The Royal Society and the emergence of science as an instrument of state policy

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 171-184

  Gascoigne, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HISTORY; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; POLITICS; UNITED KINGDOM;

GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, MODERN 1601-; POLITICS; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC; STATE MEDICINE;

EID: 0033143091     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087499003593     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Michael Hunter, Science and Society in Restoration England, Cambridge, 1981, 130, and 'The Crown, the public and the new science, 1689-1702', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1989), 43, 99-116.
2. Michael Hunter, Science and Society in Restoration England, Cambridge, 1981, 130, and 'The Crown, the public and the new science, 1689-1702', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1989), 43, 99-116.
3. Howard Tomlinson, 'Financial and administrative development in England, 1660-88', in The Restored Monarchy, 1660-1688 (ed. J. R. Jones), London, 1979, 94-117.
4. Hunter, op. cit. (1), 94, 97-8; Margaret d'Espinasse, 'The decline and fall of Restoration science', Past and Present (1958), 14, 71-89.
5. Hunter, op. cit. (1), 94, 97-8; Margaret d'Espinasse, 'The decline and fall of Restoration science', Past and Present (1958), 14, 71-89.
6. Walter E. Houghton, 'The English virtuoso in the seventeenth century', Journal of the History of Ideas, (1942), 3, 51-73, 54.
7. James E. McClellan, Science Reorganized: Scientific Societies in the Eighteenth Century, New York, 1985, 26.
8. Roger Hahn, The Anatomy of a Scientific Institution, Berkeley, 1971, 66-7; Charles Gillispie, Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime, Princeton, 1980, 340.
9. Roger Hahn, The Anatomy of a Scientific Institution, Berkeley, 1971, 66-7; Charles Gillispie, Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime, Princeton, 1980, 340.
10. Hunter, op. cit. (1), 128-9, 190.
11. Richard S. Westfall, Never at Rest, Cambridge, 1980, 834-5.
12. Basil Williams, The Whig Supremacy, 1714-1760, Oxford, 1962, 381.
13. Joseph Banks to Charles Jenkinson (Lord Hawkesbury), 18 November 1788, British Library (hereafter BL), Add. MSS 38223, f. 273-4; David Mackay, 'A presiding genius of exploration', in Captain James Cook and his Times, (ed. Robin Fisher and Hugh Johnston), Seattle, 1979, 21-40, 37.
14. Joseph Banks to Charles Jenkinson (Lord Hawkesbury), 18 November 1788, British Library (hereafter BL), Add. MSS 38223, f. 273-4; David Mackay, 'A presiding genius of exploration', in Captain James Cook and his Times, (ed. Robin Fisher and Hugh Johnston), Seattle, 1979, 21-40, 37.
15. Banks to [Lord Macartney], 22 January 1792, Banks MSS, Sterling Library, Yale University (hereafter Sterling).
16. A. Hunter Dupree, 'Nationalism and science: Sir Joseph Banks and wars with France', in A Festschrift for Frederick B. Artz (ed. D. Pinkey and T. Ropp), Durham, NC, 1964, 37-51.
17. Banks to James Bowie and Alan Cunningham, 10 June 1815, Banks MSS, Sutro Library, San Francisco (hereafter Sutro), Botanical Gardens, 1:19.
18. Banks to William Hamilton, 22 April 1814, Sutro, Botany 1:49.
19. Lord Auckland to Lord Grenville, 6 November 1791, Historical Manuscript Commission, 14th Report, Appendix, Part V, London, 1894, ii, 225.
20. Admiralty instructions in The Journals of Captain James Cook. Volume I: The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768-1771, (ed. John Beaglehole), Cambridge, 1968, p. cclxxxii.
21. Harry Woolf, The Transits of Venus, Princeton, 1959, 83, 166.
22. John Boddington, Office of Ordnance, to Dr Matthew Maty, Secretary of the Royal Society, 24 August 1773, Royal Society of London, Library and Archives, Council Minutes (hereafter RSCM), vi, f. 144.
23. McClellan, op. cit. (5), 30-1.
24. On which see Sven Widmalm, 'Accuracy, rhetoric, and technology: the Paris-Greenwich triangulation, 1784-88', in The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century, (ed. T. Frängsmyr, J. L. Heilbron and R. Rider), Berkeley, 1990, 143-78.
25. William Roy, 'An account of the measurement of a base line on Hounslow Heath', Philosophical Transactions (1785), 75, 385.
26. C. Close, The Early Years of the Ordnance Survey, Newton Abbot, 1969, 32-43, 62-3.
27. 24 February 1814, RSCM, ix, ff. 54-66.
28. Charles Lennox (3rd Duke of Richmond and Lennox) to Banks, 4 January 1783, BL, Add. MSS 56298, f. 3; Royal Society Miscellaneous Manuscripts (hereafter RSMM), iv, ff. 30, 34-6; RSCM, viii, ff. 190, 218-19, 224-6.
29. C. Blagden, 'Report on the best method of proportioning the excise upon spiritous liquors', Philosophical Transactions (1791), 80, 321-2, 321.
