Hand and arm injuries associated with repetitive manual work in industry: A review of disorders, risk factors and preventive measures

Ergonomics

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 714-739

  Muggleton, J M ^a   Allen, R ^a   Chappell, P H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ergonomics; Industry; Occupational health; Repetitive strain injury; Risk factors; Upper extremity

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH RISKS; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; OCCUPATIONAL RISKS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS; REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY;

ERGONOMICS;

ARM; BODY POSTURE; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; CELLULITIS; CUBITAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; DOSE RESPONSE; ELBOW; EPICONDYLITIS; ERGONOMICS; HAND; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WORKER; JOB PERFORMANCE; LEGAL ASPECT; MECHANICAL STRESS; MUSCLE CRAMP; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NERVE COMPRESSION; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PRODUCTIVITY; REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ROTATOR CUFF RUPTURE; TENDON DISEASE; TENOSYNOVITIS; THORAX OUTLET SYNDROME; UNITED KINGDOM; VIBRATION; VIBRATION SYNDROME; WORKLOAD; WORKMAN COMPENSATION;

ARM INJURIES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; EFFICIENCY; GREAT BRITAIN; HAND INJURIES; HUMAN ENGINEERING; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONS; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK FACTORS; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS;

EID: 0033135566     PISSN: 00140139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/001401399185405     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. ANONYMOUS 1992, How to prevent injuries from repetitive motion, Welding Design and Fabrication, August, 35-37.
2. ANONYMOUS 1995, The tool grip that won the Indy 500, Automotive Industries, February, 194-196.
3. ARCHER, J. E. 1993, Cushioned abrasives for off-hand finishing, Metal Finishing, July, 41-42
4. ARMSTRONG, T.J. 1996, Ergonomics and cumulative trauma disorders, Hand Clinics, 2, 553-565.
5. ARMSTRONG, T. J. and CHAFFIN, D. B. 1979, Carpal tunnel syndrome and selected personal attributes, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 21, 481-486.
6. ARMSTRONG, T. J., CHAFFIN, D. B. and FOULKE, J. A. 1979, A methodology for documenting hand positions and forces during manual work, Journal of Biomechanics, 12, 131-133.
7. ARMSTRONG, T. J., FINE, L. J., GOLDSTEIN, S. A., LIFSHITZ, Y. R. and SILVERSTEIN, B. A. 1987a, Ergonomic considerations in hand and wrist tendinitis, The Journal of Hand Surgery, 12A, 839-837.
8. ARMSTRONG, T. J., FINE, L. J., RADWIN R. G. and SILVERSTEIN, B. A. 1987b, Ergonomics and the effects of vibration in hand-intensive work, Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 13, 286-289.
9. BARTON, N.J., HOOPER, G., NOBLE, J. and STEEL, W. M. 1992, Occupational causes of disorders in the upper limb, British Medical Journal, 304, 309-311.
10. BOVENZI, M. 1994, Hand-arm vibration syndrome and dose-response relation for vibration induced white finger among quarry drillers and stonecarvers, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 603-611.
11. BRANDON, K. 1992, Ergonomics at UAW Ford, Occupational Health & Safety, 6, 44-54.
12. BURGSTRÖM, L. and LUNDSTRÖM, R. 1994, Absorption of vibration energy in the human hand and arm, Ergonomics, 37, 879-890.
13. CAILLIET, R. 1994, Hand Pain and Impairment, 4th edn (Philadelphia: FA davis Company).
14. CANNON, L. J., BERNACKI, E. J. and WALTER, S. D. 1981, Personal and occupational factors associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 23, 255-258.
15. CARSON, R. 1993, Economically designed tools: selecting the right tool for the job, Industrial Engineering, July, 27-29.
16. CARSON, R. 1994, Reducing cumulative trauma disorders: use of proper workplace design, American Association of Occupational Health Nursing Journal, 42, 270-276.
17. CHATTERJEE, D. S. 1992, Workplace upper limb disorders: a prospective study with intervention. Occupational Medicine, 42, 129-136.
18. CHEEVER, D. H., KIRK, B. P., MILES, R. K., NAZEER, A. T., SMOTH, W. and LACOURSE, J. R. 1995, A mathematical model of the pathophysiology of carpal tunnel syndrome. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Northeast Conference on Bioengineering, Bar Harbor, ME (New York: IEEE Publications), 57-60.
