The export of pesticides: Shipments from U.S. ports, 1995-1996

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 141-150

  Smith, Carl ^a,c   Root, David ^b  

^a Found Advancements Sci and Educ   (United States)

^b Sacramento Occupational Health Group   (United States)

^c FASE   (United States)

Author keywords

Developing countries; Hazard exportation; National Environmental Protection Act; Pesticides; Public policy; Regulations

Indexed keywords

PESTICIDE;

CHILD; COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL ASPECT; MALE; POLICY; REVIEW; SAFETY; UNITED STATES;

CHILD; COMMERCE; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MALE; PESTICIDES; PUBLIC POLICY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033109659     PISSN: 10773525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/oeh.1999.5.2.141     Document Type: Review

References (45)

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7. Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education. Exporting banned and hazardous pesticides: a preliminary review. FASE Reports. 1991;9(1).
8. The raw data used are not available from the Department of Commerce. FASE obtains export records from the Port Import Export Reporting Service (PIERS) of the Journal of Commerce, which makes daily transcriptions of the shipping manifests submitted at U.S. ports.
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13. Speaking off the record, one Department of Commerce representative stated that this finding was not surprising, in that about 75% of all exports are mislabeled.
14. It is difficult to trace the exact places of manufacture of pesticides noted in export records. For example, the city and country of origin may be omitted from shipping records. A U.S. brokerage may arrange for shipment of pesticides manufactured in another country. In addition, many of the largest agricultural chemical companies are multinational corporations with overseas manufacturing plants. Because customs records include shipments originating outside the United States, it is not clear from this information alone what percentage of these shipments are products manufactured by businesses headquartered in the United States.
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17. Public Law 92-516, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.
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25. National Environmental Protection Act of 1969.
26. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, 1970.
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33. The percentage of pesticides that could be identified increased from 24% in 1995 to 36% in 1996. All statistics in this report are based on the products that could be identified.
34. The registration status of some of the products considered in this survey has changed since 1992. The fact that in 1992 the EPA had not yet recognized the risks associated with certain products does not mean that the risks did not exist. As the main objective of this report is to evaluate the trade in hazardous pesticides, products are categorized according to their current registration status.
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37. The company responsible for these shipments is not readily apparent from shipping records, as the name is omitted. According to shipping documents, some shipments originated in Bogota, Colombia, where two multinationals holding patents for this chemical are located. Interestingly, shipping documents state that others originated in Bogota, New Jersey.
38. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. An analysis of the responses to the second international questionnaire on the international code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides. Rome, Italy: FAO, 1996.
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43. International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS). The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 1996-1997. Note: The final classification of the toxicity of a pesticide depends upon its formulation.
44. Farm Chemicals Handbook 1995. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing,1995.
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