp. 67-86; L. Sallot, The Effects of Motive, Communications Style, and Licensing on the Reputation of public Relations: An Impression Management Perspective, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, (1993); L. A. Schneider, "The role of public relations in four organizational types," Journalism Quarterly, 62, (1985), pp. 567-576, 594; P. K. Tompkins and G. E. Cheney, "Communication and Unobtrusive Control," in R. M. McPhee and P. Thompkins (eds.), Organizational Communication: Traditional Themes and New Directions, (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1985), pp. 179-210; J. V. Turk, "Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influence on the news," Journalism Monographs, (1986), p. 100.
25. We offer only a cursory overview of the theory here because the findings of this study will present and evaluate all of the variables in the theory. See Cancel, Cameron, Sallot and Mitrook, op. cit. for a more thorough presentation of the contingency theory of accommodation.
26. A. E. Cancel, G. T. Cameron, L. M. Sallot, and M. A. Mitrook, op. cit.
27. Y. Lincoln and E. Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985).
28. A. E. Cancel, G. T. Cameron, L. M. Sallot, and M. A. Mitrook, op. cit.
29. Ibid.
30. R. H. Miles, Managing the Corporate Social Environment: A Grounded Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987).
31. Ibid.
32. R. A. Pollack, Testing the Grunig Organizational Theory in Scientific Organizations: Public Relations and the Values of the Dominant Coalition, Unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, (1986).
33. J. Grunig, "Organizations, Environments, and Models of Public Relations," Public Relations Research and Education 1 (1984), pp. 6-29.
34. K. Sriramesh, J. E. Grunig, and J. Buffington, "Corporate Culture and Public Relations," in J. E. Grunig (ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1992), pp. 577-596.
35. A. E. Cancel, G. T. Cameron, L. M. Sallot, and M. A. Mitrook, op. cit.