Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in human periodontal disease: Occurrence and treatment

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 82-121

  Slots, Jørgen ^a   Ting, Miriam ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS; PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY; REVIEW; TOOTH IMPLANTATION;

ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD; DENTAL IMPLANTS; DENTAL SCALING; HUMANS; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 0033143084     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00159.x     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Aitken S, Birek P, Kulkarni GV, Lee WL, McCulloch CA. Serial doxycycline and metronidazole in prevention of recurrent periodontitis in high-risk patients. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 87-92.
2. Alaluusua S, Asikainen S. Detection and distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the primary dentition. J Periodontol 1988: 59: 504-507.
3. Alcoforado GA, Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Microbial aspects of failing osseointegrated dental implants in humans. J Parodontol (French) 1991: 10: 11-18.
4. Ali RW, Johannessen AC, Dahlén G, Socransky SS, Skaug N. Comparison of the subgingival microbiota of periodontally healthy and diseased adults in Northern Cameroon. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24: 830-835.
5. Ali RW, Lie T, Skaug N. Early effects of periodontal therapy on the detection frequency of four putative periodontal pathogens in adults. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 540-547.
6. Ali RW, Velcescu C, Jivanescu MC, Lofthus B, Skaug N. Prevalence of 6 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque samples from Romanian adult periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 133-139.
7. al-Yahfoufi Z, Mombelli A, Wicki A, Lang NP. The effect of plaque control in subjects with shallow pockets and high prevalence of periodontal pathogens. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 78-84.
8. Ashimoto A, Chen C, Bakker I, Slots J. Polymerase chain reaction detection of 8 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of gingivitis and advanced periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996: 11: 266-273.
9. Ashley FP, Gallagher J, Wilson RF. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and spirochaetes in the subgingival microflora of adolescents and their relationship with the amount of supragingival plaque and gingivitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1988: 3: 77-82.
10. Asikainen S, Alaluusua S, Kari K, Kleemola Kujala E. Subgingival microflora and periodontal conditions in healthy teenagers. J Periodontol 1986: 57: 505-509.
11. Asikainen S, Chen C, Saarela M, Saxén L, Slots J. Clonal specificity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in destructive periodontal disease. Clin Infect Dis 1997: 25(suppl 2): S227-S229.
12. Asikainen S, Chen C, Slots J. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans genotypes in relation to serotypes and periodontal status. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995: 10: 65-68.
13. Asikainen S, Jousimies-Somer H, Kanervo A, Saxén L. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and clinical periodontal status in Finnish juvenile periodontitis patients. J Periodontol 1986: 57: 91-93.
14. Asikainen S, Jousimies-Somer H, Kanervo A, Summanen P. Certain bacterial species and morphotypes in localized juvenile periodontitis and in matched controls. J Periodontol 1987: 58: 224-230.
15. Asikainen S, Lai C-H, Alaluusua S, Slots J. Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in periodontal health and disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991: 6: 115-118.
16. Augthun M, Conrads G. Microbial findings of deep periimplant bone defects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1997: 12: 106-112.
17. Becker W, Becker BE, Newman MG, Nyman S. Clinical and microbiologic findings that may contribute to dental implant failure. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1990: 5: 31-38.
18. Bimstein E, Lustmann J, Sela MN, Ben Neriah Z, Soskolne WA. Periodontitis associated with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Periodontol 1990: 61: 373-377.
19. Bimstein E, Ram D, Naor R, Sela MN. The composition of subgingival microflora in two groups of children with and without primary dentition alveolar bone loss. Pediatr Dent 1996: 18: 42-47.
20. Bogert M, Bertold P, Brightman V, Craig R, DiRienzo J, Lai C-H, Lally E, Oler J, Ram C, Shenker B, Slots J, Taichman N, Tisot R. Longitudinal study of LJP families - two year surveillance. J Dent Res Annual meeting of AADR, 1989.
21. Britt WJ, Alford CA. Cytomegalovirus. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, ed. Field's virology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996: 2493-2523.
22. Bueno LC, Mayer MPA, DiRienzo JM. Relationship between conversion of localized juvenile periodontitis-susceptible children from health to disease and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin promoter structure. J Periodontol 1998: 69: 998-1007.