19. CHERIAN, T., RAKHEJA, S. and BHAT, R. B. 1996, An analytical investigation of an energy flow divider to attenuate hand-transmitted vibration, Internal Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 17, 455-467.
20. COBB, T. K., AN, K.-N. and COONEY, W. P. 1995a, Externally applied forces to the palm increase carpal tunnel presssure, The Journal of Hand Surgery, 20A, 181-185.
21. COBB, T. K., COONEY, W. P. and AN, K.-N. 1995a, Pressure dynamics of the carpal tunnel and flexor compartment of the forearm, The Journal of Hand Surgery, 20A, 193-198.
22. COBB, T. K., COONEY, W. P. and AN, K.-N. 1996, Aetiology of work-related carpal tunnel syndrome: the role of lumbrical muscles and tool size on carpal tunnel pressures, Ergonomics, 39, 103-107.
23. CONNER, D. E. and KOLISEK, F. R. 1986, Vibration-induced carpal tunnel syndrome, Orthopaedic Review, 15, 447-451.
24. CULLUM, D. E. and MOLLOY, C. J. 1994, Occupation and the carpal tunnel syndrome, The Medical Journal of Australia, 161, 552-554.
25. DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY 1991, Notes on the Diagnosis of Prescribed Diseases (HMSO: London).
26. DIMBERG, L. 1987, The prevalence and causation of tennis elbow (lateral humeral epicondylitis) in a population of workers in an engineering industry, Ergonomics, 30, 573-580.
27. DIMBERG, L., OLAFSSON, A., STEFANSSON, E., AAGAARD, H., ODEN, A., ANDERSSON, G. B. J., HANSSON, T. and HAGERT, C. G. 1989, The correlation between work environment and the occurrence of cervicobrachial symptoms, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 31, 447-453.
28. FALKENBURG, S. A. and SCHULTZ, D. J. 1993, Ergonomics for the upper extremity, Hand Clinics: Occupational Diseases of the Hand, 9, 263-271.
29. FISHER, D. L., ANDRES, R. O., AIRTH, D. and SMITH, S. S. 1993, Repetitive motion disorders: the design of optimal rate-rest profiles, Human Factors, 35, 283-304.
30. FRANSSON, C. and WINKEL, J. 1991, Hand strength: the influence of grip span and grip type, Ergonomics, 34, 881-892.
31. GERWATOSKI, L. J., MCFALL, D. B. and STACH, D. J. 1992, Carpal tunnel syndrome: risk factors and preventive strategies for the dental hygienist, Journal of Dental Hygiene, February, 89-94.
32. GOLDOFTAS, B. 1991, Hands that hurt: repetitive motion injuries on the job, Technology Review, 94, 42-50.
33. GORTON, C. 1994, An ounce of prevention, Registered Dental Hygienist, 14(9), 26-28.
34. GRANT, K. A. and HABES, D. J. 1993, Effectiveness of a handle flange for reducing manual effort during hand tool use, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 12, 199-207.
35. GREENSTEIN, D. and KESTER, R. C. 1992, Acute vibration - its effect on digital blood flow by central and local mechanisms, Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 206(H), 105-108.
36. GRIFFIN, M. J., MACFARLANE, C. R. and NORMAN, C. D. 1982, The transmission of vibration to the hand and the influence of gloves, in A. J. Brammer and W. Taylor (eds) Vibration Effects on the Hand and Arm in Industry, (New York: Wiley), 103-116.
37. GUIDOTTI, T. L. 1992, Occupational repetitive strain injury, American Family Physician, 45, 585-592.
38. GURRAM, R., RAKHEJA, S. and GOUW, G. J. 1995, A study of hand grip pressure distribution and EMG of finger flexor muscles under dynamic loads. Ergonomics, 38, 684-699.
39. HAGBERG, M. 1996, Neck and arm disorders. ABC of work related disorders, British Medical Journal, 313, 419-422.
40. HAGBERG, M. and WEGMAN, D. H. 1987. Prevalence rates and odds ratios of shoulder-neck diseases in different occupational groups, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44, 602-610.
