The "rights" of husbands and the "duties" of wives: Power and desire in the American bedroom, 1850-1910

Journal of Family History

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 165-186

  Battan, Jesse F ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; MARRIAGE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES;

HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; MARRIAGE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033106512     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319909902400203     Document Type: Article

References (225)

1. Pilgrim Progress, Jr., "Six Weeks in the Moon," Democratic Review 32 (June 1853): 519.
2. For an excellent discussion of the domestic politics of the Democratic party in the 1850s, see Michael D. Pierson, "'Guard the Foundation Well': Antebellum New York Democrats and the Defense of Patriarchy," Gender & History 7 (April 1995): 25-40.
3. "Marriage and Divorce," Southern Quarterly Review 10 (October 1854): 351-53, 355. For similar celebrations of the patriarchal image of marriage, see S.W.C., "The Homes of America the Hope of the Republic," Democratic Review 38 (November 1856): 292-98; "Love, Hope, and Joy," Democratic Review 40 (December 1857): 510; "Female Politicians," Democratic Review 30 (April 1852): 355-59; and "Dr. Dewey on Women's Rights," Democratic Review 30 (February 1852): 180-82. See also Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
4. "Marriage and Divorce," Southern Quarterly Review 10 (October 1854): 351-53, 355. For similar celebrations of the patriarchal image of marriage, see S.W.C., "The Homes of America the Hope of the Republic," Democratic Review 38 (November 1856): 292-98; "Love, Hope, and Joy," Democratic Review 40 (December 1857): 510; "Female Politicians," Democratic Review 30 (April 1852): 355-59; and "Dr. Dewey on Women's Rights," Democratic Review 30 (February 1852): 180-82. See also Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
5. "Marriage and Divorce," Southern Quarterly Review 10 (October 1854): 351-53, 355. For similar celebrations of the patriarchal image of marriage, see S.W.C., "The Homes of America the Hope of the Republic," Democratic Review 38 (November 1856): 292-98; "Love, Hope, and Joy," Democratic Review 40 (December 1857): 510; "Female Politicians," Democratic Review 30 (April 1852): 355-59; and "Dr. Dewey on Women's Rights," Democratic Review 30 (February 1852): 180-82. See also Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
6. "Marriage and Divorce," Southern Quarterly Review 10 (October 1854): 351-53, 355. For similar celebrations of the patriarchal image of marriage, see S.W.C., "The Homes of America the Hope of the Republic," Democratic Review 38 (November 1856): 292-98; "Love, Hope, and Joy," Democratic Review 40 (December 1857): 510; "Female Politicians," Democratic Review 30 (April 1852): 355-59; and "Dr. Dewey on Women's Rights," Democratic Review 30 (February 1852): 180-82. See also Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
7. "Marriage and Divorce," Southern Quarterly Review 10 (October 1854): 351-53, 355. For similar celebrations of the patriarchal image of marriage, see S.W.C., "The Homes of America the Hope of the Republic," Democratic Review 38 (November 1856): 292-98; "Love, Hope, and Joy," Democratic Review 40 (December 1857): 510; "Female Politicians," Democratic Review 30 (April 1852): 355-59; and "Dr. Dewey on Women's Rights," Democratic Review 30 (February 1852): 180-82. See also Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
8. "Marriage and Divorce," Southern Quarterly Review 10 (October 1854): 351-53, 355. For similar celebrations of the patriarchal image of marriage, see S.W.C., "The Homes of America the Hope of the Republic," Democratic Review 38 (November 1856): 292-98; "Love, Hope, and Joy," Democratic Review 40 (December 1857): 510; "Female Politicians," Democratic Review 30 (April 1852): 355-59; and "Dr. Dewey on Women's Rights," Democratic Review 30 (February 1852): 180-82. See also Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).
9. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
10. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
11. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
12. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
13. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
14. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
15. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
16. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
17. For discussions on the eighteenth-century origins of the companionate idea, see Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800 (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 86-87, 396-404, 655-58; Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980), 135-38, 141-50, 155-57, 159-74; Nancy Cott, "Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records," Journal of Social History 10 (Fall 1976): 20-43; Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 175-77; Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 230-35; Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982), chap. 5, esp. 135-37; Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 171, 188, 193, 195, 203; Merril D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (New York: New York University Press, 1991 ), 2, 70, 82; and Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 8-9, 14-19.
18. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
19. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
20. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
21. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
22. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
23. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
24. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
25. For discussions on reformers, especially feminist abolitionists, who supported the companionate marriage and challenged the patriarchal ideal, see Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (New York: Norton, 1978), esp. chaps. 5-6; Blanche Glassman Hersh, The Slavery of Sex: Feminist Abolitionists in America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978); Lewis Perry, "'Progress, Not Pleasure, Is Our Aim': The Sexual Advice of an Antebellum Radical," Journal of Social History 12 (Spring 1979): 354-66; Michael D. Pierson, "'Free Hearts and Free Homes': Representations of Family in the American Antislavery Movement" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 1993); Chris Dixon, "'A True Manly Life': Abolitionism and the Masculine Ideal," Mid-America 77 (Fall 1995): 213-36; and idem, Perfecting the Family: Antislavery Marriages in Nineteenth-Century America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997), esp. chap. 6. Antislavery ideology and activism made abolitionists especially sensitive to a woman's loss of control over her body. See Francoise Basch, "Women's Rights and the Wrongs of Marriage in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America," History Workshop 22 (Autumn 1986): 22, 31-34, and Kristin Hoganson, "Garrisonian Abolitionists and the Rhetoric of Gender, 1850-1860," American Quarterly 45 (December 1993): 558-95.
