The politics of global consensus building: A comparative analysis

Global Governance

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 173-201

  Smith, Courtney B ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033114729     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00502003     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Friedrich Kratochwil and John Gerald Ruggie, "International Organization: The State of the Art on the Art of the State," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 761; J. Martin Rochester, "The United Nations in a New World Order: Reviving the Theory and Practice of International Organization," in Charles W. Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 203.
2. Friedrich Kratochwil and John Gerald Ruggie, "International Organization: The State of the Art on the Art of the State," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 761; J. Martin Rochester, "The United Nations in a New World Order: Reviving the Theory and Practice of International Organization," in Charles W. Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 203.
3. Miguel Marin-Bosch, "How Nations Vote in the General Assembly of the United Nations," International Organization 41, no. 4 (1987): 705-724; Johan Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations: Principles and Realities," ACUNS Reports and Papers, no. 4 (1994): 27-28; M. J. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 82-90.
4. Miguel Marin-Bosch, "How Nations Vote in the General Assembly of the United Nations," International Organization 41, no. 4 (1987): 705-724; Johan Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations: Principles and Realities," ACUNS Reports and Papers, no. 4 (1994): 27-28; M. J. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 82-90.
5. Miguel Marin-Bosch, "How Nations Vote in the General Assembly of the United Nations," International Organization 41, no. 4 (1987): 705-724; Johan Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations: Principles and Realities," ACUNS Reports and Papers, no. 4 (1994): 27-28; M. J. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986), pp. 82-90.
6. Robert O. Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," International Organization 21, no. 2 (1967): 221-222; Chadwick F. Alger, "Research on Research: A Decade of Quantitative and Field Research on International Organizations," International Organization 24, no. 3 (1970): 444; J. Martin Rochester, "The Rise and Fall of International Organization as a Field of Study," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 812; Kratochwil and Ruggie, "International Organization," p. 754; Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations, p. 28.
7. Robert O. Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," International Organization 21, no. 2 (1967): 221-222; Chadwick F. Alger, "Research on Research: A Decade of Quantitative and Field Research on International Organizations," International Organization 24, no. 3 (1970): 444; J. Martin Rochester, "The Rise and Fall of International Organization as a Field of Study," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 812; Kratochwil and Ruggie, "International Organization," p. 754; Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations, p. 28.
8. Robert O. Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," International Organization 21, no. 2 (1967): 221-222; Chadwick F. Alger, "Research on Research: A Decade of Quantitative and Field Research on International Organizations," International Organization 24, no. 3 (1970): 444; J. Martin Rochester, "The Rise and Fall of International Organization as a Field of Study," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 812; Kratochwil and Ruggie, "International Organization," p. 754; Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations, p. 28.
9. Robert O. Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," International Organization 21, no. 2 (1967): 221-222; Chadwick F. Alger, "Research on Research: A Decade of Quantitative and Field Research on International Organizations," International Organization 24, no. 3 (1970): 444; J. Martin Rochester, "The Rise and Fall of International Organization as a Field of Study," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 812; Kratochwil and Ruggie, "International Organization," p. 754; Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations, p. 28.
10. Robert O. Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," International Organization 21, no. 2 (1967): 221-222; Chadwick F. Alger, "Research on Research: A Decade of Quantitative and Field Research on International Organizations," International Organization 24, no. 3 (1970): 444; J. Martin Rochester, "The Rise and Fall of International Organization as a Field of Study," International Organization 40, no. 4 (1986): 812; Kratochwil and Ruggie, "International Organization," p. 754; Kaufmann, "The Evolving United Nations, p. 28.
11. Johan Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making (Rockville, Md.: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980), p. 25; H. G. Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 117-130; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 241-247.
12. Johan Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making (Rockville, Md.: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980), p. 25; H. G. Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 117-130; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 241-247.
13. Johan Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making (Rockville, Md.: Sijthoff & Noordhoff, 1980), p. 25; H. G. Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 117-130; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 241-247.
14. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 127-129; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 84-88; Miles Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," in John Gerald Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 318-319.
15. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 127-129; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 84-88; Miles Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," in John Gerald Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 318-319.
16. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 127-129; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 84-88; Miles Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," in John Gerald Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 318-319.
17. The resolution on humanitarian assistance was adopted unanimously, the vote on the seabed mining agreement was 121 to 0 (with 7 abstentions), the CTBT was approved 158 to 3 (with 5 abstentions), and so far there is no consensus on Security Council reform. For the importance of this variation, see Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 128-149.