41. HAMMER, A. W. 1934, Tenosynovitis, Medical Records, 140, 353-355.
42. HARBER, P. H., HSU, P. and PEÑA, 1994, Subject-based rating of hand-wrist stressors, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 36, 84-89.
43. HÄRTUNG, E., DUPUIS, H. and SCHEFFER, M. 1993, Effects of grip and push forces on the acute response of the hand-arm system under vibrating conditions, International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 64, 463-467.
44. HARTZ, C. R., LINSCHEID, R. L., GRAMSE, R. R. and DAUBE, J. R. 1981, The pronator teres syndrome: compressive neuropathy of the median nerve, Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 63A, 885-890.
45. HASHIGUCHI, T., HIDETAKA, Y., KINUGAWA, Y., SAKAKIBARA, H. and YAMADA. S. 1994, Pathological changes of finger and toe in patients with vibration syndrome, Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 57(S), 129-136.
46. HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION 1995, Health & Safety Statistics 1994/5 (Sudbury, Suffolk: HSE Books).
47. HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSION 1997, Health & Safety Statistics 1996/7 (Sudbury, Suffolk: HSE Books).
48. HELANDER, M. 1995, A Guide to the Ergonomics of Manufacturing (London: Taylor & Francis).
49. HERBERTS, P. and KADEFORS, R. 1976, A study of painful shoulder in welders, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 47, 381-387.
50. HOYT, W. R. 1984. Carpal tunnel syndrome: analysis and prevention, Professional Safety, 29, 16-21.
51. IKI, M. 1994, Vibration-induced white finger as a risk factor for hearing loss and postural instability, Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 57(S), 137-145.
52. INDUSTRIAL INJURIES ADVISORY COUNCIL 1992, Work related upper limb disorders Cm 1936. Department of Social Security, London.
53. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION 1986, ISO 5349: Mechanical vibration - guidelines for the measurement and the assessment of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration, ISO, Geneva.
54. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION 1988, ISO 8662: Hand-held portable power tools - measurement of vibrations at the handle, ISO, Geneva.
55. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION 1996, Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 10068, Mechanical vibration & shock-free, mechanical impedance of the human hand-arm system at the driving point, ISO, Geneva.
56. JENSON, T. R., RADWIN, R. G. and WEBSTER, J. G. 1991, A conductive polymer sensor for measuring external finger forces, Journal of Biomechanics, 24, 851-858.
57. JOHNSON, S. L. 1993, Ergonomic hand tool design, Occupational Diseases of the Hand, 9, 299-311.
58. KAKOSY, T. 1994, Tunnel syndromes of the upper extremities in workers using hand-operated vibrating tools, La Medicina del Lavoro, 85, 474-480.
59. KIHLBERG, S., KJELLBERG, A. and LINDBECK. L. 1995, Discomfort from pneumatic tool torque reaction; acceptability limits, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 15, 417-426.
60. KIHLBERG, S., LINDBECK, L. and KJELLBERG, A. 1994, Pneumatic tool torque reactions; reaction forces, tool handle displacements and discomfort rating during work with shut-off nutrunners, Applied Ergonomics, 25, 242-247.
61. LEE, Y.-H. and CHENG, S.-L. 1995, Triggering force and measurement of maximal finger flexion force. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 15, 167-177.
62. LETZ, R., CHERNIACK, M. G., GERR, F., HERSHMAN, D. and PACE, P. 1992, A cross sectional epidemiological survey of shipyard workers exposed to hand-arm vibration, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49, 53-62.
63. LOSLEVER, P. and RANAIVOSOA, A. 1993, Biomechanical and epidemiological investigation of carpal tunnel syndrome at workplaces with high risk factors. Ergonomics, 36, 537-554
64. LOUDA, L., HARTLOVA, D., MUFF, V., SMOLIKOVA, L. and SVOBODA, L. 1994, Impulsive vibration and exposure limit, Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 57(S), 165-172.
65. LUCAS, W. T. 1990, Measuring hand forces and wrist motions for preventing injuries in the work place. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Northeast Conference on Bioengineering, University Park, Philadelphia, PA (New York: IEEE Publications), 143-144.
66. LUNDBORG, G., DAHLIN, L. B., DANIELSEN, N., HANSSON, H. A., NECKING, L. E. and PYYKKÖ, I. 1987, Intraneural edema following exposure to vibration, Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 13, 326-329.