30. Jesse Ramsden to Banks, 14 November 1792, Sutro, Scientific Correspondence, 1:41; Thomas Barton to Banks, 1 April 1794, ibid, 1:55; 20 January 1797, ibid, 1:65.
31. Banks to Victualling Office, 29 March 1809, Sutro, Scientific Correspondence, 1:19.
32. [Lord Palmerston], War Office to Lockhead, 12 June 1812, Sutro, Botanical Gardens, 2:56.
33. Banks to Blagden, 2 April 1818, Mitchell Library (hereafter Mitchell), Sydney, Banks MSS 743/3-Banks to Blagden, 25 April 1818, Sterling.
34. Admiralty to Banks, 20 November 1817, RSCM, ix, ff. 139, 141.
35. Lord Sidmouth to Banks, 22 March 1817, Sutro, Weights and Measures, 1:14; see, for example, Banks's notes from 1792 on the different systems of English measures, Lincolnshire Archives Office, Cragg 2/30-34-6
36. A. S. Lebland to Banks, 30 January 1802, BL, Add. MSS 8099: 140v.
37. As expressed in his 'Advantages of decimal arithmetic', Mitchell, 80/2: 319ff.
38. C. Grant to Banks, 19 April 1802, BL, Add. MSS 33981, f. 22.
39. Joseph Banks et al., 'First report of the commissioners to consider the subjects of weights and measures', Annual Reports (1819), 61, 316. R. D. O'Connor, The weights and measures of England, London, 1987, 256; J. Hoppitt, 'Reforming Britain's weights and measures, 1660-1824', English Historical Review (1993), 108, 83-104, 104.
40. Joseph Banks et al., 'First report of the commissioners to consider the subjects of weights and measures', Annual Reports (1819), 61, 316. R. D. O'Connor, The weights and measures of England, London, 1987, 256; J. Hoppitt, 'Reforming Britain's weights and measures, 1660-1824', English Historical Review (1993), 108, 83-104, 104.
41. Joseph Banks et al., 'First report of the commissioners to consider the subjects of weights and measures', Annual Reports (1819), 61, 316. R. D. O'Connor, The weights and measures of England, London, 1987, 256; J. Hoppitt, 'Reforming Britain's weights and measures, 1660-1824', English Historical Review (1993), 108, 83-104, 104.
42. Roy MacLeod, 'The Royal Society and the government grant: notes on the administration of scientific research 1849-1914', Historical Journal (1971), 14, 323-58.
43. See, for example, a letter to this effect from John Boddington of the Board of Ordnance to Matthew Maty, Secretary of the Royal Society, 19 January 1774, RSMM 4/86.
44. Blagden to Banks [27 December 1783], Perceval Collection, MS 215, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. In this letter Blagden informed Banks that 'Maskelyne also has been canvassing against you as President'.
45. [O. Gregory], 'A review of some leading points', in 'The official character and proceedings of the late President of the Royal Society', London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine (1820), 56, 246.
46. Marie Boas Hall, All Scientists Now. The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, 1984, 10.
47. Spencer Perceval to Banks, 10 February 1811, BL, Add. MSS 52281, f. 102.
48. 7 November 1816, RSCM, ix, 117.
49. Blagden to Banks, March 1818, Sterling; on the significance of the act see D. P. Miller, 'The Royal Society of London 1800-1835: a study in the cultural politics of scientific organizations', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1981, 313.
50. J. Barrow, Sketches of the Royal Society and the Royal Society Club, London, 1849, 62.
51. McClellan, op. cit. (5), 34.
52. Banks to Graf von Joseph Windisch-Gratz, 2 June 1785, Banks Correspondence, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
53. Everard Home, The Hunterian Oration in Honour of Surgery, London, 1822, 32.
54. Banks to Blagden, 29 May 1818, Blagden Papers, Royal Society, B.68.
55. Banks to Lord Liverpool, 11 February [1801?], Mitchell, A80/4, ff. 214-15; Banks to James Bowie, 24 September 1818, Sutro, Botanical Gardens, 1:64.
56. Richard Kirwan to Banks, 9 April 1797, Australian National Library, Canberra, MS 9, item 101.
57. Banks to ?, c. 1781, Warren Dawson MS2, f. 23, BL.
58. Council of the Royal Society to Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, 28 March 1822, RSCM, ix, ff. 331-2.
59. Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Great Britain, 1850-1920 (tr. A. Davies), Leamington Spa, 1987, 208.
60. Gillispie, op. cit. (6), p. x.
61. R. Rapport, 'Government patronage of science in eighteenth-century France', History of Science (1969), 8, 119-36.
62. George Foote, 'The place of science in the British reform movement 1830-1850', Isis (1951), 42, 192-208.
63. Hall, op. cit. (40) and Mary Gleason, The Royal Society of London: Years of Reform 1827-47, New York, 1991.
64. Hall, op. cit. (40) and Mary Gleason, The Royal Society of London: Years of Reform 1827-47, New York, 1991.
65. MacLeod, op. cit. (36).