23. Çelenligil H, Ebersole JL. Analysis of serum antibody responses to periodontopathogens in early-onset periodontitis patients from different geographical locations. J Clin Periodontol 1998: 25: 994-1002.
24. Chen C, Ashimoto A, Sangsurasak S, Flynn J, Slots J. Oral food consumption and subgingival microorganisms: subgingival microbiota of gastrostomy tube-fed children and healthy children and healthy controls. J Periodontol 1997: 12: 1163-1168.
25. Chen C, Slots J. Clonal analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis by the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1994: 9: 99-103.
26. Chen C, Slots J. Microbiological tests for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999: 20: 53-64.
27. Choi JI, Mee-Hye H, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Immunoglobulin allotypes and immunoglobulin G subclass responses to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in early-onset periodontitis. Infect Immun 1996: 64: 4226-4230.
28. Christersson LA, Fransson L, Dunford RG, Zambon JJ. Subgingival distribution of periodontal pathogenic microorganisms in adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 418-425.
29. Christersson LA, Zambon JJ. Suppression of subgingival Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 395-401.
30. Clerehugh V, Seymour GJ, Bird PS, Cullinan M, Drucker DB, Worthington HV. The detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia using an ELISA in an adolescent population with early periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24: 57-64.
31. Conrads G, Mutters R, Fischer J, Brauner A, Lutticken R, Lampert F. PCR reaction and dot-blot hybridization to monitor the distribution of oral pathogens within plaque samples of periodontally healthy individuals. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 994-1003.
32. Contreras A, Slots J. Active cytomegalovirus infection in human periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998: 13: 225-230.
33. Contreras A, Umeda M, Chen C, Bakker I, Morrison JL, Slots J. Relationship between herpesviruses and adult periodontitis and periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodontol 1999: 70: 478-484.
34. Dahlén GG, Luan WM, Baelum V, Fejerskov O, Chen X. Periodontopathogens in elderly Chinese with different periodontal disease experience. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 188-200.
35. Dahlén G, Slots J. Experimental infections by Bacteroides gingivalis in non-immunized and immunized rabbits. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1989: 4: 6-11.
36. Danser MM, Timmerman MF, van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Velden U. The effect of periodontal treatment on periodontal bacteria on the oral mucous membranes. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 478-485.
37. Danser MM, van Winkelhoff AJ, de Graaff J, van der Velden U. Putative periodontal pathogens colonizing oral mucous membranes in denture-wearing subjects with a past history of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 854-859.
38. Danser MM, van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Velden U. Periodontal bacteria colonizing oral mucous membranes in edentulous patients wearing dental implants. J Periodontol 1997: 68: 209-216.
39. Delaney JE, Kornman KS. Microbiology of subgingival plaque from children with localized prepubertal periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987: 2: 71-76.
40. Demolon IA, Persson GR, Moncla BJ, Johnson RH, Ammons WF. Effects of antibiotic treatment on clinical conditions and bacterial growth with guided tissue regeneration. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 609-616.
41. Di Murro C, Paolantonio M, Pedrazzoli V, Lopatin DE, Cattabriga M. Occurrence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Treponema denticola in periodontally healthy and diseased subjects as determined by an ELISA technique. J Periodontol 1997: 68: 18-23.
42. DiRienzo JM, McKay TL. Identification and characterization of genetic cluster groups of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolated from the human oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 1994: 32: 75-81.
43. DiRienzo JM, Slots J. Genetic approach to the study of epidemiology and pathogensis of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 1990: 35: 79S-84S.
44. DiRienzo JM, Slots J, Sixou M, Sol M-A, Harmon R, McKay TL. Specific genetic variants of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans correlate with disease and health in a regional population of families with localized juvenile periodontitis. Infect Immun 1994: 62: 3058-3065.
45. Ebersole JL, Cappelli D, Sandoval MN. Subgingival distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 65-74.
46. Eger T, Zöller L, Müller HP, Hoffmann S, Lobinsky D. Potential diagnostic value of sampling oral mucosal surfaces for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in young adults. Eur J Oral Sci 1996: 104: 112-117.
47. Eisenmann AC, Eisenmann R, Sousa O, Slots J. Microbiological study of localized juvenile periodontitis in Panama. J Periodontol 1983: 54: 712-713.
48. Ellen RP, McCulloch CAG. Evidence versus empiricism: rational use of systemic antimicrobial agents for treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 1996: 10: 29-44.