67. MARRAS, W. S. and SCHOENMARKLIN, R. W. 1993, Wrist motions in industry, Ergonomics, 36, 341-351.
68. MASEAR, V. R., HAYES, J. M. and HYDE, A. G. 1986, An industrial cause of carpal tunnel syndrome, The Journal of Hand Surgery, 11A(2), 222-227.
69. MEADOR, H. L. 1993, The Biocentric Technique: a guide to avoiding occupational pain, Journal of Dental Hygiene, 67, 38-51.
70. MELHORN, M. J. 1994, Occupational injuries: the need for preventive strategies, Kansas Medicine, 95, 248-251.
71. MILLER, R. F., RAPIDS, C., LOHMAN, W. H., MALDONADO, G. and MANDEL, J. S. 1994, An epidemiologic study of carpal tunnel syndrome and hand-arm vibration syndrome in relation to vibration exposure, The Journal of Hand Surgery, 19A, 99-105.
72. MITAL, A., KUO, T. and FAARD, H. F. 1994, A quantitative evaluation of gloves used with nonpowered hand tools in routine maintenance tasks, Ergonomics, 37, 333-343.
73. MONSIVAIS, J. J., BUCHER, P. A. and MONSIVAIS, D. B. 1994, Nonsurgically treated carpal tunnel syndrome in the manual worker, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 94, 695-698.
74. MOORE, A., WELLS, R. and RANNEY, D. 1991, Quantifying exposure in occupational manual tasks with cumulative trauma disorder potential, Ergonomics, 34, 1433-1453.
75. MOORE, S. J. and GARG, A. 1995, The strain index: a proposed method to analyze jobs for risk of distal upper extremity disorders. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 56, 443-458.
76. MORRIS, H. M. 1992, Pushbuttons and switches survive harsh conditions, Control Engineering, 39, 87-88.
77. NATHAN, P. A. and KENISTON, R. C. 1993, Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relation to general physical condition, Occupational Diseases of the Hand: Hand Clinics, 9(2), 253-261.
78. NELSON, C. M. and GRIFFIN, M. J. 1992, Improving the measurement and evaluation of hand-transmitted vibration, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Hand Arm Vibration (Bonn: International Committee on Occupational Health, Scientific Committee on Vibration Noise, International Advisory Committee of the International Conference on Hand Arm Vibration), 613-623.
79. NORDGREN, B., HALL, J. and ANDERSSON, A. 1994, Development of methods for registration of the force exerted by hand-fingers in industrial work, Applied Ergonomics, 25, 393-394.
80. OH, S. and RADWIN, R. G. 1993, Pistol grip power tool handle and trigger size effects on grip exertions and operator preference. Human Factors, 35, 551-569.
81. OHLSSON, K., ATTEWELL, R. G., PÅLSSON, B., LARLSSON, B., BALOGH, I., JOHNSON, B., AHLM, A and SKERFVING, S. 1995, Repetitive industrial work and neck, and upper limb disorders in females, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 27, 731-747.
82. OLSEN, N. 1987, Centrally and locally mediated vasomotor activities in Raynaud's phenomenon, Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 13, 309-312
83. OSTREM, C. T. 1995, Strong, balanced muscles can prevent CTS, Occupational Health & Safety, 64, 47-49.
84. PELMEAR, P. L. and TAYLOR, W. 1994a, Carpal tunnel syndrome and hand-arm vibration syndrome: a diagnostic enigma, Archives of Neurology, 51, 416-421.
85. PELMEAR, P. L. and TAYLOR, W. 1994b, Hand-arm vibration syndrome, The Journal of Family Practice, 38(2), 180-184.
86. PETERSON, B. and PALMERUD, G. 1996, Measurement of upper extremity orientation by video stereometry system, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 34, 149-154.
87. POETH, D. F. and FRIEVALDS, A. 1996, The design of a zero-force switch for use in industrial soldering guns. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 3, 126-130.
88. PRICE, T. 1982, Lateral epicondylitis presenting as jailer's elbow, British Medical Journal, 285, 1775.
89. PUTZ-ANDERSON, V. 1991, Cumulative Trauma Disorders: A Manual for Musculoskeletal Diseases of the Upper Limbs, (London: Taylor & Francis).
