Classifying the dead: Toward a history of the registration of causes of death

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 114-132

  Alter, George C ^a   Carmichael, Ann G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HISTORY; REGISTER;

CAUSE OF DEATH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; REGISTRIES;

EID: 0033111252     PISSN: 00225045     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/54.2.114     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Nathan Keyfitz and Wilhelm Flieger, World Population: An Analysis of Vital Data (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), pp. 462-509.
2. See the special issues of Continuity and Change, 1997, 12, pt. 2, and Historical Methods, 1996, 29, nos. 2 and 3, all devoted to the history of state registration of causes of death, and based on papers delivered at the Bloomington conference.
3. See the special issues of Continuity and Change, 1997, 12, pt. 2, and Historical Methods, 1996, 29, nos. 2 and 3, all devoted to the history of state registration of causes of death, and based on papers delivered at the Bloomington conference.
4. Abdel R. Omran, "The epidemiological transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change," Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 1971, 4, 509-38.
5. Thomas McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London: Edward Arnold, 1976).
6. See John Landers, "Introduction: historical epidemiology and the health transition," Health Transition Reviav, 1992, 2, Supplement, 1-27; Simon Szreter, "The importance of social interventions in Britain's mortality decline, c. 1850-1914: a re-interpretation of the role of public health," Soc. Hist. Med., 1988, 1, 1-37; Roger Schofield and David Reher, "The decline of mortality in Europe," in R. Schofield, D. Reher and A. Bideau, eds., The Decline of Mortality in Europe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), pp. 1-17.
7. See John Landers, "Introduction: historical epidemiology and the health transition," Health Transition Reviav, 1992, 2, Supplement, 1-27; Simon Szreter, "The importance of social interventions in Britain's mortality decline, c. 1850-1914: a re-interpretation of the role of public health," Soc. Hist. Med., 1988, 1, 1-37; Roger Schofield and David Reher, "The decline of mortality in Europe," in R. Schofield, D. Reher and A. Bideau, eds., The Decline of Mortality in Europe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), pp. 1-17.
8. See John Landers, "Introduction: historical epidemiology and the health transition," Health Transition Reviav, 1992, 2, Supplement, 1-27; Simon Szreter, "The importance of social interventions in Britain's mortality decline, c. 1850-1914: a re-interpretation of the role of public health," Soc. Hist. Med., 1988, 1, 1-37; Roger Schofield and David Reher, "The decline of mortality in Europe," in R. Schofield, D. Reher and A. Bideau, eds., The Decline of Mortality in Europe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), pp. 1-17.
9. For examples, see Thomas Africa, "Worms and the death of kings: a cautionary note on disease and history," Classical Antiquity, 1982, 1, 1-17; Frederick Paxton, "Signa Mortifera: death and prognostication in early medieval monastic medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1993, 67, 631-50; Patrick Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), esp. pp. 172-76.
10. For examples, see Thomas Africa, "Worms and the death of kings: a cautionary note on disease and history," Classical Antiquity, 1982, 1, 1-17; Frederick Paxton, "Signa Mortifera: death and prognostication in early medieval monastic medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1993, 67, 631-50; Patrick Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), esp. pp. 172-76.
11. For examples, see Thomas Africa, "Worms and the death of kings: a cautionary note on disease and history," Classical Antiquity, 1982, 1, 1-17; Frederick Paxton, "Signa Mortifera: death and prognostication in early medieval monastic medicine," Bull. Hist. Med., 1993, 67, 631-50; Patrick Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), esp. pp. 172-76.
12. See Sarah Blanshei, "Criminal law and politics in medieval Bologna," Crim. Justice Hist. Intl. Rev., 1981, 2, 1-30; Guido Ruggiero, "The cooperation of physicians and the state in the control of violence in Renaissance Venice," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1978, 33, 156-66.
13. See Sarah Blanshei, "Criminal law and politics in medieval Bologna," Crim. Justice Hist. Intl. Rev., 1981, 2, 1-30; Guido Ruggiero, "The cooperation of physicians and the state in the control of violence in Renaissance Venice," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1978, 33, 156-66.
14. See Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Carlo M.Cipolla, Public Health and the Medical Profession in the Renaissance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Massimo Livi-Bacci, La Société italienne devant les crises de mortalité (Florence: Dipartimento statistico, 1978).
15. See Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Carlo M.Cipolla, Public Health and the Medical Profession in the Renaissance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Massimo Livi-Bacci, La Société italienne devant les crises de mortalité (Florence: Dipartimento statistico, 1978).
16. See Ann G. Carmichael, Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Carlo M.Cipolla, Public Health and the Medical Profession in the Renaissance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Massimo Livi-Bacci, La Société italienne devant les crises de mortalité (Florence: Dipartimento statistico, 1978).