49. Ellwood R, Worthington HV, Cullinan MP, Hamlet S, Clerehugh V, Davies R. Prevalence of suspected periodontal pathoegens identified using ELISA in adolescents of differing ethnic origins. J Clin Periodontol 1997: 24: 141-145.
50. Eronat N, Ucar F, Kilnic G. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: treatment of two cases with a clinical and microbiological investigation. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 17: 99-104.
51. Fiehn NE, Westergaard J. Microbial patterns in pooled subgingival plaque samples from young adults with advanced marginal periodontitis. Scand J Dent Res 1990: 98: 412-421.
52. Flemmig TF, Milián E, Kopp C, Karch H, Klaiber B. Differential effects of systemic metronidazole and amoxillin on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in intraoral habitats. J Clin Periodontol 1998: 25: 1-10.
53. Fransson C, Berglundh T, Lindhe J. The effect of age on the development of gingivitis. Clinical, microbiological and histological findings. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 379-385.
54. Frisken KW, Higgins T, Palmer JM. The incidence of periodontopathic microorganisms in young children. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1990: 5: 43-45.
55. Frisken KW, Tagg JR, Laws AJ, Orr MB. Suspected periodontopathic microorganisms and their oral habitats in young children. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987: 2: 60-64.
56. George K, Zafiropoulos GG, Murat Y, Hubertus S, Nisengard RJ. Clinical and microbiological status of osseointegrated implants. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 766-770.
57. Gmür R, Guggenheim B. Interdental supragingival plaque - a natural habitat of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, and Prevotella nigrescens. J Periodont Res 1994: 73: 1421-1428.
58. Goodson JM, Tanner A, McArdle S, Dix K, Watanabe SM. Multicenter evaluation of tetracycline fiber therapy. III. Microbiological response. J Periodont Res 1991: 26: 440-451.
59. Gunsolley JC, Zambon JJ, Mellott CA, Brooks CN, Kaugars CC. Periodontal therapy in young adults with severe generalized periodontitis. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 268-273.
60. Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Dibart S, Kent RL Jr. Response to periodontal therapy in patients with high or low levels of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P nigrescens and B. forsythus. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 336-345.
61. Haubek D, DiRienzo JM, Tinoco EMB, Westergaard J, López NJ, Chung C-P, Poulsen K, Kilian M. Racial tropism of a highly toxic clone of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans associated with juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Microbiol 1997: 35: 3037-3042.
62. Haubek D, Poulsen K, Asikainen S, Kilian M. Evidence for absence in north Europe of especially virulent clonal types of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Microbiol 1995: 33: 395-401.
63. Haubek D, Poulsen K, Westergaard J, Dahlén G, Kilian M. Highly toxic clone of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in geographically widespread cases of juvenile periodontitis in adolescents of African origin. J Clin Microbiol 1996: 34: 1576-1578.
64. Hellström MK, Ramberg P, Krok L, Lindhe J. The effect of supragingival plaque control on the subgingival microflora in human periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 934-940.
65. Hickey JS, O'Neal RB, Scheldt MJ, Strong SL, Turgeon D, Van Dyke TE. Microbiologic characterization of ligature-induced peri-implantittis in the microswine model. J Periodontol 1991: 62: 548-553.
66. Hitzig C, Fosse T, Charbit Y, Bitton C, Hannoun L. Effects of combined topical metronidazole and mechanical treatment on the subgingival flora in deep periodontal pockets in cuspids and bicuspids. J Periodontol 1997: 68: 613-617.
67. Hofer D, Hämmerle CH, Grassi M, Mombelli A. The effect of a single mechanical treatment on the subgingival microflora in patients with HIV-associated gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 180-187.
68. Holbrook WP, Mooney J, Sigurdsson T, Kitsiou N, Kinane DF. Putative periodontal pathogens, antibody titers and avidities to them in a longitudinal study of patients with resistant periodontitis. Oral Dis 1996: 2: 217-223.
69. Holt SC, Kesavalu L, Walker S, Genco CA. Virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999: 20: 168-238.
70. Hölttä P, Alaluusua S, Saarela M, Asikainen S. Isolation frequency and serotype distribution of mutans streptococci and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and clinical periodontal status in Finnish and Vietnamese children. Scand J Dent Res 1994: 102: 113-119.