90. PYYKKÖ, I., FÄRKKILÄ, M., INABA, R., STARCK, J. and PEKKARINEN, J. 1994, Effect of hand-arm vibration on inner ear and cardiac functions in man, Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 57(S), 113-119.
91. RADWIN, R. G. and LIN, M. L. 1993, An analytical method for characterizing repetitive motion and postural stress using spectral analysis. Ergonomics, 36, 379-389.
92. RADWIN, R. G. and OH, S. 1992, External finger forces in submaximal five-finger static pinch prehension, Ergonomics, 35, 275-288.
93. RADWIN, R. G., ARMSTRONG, T. J. and CHAFFIN, D. B. 1987, Power hand tool vibration effects on grip exertions, Ergonomics, 30, 833-855.
94. RADWIN, R. G., LIN, M. L. and YEN, T. Y. 1994, Exposure asssessment of biomechanical stress in repetitive manual work using frequency-weighted filters, Ergonomics, 37, 1984-1998.
95. RADWIN, R. G., MASTERS, G. P. and LUPTON, F. W. 1991, A linear force-summing hand dynamometer independent of point of application, Applied Ergonomics, 22, 339-345.
96. RANCOURT, D. and HOGAN, N. 1995, Study of human operation of a power drill, Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems, IFAC Man-Machine Systems (Pergamon Press: Cambridge, MA). 611-616.
97. RANKIN, E. A. and RANKIN, Jr, E. A. 1995 Carpal tunnel syndrome; update, Journal of the National Medical Association, 87, 193-194.
98. RANNEY, D. 1993, Work-related chronic injuries of the forearm and hand: their specific diagnosis and management, Ergonomics, 36, 871-880.
99. REINSTEIN, L. 1983, De Quervain's stenosing tenosynotitis in a video games player, Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 64, 434-435.
100. REMPEL, D., MANOJLOVIC, R., LEVINSOHN, D.G., BLOOM, T. and GORDON, L. 1994, The effect of wearing a flexible wrist splint on carpal tunnel pressure during repetitive hand activity., The Journal of Hand Surgery, 19A, 106-110.
101. ROHMERT, W., WOS, H., NORLANDER, S. and HELBIG, R. 1989, Effects of vibration on arm and shoulder muscles on three body postures, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 59, 243-248.
102. Ross, P. 1994, Ergonomic hazards in the workplace: assessment and prevention, American Association of Occupational Health Nursing Journal, 42(4), 171-176.
103. ROSSI, G. L. and TOMASINI, E. P. 1995, Hand-arm vibration measurement by a laser scanning vibrometer, Journal of the International Measurement Federation, 16(2), 113-124.
104. RUNGE, C. F., ZAJAC, F. E., ALLUM, J. H. J. and BRYSON, A. E. 1993, Estimating joint torques from kinematic and reaction force data: a new approach, Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine & Biology, vol. 3 (San Diego, CA: Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society), 1149-1150.
105. SAITO, K. 1987, Prevention of the hand-arm vibration syndrome, Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 13, 301-304.
106. SÄLLSTRÖM, J. and SCHMIDT, H. 1984, Cervicobrachial disorders in certain occupations, with special reference to compression in the thoracic outlet, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 6, 45-52.
107. SAWYER, K. 1987, An on-site exercise program to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome, Professional Safety, May, 17-20.
108. SCHOENMARKLIN, R. W., MARRAS, W. S. and LEURGANS, S. E. 1994, Industrial wrist motions and incidence of hand/wrist cumulative trauma disorders, Ergonomics, 37, 1449-1459.
109. SERADGE, H., JIA, Y.-C. and OWENS, 1995, In vivo measurement of the carpal tunnel pressure in the functioning hand, The Journal of Hand Surgery, 20A, 855-859.
110. SIEBEL, M. K. and MOSHER, G. E. 1984, Detecting and controlling vibration whitefinger, Modern Casting, 74, 34-37.
111. SILVERSTEIN, B. A., FINE, L. J. and ARMSTRONG, T. J. 1986a, Hand wrist cumulative traumas in industry, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 779-784.
112. SILVERSTEIN, B. A., FINE, L. J. and ARMSTRONG, T. J. 1986b, Carpal tunnel syndrome: causes and a preventive strategy, Seminars in Occupational Medicine, 1, 213-221.