17. Ann G. Carmichael, "Epidemics and state medicine in fifteenth-century Milan," in R. French, ed., Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease (London: Ashgate, 1998), pp. 221-47; Cipolla, (n. 8) Public Health.
18. Ann G. Carmichael, "Epidemics and state medicine in fifteenth-century Milan," in R. French, ed., Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease (London: Ashgate, 1998), pp. 221-47; Cipolla, (n. 8) Public Health.
19. Jacques Dupaquier and Michel Dupaquier, Historie de la démographie (Paris: Librairie académique Perrin, 1975).
20. John Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London, 1670-1830 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
21. Major Greenwood, "Medical statistics from Graunt to Farr," Biometrika, 1941, 32, 101-127, 203-25, 33, 1-24. See also Cornelius Walford, "Early bills of mortality," Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 1878, 7, 212-48.
22. Major Greenwood, "Medical statistics from Graunt to Farr," Biometrika, 1941, 32, 101-127, 203-25, 33, 1-24. See also Cornelius Walford, "Early bills of mortality," Trans. R. Hist. Soc., 1878, 7, 212-48.
23. Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart London (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985); Landers, (n. 5).
24. Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart London (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985); Landers, (n. 5).
25. James C. Riley, The Eighteenth-Century Campaign to Avoid Disease (New York: Macmillan, 1987).
26. See Knud Faber, Nosography in Modern Internal Medicine (New York: Hoebner, 1923); Lester King, Medical Thinking (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982).
27. See Knud Faber, Nosography in Modern Internal Medicine (New York: Hoebner, 1923); Lester King, Medical Thinking (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982).
28. Owsei Temkin, "The scientific approach to disease: specific entity and individual sickness," in O. Temkin, The Double Face of Janus and Other Essays in the History of Medicine (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1987), pp. 441-55.
29. See King, (n. 15) Medical Thinking.
30. John M. Eyler, "The conceptual origins of William Farr's epidemiology: numerical methods and social thought in the 1830s," in Abraham Lilienfeld, ed., Times, Places and Persons (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1978), pp. 1-21; Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1979).
31. John M. Eyler, "The conceptual origins of William Farr's epidemiology: numerical methods and social thought in the 1830s," in Abraham Lilienfeld, ed., Times, Places and Persons (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1978), pp. 1-21; Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1979).
32. Greenwood, (n. 12) "Medical statistics." Smallpox intervention data are also even now the only clear and unambiguous testimony that cause-of-death reporting produced in the 1700s and early 1800s gave useful and related information about cost-effective public health interventions.
33. e siècles) (Aix-en-Provence: Édisud, 1986).
34. For example, early statisticians were interested in tracking smallpox, a disease that was not of widespread concern in international commerce and disease surveillance unless described as "malignant" smallpox. See Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organiza-tions and Their Work (Philadelphia and New York: Blakiston, 1952).
35. King, (n. 15) Medical Thinking; Rene and Jean Dubos, The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society (reprt., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987 [1952]); Lynda Bryder, '"Not always one and the same thing': the registration of tuberculosis deaths in Britain, 1900-1950," Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9, 253-66.
36. King, (n. 15) Medical Thinking; Rene and Jean Dubos, The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society (reprt., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987 [1952]); Lynda Bryder, '"Not always one and the same thing': the registration of tuberculosis deaths in Britain, 1900-1950," Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9, 253-66.
37. King, (n. 15) Medical Thinking; Rene and Jean Dubos, The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man and Society (reprt., New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987 [1952]); Lynda Bryder, '"Not always one and the same thing': the registration of tuberculosis deaths in Britain, 1900-1950," Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9, 253-66.
38. See also Franz Van Poppel and Jitse P. Van Dijk, "The development of cause-of-death registration in the Netherlands," Continuity and Change, 1997, 12, 265-87; Barbara Leidinger, W. Robert Lee, and Peter Marschalck, "Political change and cause-of-death registration in the Hansestadt Bremen," ibid., 221-46.
39. See also Franz Van Poppel and Jitse P. Van Dijk, "The development of cause-of-death registration in the Netherlands," Continuity and Change, 1997, 12, 265-87; Barbara Leidinger, W. Robert Lee, and Peter Marschalck, "Political change and cause-of-death registration in the Hansestadt Bremen," ibid., 221-46.
40. Guenter Risse, "Causes of death as a historical problem," Continuity and Change, 1997, 12, 175-88.
41. Massimo Livi-Bacci, "National reporting systems in comparative perspective," presented at the conference in Bloomington.
42. See, for example, Peter N. Lee, Comparison of Autopsy, Clinical and Death Certificate Diagnosis with Particular Reference to Lung Cancer: A Review of Published Data (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1994).
43. Eyler, (n. 18) Victorian Social Medicine, pp. 58-64.
44. K. Codell Carter, "Causes of disease and causes of death," Continuity and Change, 1997, 12, 189-98.