71. Ide L, Lotufo RFM, Contreras A, Bergamashi O, Slots J. Prevalence of 7 putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of two native populations in the Xingu Indian park. Anaerobe (in press).
72. Ishikawa I, Umeda M, Laosrisin N. Clinical, bacteriological, and immunological examinations and the treatment process of two for Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome patients. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 364-371.
73. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Manti FA. Microbiota of rapidly progressive periodontitis lesions in association with clinical parameters. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 1073-1078.
74. Kamma JJ, Nakou M, Manti FA. Predominant microflora of severe, moderate and minimal periodontal lesions in young adults with rapidly progressive periodontitis. J Periodont Res 1995: 30: 66-72.
75. Kim KJ, Kim DK, Chung CP, Son S. Longitudinal monitoring for disease progression of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 806-811.
76. Kisby LE, Savitt ED, French CK, Peros WJ. DNA probe detection of key periodontal pathogens in juveniles. J Pedodontics 1989: 13: 222-229.
77. Kleinfelder JW, Topoll HH, Preus HR, Müller RF, Lange DE, Böcker W. Microbiological and immunological findings in a patient with Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 1032-1038.
78. Könönen E, Asikainen S, Alaluusua S, Könönen M, Summanen P, Kanervo A, Jousimies-Somer H. Are certain oral pathogens part of normal oral flora in denture-wearing edentulous subjects? Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991: 6: 119-122.
79. Könönen E, Asikainen S, Jousimies-Somer H. The early colonization of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria in edentulous infants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992: 7: 28-31.
80. Kornman KS, Newman MG, Moore DJ, Singer RE. The influence of supragingival plaque control on clinical and microbial outcomes following the use of antibiotics for the treatment of periodontitis. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 848-854.
81. Kressin S, Herforth A, Preis S, Wahn V, Lenard HG. Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome-successful treatment with a combination of retinoid and concurrent systematic periodontal therapy: case reports. Quintessence Int 1995: 26: 795-803.
82. Laine ML, van Winkelhoff AJ. Virulence of six capsular serotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in a mouse model. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998: 13: 322-325.
83. Leonhardt Å, Adolfsson B, Lekholm U, Wikström M, Dahlén G. A longitudinal microbiological study on osseointegrated titanium implants in partially edentulous patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 1993: 4: 113-120.
84. Leonhardt Å, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Dahlén G. Putative periodontal pathogens on titanium implants and teeth in experimental gingivitis and periodontitis in beagle dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 1992: 3: 112-119.
85. Lépine G, Caudry S, DiRienzo JM, Ellen RP. Epithelial cell invasion by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains from restriction fragment-length polymorphism groups associated with juvenile periodontitis or carrier status. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998: 13: 341-347.
86. Levo Y, Wollner S, Hacham-Zadeh S. Immunological study of patients with the Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1980: 40: 407-410.
87. Lie MA, Danser MM, van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, de Graaff J, van der Velden U. Oral microbiota in subjects with a weak or strong response in experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 642-647.
88. Listgarten MA, Slots J, Nowotny AH, Oler J, Rosenberg J, Gregor B, Sullivan P. Incidence of periodontitis recurrence in treated patients with and without cultivable Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis: a prospective study. J Periodontol 1991: 62: 377-386.
89. Loos BG, Dyer DW, Whittam TS, Selander RK. Genetic structure of populations of Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with periodontitis and other oral infections. Infect Immun 1993: 61: 204-212.
90. López NJ, Mellado JC, Giglio MS, Leighton GX. Occurrence of certain bacterial species and morphotypes in juvenile periodontitis in Chile. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 559-567.
91. López NJ, Mellado JC, Leighton GX. Occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 101-105.
92. Lowenguth RA, Chin I, Caton JG, Cobb CM, Drisko CL, Killoy WJ, Michalowicz BS, Pihlstrom BL, Goodson JM. Evaluation of periodontal treatments using controlled-release tetracycline fibers: microbiological response. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 700-707.
93. Lundgren T, Renvert S, Papapanou PN, Dahlén G. Subgingival microbial profile of Papillon-Lefèvre patients assessed by DNA-probes. J Clin Periodontol 1998: 25: 624-629.
94. Machtei EE, Cho MI, Dunford R, Norderyd J, Zambon JJ, Genco RJ. Clinical, microbiological, and histological factors which influence the success of regenerative periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 154-161.