113. SIEVERSTEIN, B. A., FINE, L. J. and ARMSTRONG, T. J. 1987, Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 11, 343-358.
114. SMITH, J., and HUDSON, W. B. 1993, The use of force sensing resistors for muscle force measurements, Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation, 30, 153-158.
115. STARCK, J., JUSSI, P. and ILMARI, P. 1990, Physical characteristics of vibration in relation to vibration-induced white finger, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 51, 179-184.
116. STENLUND, B., GOLDIE, I., HAGBERG, M. and HOGSTEDT, C. 1993, Shoulder tendinitis and its relation to heavy manual work and exposure to vibration, Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 19, 43-49.
117. STREIB, E. W. and SUN, S. F. 1984, Distal ulnar neuropathy in meat packers: an industrial disease? Journal of Occupational Medicine, 26, 842-843.
118. TANAKA, S., WILD, D. K., SELIGMAN, P. J., HALPERIN, W. E., BEHRENS, V. J. and PUTZ-ANDERSON, V. 1995, Prevalence and work-relatedness of self-reported carpal tunnel syndrome among US workers: analysis of the occupational health supplement data of 1988 National Health Interview Survey, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 27, 451-470.
119. TAYLOR, W. 1993, The hand-arm vibration syndrome - diagnosis, assessment and objective tests: a review, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 86, 101-103.
120. TAYLOR, W., MCCAIG, R. H. and MCGEOCH, K. 1993, Prognosis and treatment of hand-arm vibration syndrome, Hand-transmitted Vibration: Clinical Effects and Pathophysiology. Part 2. Background Papers to the Working Party Report (London: The Royal College of Physicians).
121. THOMAS, R. E. and VAIDYA, S. C. 1993, The effects of biofeedback on carpal tunnel syndrome, Ergonomics, 36, 353-361.
122. THOMPSON, A. R., PLEWES, L. W. and SHAW, E. G. 1951, Peritendinitis crepitans and simple tenosynovitis: a clinical study of 544 cases in industry, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 8, 150-160.
123. TOIBANA, N., ISHIKAWA, N., SAKAKIBARA, H. and YAMADA S, S. 1994, Raynaud's phenomenon of fingers and toes among vibration-exposed patients, Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 57(S), 121-128.
124. VIIKARI-JUNTURA, E. R. A. 1997, The scientific basis for making guidelines and standards to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders, Ergonomics, 40, 1097-1117.
125. WEISS, N. D., GORDON, L., BLOOM, T., SO, Y. and REMPEL, D. M. 1995, Position of the wrist associated with the lowest carpal tunnel pressure: implications for splint design, Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 77A, 1695-1699.
126. WELCH, L. S., HUNTING, K. L. and KELLOG, J. 1995, Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among sheet metal workers, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 27, 783-791.
127. WESTGAARD, R. H., JENSEN, C. and HANSEN, K. 1993, Individual and work-related risk factors associated with symptoms of musculoskeletal complaints, International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health, 64, 405-413.
128. WIESLANDER, G., NORBACK, D., GOTHE, C.-J. and JUHLIN, L. 1989, Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and exposure to vibration, repetitive wrist movements and heavy manual work: a case-referent study, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 46, 43-47.
129. WILLIAMS, N. 1994, Hand arm vibration syndrome, Occupational Health, March, 89-90.
130. WILSON, D. H. 1983, Tenosynovitis, tendovaginitis & trigger finger, Physiotherapy, 69, 350-352.
131. WISE, S., GARDINER, W., SABELMAN, E., VALAINIS, E., WONG Y, GLASS, K., DRACE, J. and ROSEN, J. M. 1990, Evaluation of a fiberoptic glove for semi-automated goniometric measurements, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 27, 411-424.
132. WOS, H., LINDBERG, J. and JAKUS, R. 1992, Evaluation of impact loading in overhead work using a bolt pistol support, Ergonomics, 35, 1069-1079.
133. YAMADA, S., SAKAKIBARA, H., HARADA, N. and MATSUMOTO, T. 1993, Prevention, clinical and pathophysiological research on vibration syndrome, Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 56, 27-41.
134. YUN, M. H. and FRIEVALDS, A. 1995, Analysis of hand tool grips, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society), 553-557.