18. W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1992), pp. 30-50.
19. Margaret G. Hermann, Charles F. Hermann, and Joe D. Hagan, "How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy Behavior," in Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N. Rosenau, eds., New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1987), pp. 306-336.
20. Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," pp. 296-299; Bruno S. Frey, "The Public Choice View of International Political Economy," International Organization 38, no. 1 (1984): 214-222; Debora L. Spar, The Cooperative Edge: The Internal Politics of International Cartels (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 28-33, 237-243.
21. Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," pp. 296-299; Bruno S. Frey, "The Public Choice View of International Political Economy," International Organization 38, no. 1 (1984): 214-222; Debora L. Spar, The Cooperative Edge: The Internal Politics of International Cartels (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 28-33, 237-243.
22. Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," pp. 296-299; Bruno S. Frey, "The Public Choice View of International Political Economy," International Organization 38, no. 1 (1984): 214-222; Debora L. Spar, The Cooperative Edge: The Internal Politics of International Cartels (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 28-33, 237-243.
23. For small groups, see Charles F. Hermann, "Avoiding Pathologies in Foreign Policy Decision Groups," in Dan Caldwell and Timothy J. McKeown, eds., Diplomacy, Force, and Leadership: Essays in Honor of Alexander L. George (Boulder: Westview, 1993), pp. 181-182, 189-190; for large groups, see Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," pp. 296-299.
24. For small groups, see Charles F. Hermann, "Avoiding Pathologies in Foreign Policy Decision Groups," in Dan Caldwell and Timothy J. McKeown, eds., Diplomacy, Force, and Leadership: Essays in Honor of Alexander L. George (Boulder: Westview, 1993), pp. 181-182, 189-190; for large groups, see Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," pp. 296-299.
25. Chadwick F. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance: The United Nations Special General Assembly Session of 1963," in Johan Kaufmann, ed., Effective Negotiation: Case Studies in Conference Diplomacy (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989), pp. 3-4; Sidney D. Bailey, The General Assembly of the United Nations: A Study of Procedure and Practice (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1964), p. 111; Johan Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988), pp. 31-33, 52-54, 69-73.
26. Chadwick F. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance: The United Nations Special General Assembly Session of 1963," in Johan Kaufmann, ed., Effective Negotiation: Case Studies in Conference Diplomacy (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989), pp. 3-4; Sidney D. Bailey, The General Assembly of the United Nations: A Study of Procedure and Practice (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1964), p. 111; Johan Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988), pp. 31-33, 52-54, 69-73.
27. Chadwick F. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance: The United Nations Special General Assembly Session of 1963," in Johan Kaufmann, ed., Effective Negotiation: Case Studies in Conference Diplomacy (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989), pp. 3-4; Sidney D. Bailey, The General Assembly of the United Nations: A Study of Procedure and Practice (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1964), p. 111; Johan Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988), pp. 31-33, 52-54, 69-73.
28. Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 279-283; Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence: Decision Making in International Organization (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 397-399.
29. Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 279-283; Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence: Decision Making in International Organization (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 397-399.
30. Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 279-283; Robert W. Cox and Harold K. Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence: Decision Making in International Organization (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 397-399.
31. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, p. 272; Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 3-4, 21-29.
32. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, p. 272; Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 3-4, 21-29.
33. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 16-17.
34. Frey, "The Public Choice View of International Political Economy," pp. 214-222; Spar, The Cooperative Edge, pp. 28-33, 237-243.
35. Frey, "The Public Choice View of International Political Economy," pp. 214-222; Spar, The Cooperative Edge, pp. 28-33, 237-243.
36. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 3-4; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 57-67. This is also consistent with recent research on consensual knowledge; see Ernst Haas, When Knowledge Is Power (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
37. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 3-4; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 57-67. This is also consistent with recent research on consensual knowledge; see Ernst Haas, When Knowledge Is Power (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
38. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 3-4; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 57-67. This is also consistent with recent research on consensual knowledge; see Ernst Haas, When Knowledge Is Power (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
39. This notion of goal convergence in the decision unit is included in the formal institutions perspective, because it relates to the ongoing debate regarding whether or not organizations can have goals; see Scott, Organizations, pp. 285-290.
40. Scott, Organizations, pp. 77-92.
41. Oran R. Young, "The Politics of International Regime Formation: Managing Natural Resources and the Environment," International Organization 43, no. 3 (1989): 349-375.
42. Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 25-34; Gayl D. Ness and Steven R. Brechin, "Bridging the Gap: International Organizations as Organizations," International Organization 42, no. 2 (1988): 245-274.
43. Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 25-34; Gayl D. Ness and Steven R. Brechin, "Bridging the Gap: International Organizations as Organizations," International Organization 42, no. 2 (1988): 245-274.
44. Young, "The Politics of International Regime Formation," pp. 366-371.
45. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and the Global Political System (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), p. 103; Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," p. 223; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 10-16.
46. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and the Global Political System (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), p. 103; Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," p. 223; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 10-16.
47. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and the Global Political System (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), p. 103; Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," p. 223; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 10-16.
48. For information on these attributes, see Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," pp. 222-223; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 214-238, 294-296; Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 397-399; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 17-18, 87-100; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113, 146-159.
49. For information on these attributes, see Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," pp. 222-223; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 214-238, 294-296; Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 397-399; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 17-18, 87-100; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113, 146-159.
50. For information on these attributes, see Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," pp. 222-223; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 214-238, 294-296; Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 397-399; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 17-18, 87-100; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113, 146-159.
51. For information on these attributes, see Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," pp. 222-223; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 214-238, 294-296; Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 397-399; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 17-18, 87-100; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113, 146-159.
52. For information on these attributes, see Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," pp. 222-223; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 214-238, 294-296; Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, pp. 397-399; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 17-18, 87-100; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 100-113, 146-159.
53. The most extensive treatment of this is Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence, pp. 100-114. For related discussions, see Spar, The Cooperative Edge, pp. 16-17, 219-229, 243-255; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, pp. 136-137; Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization 42, no. 3 (1988): 427-460.
54. The most extensive treatment of this is Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence, pp. 100-114. For related discussions, see Spar, The Cooperative Edge, pp. 16-17, 219-229, 243-255; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, pp. 136-137; Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization 42, no. 3 (1988): 427-460.
55. The most extensive treatment of this is Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence, pp. 100-114. For related discussions, see Spar, The Cooperative Edge, pp. 16-17, 219-229, 243-255; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, pp. 136-137; Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization 42, no. 3 (1988): 427-460.
56. The most extensive treatment of this is Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence, pp. 100-114. For related discussions, see Spar, The Cooperative Edge, pp. 16-17, 219-229, 243-255; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, pp. 136-137; Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization 42, no. 3 (1988): 427-460.
57. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, p. 111; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, p. 170; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, p. 285.
58. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, p. 111; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, p. 170; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, p. 285.
59. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, p. 111; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, p. 170; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, p. 285.
60. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 112-137; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 16-17, 160-170; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 32-33, 60-61, 71-79.
61. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 112-137; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 16-17, 160-170; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 32-33, 60-61, 71-79.
62. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 112-137; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 16-17, 160-170; Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 32-33, 60-61, 71-79.
63. Keohane, "The Study of Political Influence in the General Assembly," pp. 222, 236.
64. Scott, Organizations, pp. 51-73.
65. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 91-113; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, p. 3; Chadwick F. Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," in J. David Singer, ed., Quantitative International Politics: Insights and Evidence (New York: Free Press, 1967), p. 52.
66. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 91-113; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, p. 3; Chadwick F. Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," in J. David Singer, ed., Quantitative International Politics: Insights and Evidence (New York: Free Press, 1967), p. 52.
67. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 91-113; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, p. 3; Chadwick F. Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," in J. David Singer, ed., Quantitative International Politics: Insights and Evidence (New York: Free Press, 1967), p. 52.
68. Christer Jonsson, "Interorganizational Theory and International Organization," International Studies Quarterly 40, no. 1 (1986): 39-57.
69. Examples are conversations in delegate lounges, gatherings at the back of meeting halls, "the fine art of corridor sitting," and social functions at member state missions; see Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 113-117.
70. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 211-216; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 173-174.
71. Peterson, The General Assembly in World Politics, pp. 211-216; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 173-174.
72. Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 116-117.
73. Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, p. 20; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, p. 106; Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," pp. 75-77; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 133-146.
74. Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, p. 20; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, p. 106; Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," pp. 75-77; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 133-146.
75. Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, p. 20; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, p. 106; Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," pp. 75-77; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 133-146.
76. Cox and Jacobson, The Anatomy of Influence, p. 20; Nicholas, The United Nations as Political Institution, p. 106; Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," pp. 75-77; Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 133-146.
77. Kaufmann, Conference Diplomacy, pp. 69-73.
78. Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," pp. 75-77; Young, "The Politics of International Regime Formation," p. 373.