95. Maiden MF, Tanner A, McArdle S, Najpauer K, Goodson JM. Tetracycline fiber therapy monitored by DNA probe and cultural methods. J Periodont Res 1991: 26: 452-459.
96. Mandell RL, Ebersole JL, Socransky SS. Clinical, immunologic and microbiologic features of active disease sites in juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1987: 14: 534-540.
97. Mandell RL, Socransky SS. Microbiological and clinical effects of surgery plus doxycycline on juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1988: 59: 373-379.
98. Mandell RL, Tripodi LS, Savitt E, Goodson JM, Socransky SS. The effect of treatment on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1986: 57: 94-99.
99. McNabb H, Mombelli A, Gmür R, Mathey-Dinç S, Lang NP. Periodontal pathogens in shallow pockets in immigrants from developing countries. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992: 7: 267-272.
100. Meyer DH, Sreenivasan PK, Fives-Taylor PM. Evidence for invasion of a human oral cell line by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Infect Immun 1991: 59: 2719-2726.
101. Mengel R, Stelzel M, Hasse C, Flores-de-Jacoby L. Osseointegrated implants in patients treated for generalized severe adult periodontitis. An interim report. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 782-787.
102. Mombelli A, Gmür R, Frey J, Meyer J, Zee KY, Tam JOW, Lo ECM, DiRienzo J, Lang NP, Corbel EF. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in young Chinese adults. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998: 13: 231-237.
103. Mombelli A, Gmür R, Gobbi C, Lang NP. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in adult periodontitis. I. Topographic distribution before and after treatment. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 820-826.
104. Mombelli A, Gmür R, Gobbi C, Lang NP. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in adult periodontitis. II. Characterization of isolated strains and effect of mechanical periodontal treatment. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 827-834.
105. Mombelli A, Marxer M, Gaberthüel T, Grunder U, Lang NP. The microbiota of osseointegrated implants in patients with a history of periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 124-130.
106. Mombelli A, Mericske-Stern R. Microbiological features of stable osseointegrated implants used as abutments for overdentures. Clin Oral Implants Res 1990: 1: 1-7.
107. Mombelli A, Nyman S, Brägger U, Wennström J, Lang NP. Clinical and microbiological changes associated with an altered subgingival environment induced by periodontal pocket reduction. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 780-787.
108. Mombelli A, Rutar A, Lang NP. Correlation of the periodontal status 6 years after puberty with clinical and microbiological conditions during puberty. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 300-305.
109. Mombelli A, Tonetti M, Lehmann B, Lang NP. Topographic distribution of black-pigmenting anaerobes before and after periodontal treatment by local delivery of tetracycline. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 906-913.
110. Mombelli A, van Oosten MA, Schurch E Jr, Lang NP. The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987: 2: 145-151.
111. Müller HP, Lange DE, Müller RF. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans recovery from extracrevicular locations of the mouth. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993: 8: 344-348.
112. Müller HP, Lange DE, Müller RF. A 2-year study of adjunctive minocycline-HCl in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis [published erratum appears in J Periodontol 1993: 64: 921]. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 509-519.
113. Müller HP, Lange DE, Müller RF. Failure of adjunctive minocycline-HCl to eliminate oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 498-504.
114. Müller HP, Zöller L, Eger T, Hoffmann S, Lobinsky D. Natural distribution of oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in young men with minimal periodontal disease. J Periodont Res 1996: 31: 373-380.
115. Nagata A, Man-yoshi T, Sato M, Nakamura R. Serological studies of Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis and correlation with enzyme activity. J Periodont Res 1991: 26: 184-190.
116. Nieminen A, Asikainen S, Torkko H, Kari K, Uitto VJ, Saxén L. Value of some laboratory and clinical measurements in the treatment plan for advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 572-581.
117. Nieminen A, Sirén E, Wolf J, Asikainen S. Prognostic criteria for the efficiency of non-surgical periodontal therapy in advanced periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 153-161.
118. Nowzari H, Slots J. Microorganisms in polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membranes for guided tissue regeneration. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 203-210.
119. Ong ES, Newman HN, Wilson M, Bulman JS. The occurrence of periodontitis-related microorganisms in relation to titanium implants. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 200-205.