79. Alger, "Interaction in a Committee of the United Nations General Assembly," pp. 75-77; Young, "The Politics of International Regime Formation," p. 373.
80. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 21-29; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 16-17.
81. Alger, "Negotiating a Consensus on Peacekeeping Finance," pp. 21-29; Kaufmann, United Nations Decision Making, pp. 16-17.
82. Scott, Organizations, pp. 22-26.
83. Unless otherwise indicated, the information contained in the case studies was gathered during the course of these interviews.
84. Rebecca Johnson, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Now or Never - Report of the 1995 Conference on Disarmament Negotiations (ACRONYM Booklet No. 8, October 1995), p. 4.
85. Kahler, "Multilateralism with Small and Large Numbers," pp. 296-299.
86. Paul Taylor, "Options for the Reform of the International System for Humanitarian Assistance," in John Harriss, ed., The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (London: Pinter, 1995), pp. 114-115.
87. Christopher C. Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," Ocean Development and International Law 27, nos. 1/2 (1996): 46, 51.
88. Many delegates have used Disarmament: A Periodic Review of the United Nations as a forum to provide their evaluation of the CTBT negotiations; see vol. 18, no. 1 (1995): 55-183; vol. 18, no. 3 (1995): 47-76.
89. Many delegates have used Disarmament: A Periodic Review of the United Nations as a forum to provide their evaluation of the CTBT negotiations; see vol. 18, no. 1 (1995): 55-183; vol. 18, no. 3 (1995): 47-76.
90. Many delegates have used Disarmament: A Periodic Review of the United Nations as a forum to provide their evaluation of the CTBT negotiations; see vol. 18, no. 1 (1995): 55-183; vol. 18, no. 3 (1995): 47-76.
91. Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 51.
92. Rebecca Johnson and Sean Howard, A Comprehensive Test Ban: Disappointing Progress - A Review of the 1994 Conference on Disarmament Negotiations and an Assessment of the NPT Extension Process (ACRONYM Booklet No. 3, September 1994), p. 41.
93. For U.S. participation, see Jonathan I. Charney, "The United States and the Revision of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea," Ocean Development and International Law 23, no. 4 (1992): 280; for the impact of procedures, see Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 46.
94. For U.S. participation, see Jonathan I. Charney, "The United States and the Revision of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea," Ocean Development and International Law 23, no. 4 (1992): 280; for the impact of procedures, see Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 46.
95. Ludwik Dembinski, "The Negotiating Environment and Results of the Negotiations in 1995," Disarmament 18, no. 3 (1995): 54-55.
96. Sean D. Murphy, Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996), p. 371.
97. Yuwen Li, Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining: The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Beyond (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994), pp. 248-253.
98. See the summaries in The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, published annually for the years 1993 to 1997.
99. Martin Griffiths, lain Levine, and Mark Weller, "Sovereignty and Suffering," in Harriss, The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention, p. 43.
100. Li, Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining, pp. 240-243; Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," pp. 49-50.
101. Li, Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining, pp. 240-243; Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," pp. 49-50.
102. Murphy, Humanitarian Intervention, p. 371; Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: A Reconceptualization (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), p. 84.
103. Murphy, Humanitarian Intervention, p. 371; Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: A Reconceptualization (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), p. 84.
104. Charney, "The United States and the Revision of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea," p. 280.
105. See the summaries in The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, published annually for the years 1993 to 1997.
106. Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 46.
107. See the summaries in the United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, published annually for the years 1993 to 1997.
108. Ramsbotham and Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict, p. 84.
109. Bhaskar Menon, "Kofi Annan Takes a Cautious Approach to U.N. Reform," The Interdependent 22, no. 4 (1997): 1.
110. Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 46.
111. David A. Koplow, Testing a Nuclear Test Ban: What Should Be Prohibited by a "Comprehensive" Treaty? (Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth Publishing, 1996), p. 16; Johnson, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, p. 13.
112. David A. Koplow, Testing a Nuclear Test Ban: What Should Be Prohibited by a "Comprehensive" Treaty? (Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth Publishing, 1996), p. 16; Johnson, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, p. 13.
113. Charney, "The United States and the Revision of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea," pp. 280-281.
114. Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 51.
115. Li, Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining, pp. 245-246; Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 46.
116. Li, Transfer of Technology for Deep Sea-Bed Mining, pp. 245-246; Joyner, "The United States and the New Law of the Sea," p. 46.
117. Changes in this text over time can be traced through the discussions in successive years of the United Nations Disarmament Yearbook.