120. Papapanou PN, Baelum V, Luan WM, Madianos PN, Chen X, Fejerskov O, Dahlén G. Subgingival microbiota in adult Chinese: prevalence and relation to periodontal disease progression. J Periodontol 1997: 68: 651-666.
121. Papaioannou W, Quirynen M, van Steenberghe D. The influence of periodontitis on the subgingival flora around implants in partially edentulous patients. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996: 7: 405-409.
122. Pavičić MJ, van Winkelhoff AJ, Pavičić-Temming A, de Graaff J. Metronidazole susceptibility factors in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995: 35: 263-269.
123. Preber H, Under L, Bergström J. Periodontal healing and periopathogenic microflora in smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 946-952.
124. Preus HR. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in rapidly destructive periodontitis of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Thesis. University of Oslo, Norway, 1989.
125. Preus HR, Mörland B. In vitro studies of monocyte function in two siblings with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Scand J Dent Res 1987: 95: 59-64.
126. Rams TE, Slots J. Local delivery of antimicrobial agents in the periodontal pocket. Periodontol 2000 1996: 10: 139-159.
127. Renvert S, Dahlén G, Snyder B. Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival antimicrobial irrigation with citric acid as evaluated by an enzyme immunoassay and culture analysis. J Periodontol 1997: 68: 346-352.
128. Renvert S, Dahlén G, Wikström M. Treatment of periodontal disease based on microbiological diagnosis. Relation between microbiological and clinical parameters during 5 years. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 562-571.
129. Renvert S, Wikström M, Dahlén G, Slots J, Egelberg J. Effect of root debridement on the elimination of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides gingivalis from periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodontol 1990: 17: 345-350.
130. Renvert S, Wikström M, Dahlén G, Slots J, Egelberg J. On the inability of root debridement and periodontal surgery to eliminate Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodontol 1990: 17: 351-355.
131. Ricci G, Rasperini G, Silvestri M, Cocconcelli PS. In vitro permeability evaluation and colonization of membranes for periodontal regeneration by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 490-496.
132. Riggio MP, Macfarlane TW, Mackenzie D, Lennon A, Smith AJ, Kinane D. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and culture methods for detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Periodont Res 1996: 31: 496-501.
133. Rodenburg JP, van Winkelhoff AJ, Winkel EG, Goené RJ, Abbas F, de Graaff J. Occurrence of Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in severe periodontitis in relation to age and treatment history. J Clin Periodontol 1990: 17: 392-399.
134. Rosenberg ES, Torosian JP, Slots J. Microbial differences in 2 clinically distinct types of failures of osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991: 2: 135-144.
135. Rosenberg ES, Torosian JP, Hammond BF, Cutler SA. Routine anaerobic bacterial culture and systemic antibiotic usage in the treatment of adult periodontitis: a 6-year longitudinal study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1993: 13: 213-243.
136. Russo PA, Nowzari H, Slots J. Transmission and persistence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in twins with advanced periodontitis. J Calif Dent Assoc 1998: 26: 290-294.
137. Saarela M, Asikainen S, Alaluusua S, Pyhälä L, Lai C-H, Jousimies-Somer H. Frequency and stability of mono-or poly-infection by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a, b, c, d or e. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992: 7: 277-279.
138. Saarela MH, Doǧan B, Alaluusua S, Asikainen S. Persistence of oral colonization by the same Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strain(s). J Periodontol 1999: 70: 504-509.
139. Saglie FR. Bacterial invasion and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In: Hamada S, Holt SC, McGhee JR, ed. Periodontal disease: pathogens & host immune responses. Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing Co., 1991: 27-40.
140. Saxén L, Asikainen S. Metronidazole in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 166-171.
141. Saxén L, Asikainen S, Kanervo A, Kari K, Jousimies-Somer H. The long-term efficacy of systemic doxycycline medication in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 1990: 35: 227S-229S.
142. Shiloah J, Patters MR. DNA probe analyses of the survival of selected periodontal pathogens following scaling, root planing, and intra-pocket irrigation. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 568-575.
143. Shordone L, Barone A, Ramaglia L, Ciaglia RN, Iacono VJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility of periodontopathic bacteria associated with failing implants. J Periodontol 1995: 66: 69-74.
144. Sigurdsson TJ, Holbrook WP, Karadottir H. Magnusdottir MO, Wikesjö UME. Evaluating surgical, non-surgical therapy in periodontic patients. J Am Dent Assoc 1994: 125: 1080-1087.
145. Sjödin B, Arnrup K, Matsson L, Wranne L, Carlsson J, Hänström L. Periodontal and systemic findings in children with marginal bone loss in the primary dentition. J Clin Periodontol 1995: 22: 214-224.
146. Sjöström K, Ou J, Whitney C, Johnson B, Darveau R, Engel D, Page RC. Effect of treatment on titer, function, and antigen recognition of serum antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis. Infect Immun 1994: 62: 145-151.
147. Slots J. Microbiology in periodontics. Tandlægebladet 1986: 90: 794-798.
148. Slots J, Chen C. The oral microbiota and human periodontal disease. In: Tannock GW, ed. Medical importance of the normal microflora. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999: 101-127.
149. Slots J, Feik D, Rams TE. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Bacteroides intermedius in human periodontitis: age relationship and mutual association. J Clin Periodontol 1990: 17: 659-662.
150. Slots J, Listgarten MA. Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1988: 15: 85-93.
151. Slots J, Rams TE. Pathogenicity. In: Shah HN, Mayrand D, Genco RJ, ed. Biology of the species Porphyromonas gingivalis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1993: 127-138.
152. Slots J, Rosling BG. Suppression of the periodontopathic microflora in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline. J Clin Periodontol 1983: 10: 465-486.
153. Slots J, Schonfeld SE. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis. In: Hamada S, Holt SC, McGhee JR, ed. Periodontal disease: pathogens & host immune responses. Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing Co., 1991: 53-64.
154. Slots J, Smith MacDonald E, Nowzari H. Infectious aspects of periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000 1999: 19: 164-172.
155. Slots J, Zambon JJ, Rosling BG, Reynolds HS, Christersson LA, Genco RJ. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease. Association, serology, leukotoxicity, and treatment. J Periodont Res 1982: 17: 447-448.
156. Smith GT, Greenbaum CJ, Johnson BD, Persson GR. Short-term responses to periodontal therapy in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 794-802.
157. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Smith C, Dibart S. Relation of counts of microbial species to clinical status at the sampled site. J Clin Periodontol 1991: 18: 766-775.
158. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Ximenez-Fyvie LA, Feres M, Mager D. Ecological considerations in the treatment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis periodontal infections. Periodontol 2000 1999: 20: 341-362.
159. Söder PO, Jin LJ, Söder B. DNA probe detection of periodontopathogens in advanced periodontitis. Scand J Dent Res 1993: 101: 363-370.
160. Sweeney EA, Alcoforado AP, Nyman S, Slots J. Prevalence and microbiology of localized prepubertal periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1987: 2: 65-70.
161. Tatakis DN, Promsudthi A, Wikesjö UME. Devices for periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000 1999: 19: 59-73.
162. Teanpaisan R, Douglas CW, Walsh TF. Characterisation of black-pigmented anaerobes isolated from diseased and healthy periodontal sites. J Periodont Res 1995: 30: 245-251.
163. Timmerman MF, van der Weijden GA, van Steenbergen TJ, Mantel MS, de Graaff J, van der Velden U. Evaluation of the long-term efficacy and safety of locally-applied minocycline in adult periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol 1996: 23: 707-716.
164. Ting M, Contreras A, Slots J. Herpesviruses in localized juvenile periodontitis. In press.
165. Tinoco EM, Beldi MI, Loureiro CA, Lana M, Campedelli F, Tinoco NM, Gjermo P, Preus HR. Localized juvenile periodontitis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a Brazilian population. Eur J Oral Sci 1997: 105: 9-14.
166. Tuan M-C, Nowzari H, Slots J. Clinical and microbiological study of apically positioned flaps, with and without osseous surgery. J Periodontol 1999: 70: 347.
167. Umeda M, Chen C, Bakker I, Contreras A, Morrison JL, Slots J. Risk indicators for harboring periodontal pathogens. J Periodontol 1998: 69: 1112-1119.
168. Umeda M, Tominaga Y, He T, Yano K, Watanabe H, Ishikawa I. Microbial flora in the acute phase of periodontitis and the effect of local administration
169. van der Velden U, Abbas F, van Steenbergen TJ, de Zoete OJ, Hesse M, de Ruyter C, de Laat VH, de Graaff J. Prevalence of periodontal breakdown in adolescents and presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subjects with attachment loss. J Periodontol 1989: 60: 604-610.
170. Van Dyke TE, Taubman MA, Ebersole JL, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Smith DJ, Genco RJ. The Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome: neutrophil dysfunction with severe periodontitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984: 31: 419-429.
171. van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Reijerse E, Wolffe GN, van Winkelhoff AJ, van der Velden U. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P gingivalis and P. intermedia in selected subjects with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1994: 21: 583-588.
172. van Steenberghe D, Bercy P, Kohl J, De Boever J, Adriaens P, Vanderfaeillie A, Adriaenssen C, Rompen E, De Vree H, McCarthy EF, Vandenhoven G. Subgingival minocycline hydrochloride ointment in moderate to severe chronic adult periodontitis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, multicenter study. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 637-644.
173. van Steenbergen TJ, van der Velden U, Abbas F, de Graaff J. Microflora and bacterial DNA restriction enzyme analysis in young adults with periodontitis. J Periodontol 1991: 62: 235-241.
174. van Steenbergen TJ, van der Velden U, Abbas F, de Graaff J. Microbiological and clinical monitoring of non-localized juvenile periodontitis in young adults: a report of 11 cases. J Periodontol 1993: 64: 40-47.
175. van Winkelhoff AJ, Rodenburg JP, Goene RJ, Abbas F, Winkel EG, de Graaff J. Metronidazole plus amoxycillin in the treatment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 1989: 16: 128-131.
176. van Winkelhoff AJ, Rams TE, Slots J. Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodbntics. Periodontol 2000 1996: 10: 45-78.
177. van Winkelhoff AJ, Tijhof CJ, de Graaff J. Microbiological and clinical results of metronidazole plus amoxicillin therapy in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992: 63: 52-57.
178. Velazco CH, Coelho C, Salazar F, Contreras A, Slots J, Pacheco JJ. Microbiological features of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol (in press).
179. Vincent AV, Falkler WA Jr, Cornell WC, Suzuki JB. Effect of periodontal therapy on specific antibody responses to suspected periodontopathogens. J Clin Periodontol 1987: 14: 412-417.
180. von Troil Lindén B, Torkko H, Alaluusua S, Jousimies-Somer H, Asikainen S. Salivary levels of suspected periodontal pathogens in relation to periodontal status and treatment. J Periodont Res 1995: 74: 1789-1795.
181. Wang H-L, Yuan K, Burgett F, Shyr Y, Syed S. Adherence of oral microorganisms to guided tissue membranes: an in vitro study. J Periodontol 1994: 65: 211-218.
182. Wikström M, Renvert S, Johnsson T, Dahlén G. Microbial associations in periodontitis sites before and after treatment. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1993: 8: 213-218.
183. Wolff LF, Aeppli DM, Pihlstrom B, Anderson L, Stoltenberg J, Osborn J, Hardie N, Shelburne C, Fischer G. Natural distribution of 5 bacteria associated with periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1993: 20: 699-706.
184. Zambon JJ, Christersson LA, Slots J. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease. Prevalence in patient groups and distribution of biotypes and serotypes within families. J Periodontol 1983: 54: 707-711.
185. Zambon JJ, DeLuca C, Slots J, Genco RJ. Studies of leukotoxin from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans using the promyelocytic HL-60 cell line. Infect Immun 1983: 40: 205-212.
186. Zambon JJ, Haraszthy G, Hariharan G, Lally ET, Demuth DR. The microbiology of early-onset periodontitis: association of highly toxic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains with localized juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontol 1996: 67: 282-290.
187. Zambon JJ, Reynolds HS, Dunford RG, DeVizio W, Volpe AR, Berta R, Tempro JP, Bonta Y. Microbial alterations in supragingival dental plaque in response to a triclosancontaining dentifrice. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995: 10: 247-255.
188. Zambon JJ, Slots J, Genco RJ. Serology of oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and serotype distribution in human periodontal disease. Infect Immun 1983: 41: 19-27.
189. Zarkesh N, Nowzari H, Morrison JL, Slots J. Tetracyclinecoated polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membranes in the treatment of intraosseous periodontal lesions. J Periodontol (in press).