26. Eliza B. Duffey, The Relations of the Sexes (New York: Wood & Holbrook, 1876), 209.
27. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
28. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
29. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
30. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
31. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
32. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
33. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
34. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
35. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
36. David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868-1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1972); Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Beauty, the Beast, and the Militant Woman: A Case Study in Sex Roles and Social Stress in Jacksonian America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America, ed. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg (New York: Knopf, 1985), 109-28; Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), 153; William Leach, True Love and Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 205-6; Ruth Rosen, The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900-1918 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 8, 11-12, 54-56; Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1981), 126-28; Barbara J. Berg, The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism - The Woman and the City, 1800-1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 181, 183, 207-10, 212; Basch, "Women's Rights," 24,27; Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in Nineteenth-Century United States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 20-23; Jean V. Matthews, "Consciousness of Self and Consciousness of Sex in Antebellum Feminism," Journal of Women's History 5 (Spring 1993): 72.
37. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
38. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
39. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
40. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
41. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
42. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
43. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
44. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
45. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
46. Daniel Scott Smith, "Family Limitation, Sexual Control, and Domestic Feminism in Victorian America," in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, eds. Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 123; Linda Gordon, Women's Body, Woman's Right (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 95-115; Nancy F. Cott, "Passionlessness: An Interpretation of Victorian Sexual Ideology, 1790-1850," Signs 4 (1978): 233-34; Leach, True Love, 85-92; Degler, At Odds, 203-5; Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity, 128; Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 89-94; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, "Bodily Bonds: The Intersecting Rhetorics of Feminism and Abolition," in The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Shirley Samuels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 92-114; Elizabeth B. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds: Slavery and Divorce in Nineteenth-Century America," Law and History Review 8 (Spring 1990): 34-35; idem, "'The Sacred Rights of the Weak': Pain, Sympathy, and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America," Journal of American History 82 (September 1995): 463-64.
47. Ellen Carol DuBois and Linda Gordon, "Seeking Ecstasy on the Battlefield: Danger and Pleasure in Nineteenth-Century Feminist Sexual Thought," Feminist Studies 9 (Spring 1983): 9, 11-13, 17; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," Social Research 53 (Summer 1986): 294, 296-97.
48. Ellen Carol DuBois and Linda Gordon, "Seeking Ecstasy on the Battlefield: Danger and Pleasure in Nineteenth-Century Feminist Sexual Thought," Feminist Studies 9 (Spring 1983): 9, 11-13, 17; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," Social Research 53 (Summer 1986): 294, 296-97.
49. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions
50. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
51. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
52. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
53. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
54. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
55. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
56. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
57. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
58. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
59. It is difficult for the modern observer to gain access to the tensions and conflicts that shaped the day-to-day realities of mundane marriages in the past century. The increased emphasis on privacy, the expanding autonomy of the nuclear family from the oversight and control of the family of origin, the community and the state, and the resulting reticence to discuss sexual matters outside of the precincts of the nineteenth-century bedroom have created roadblocks to our understanding of what went on within its walls. For a discussion of this, see John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 38-42, 49-50. On the growing autonomy of middle-class sexual behavior from external regulation in the nineteenth century, see Daniel Scott Smith, "Parental Power and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Hingham, Massachusetts," Journal of Marriage and the Family 35 (August 1973): 419-28; David Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1972); Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 5-6, 107-8; Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 128-29, 142-43; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, "Turning Points and the Relevance of Colonial Legal History," William and Mary Quarterly 50 (January 1993): 12-13; and idem, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 12-13, 208, 305-7, 327-28. On the reticence of nineteenth-century Americans to discuss sexual issues, see Paul C. Rosenblatt, Bitter, Bitter Tears: Nineteenth-Century Diarists and Twentieth-Century Grief Theories (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), 56-57; Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth-Century New York (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), 113; Lynn A. Bonfield and Mary C. Morrison, Roxana's Children: The Biography of a Nineteenth-Century Family (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995), 66; Lillian Schlissel, Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Shocken Books, 1982), 82.
60. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
61. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
62. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
63. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
64. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
65. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
66. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
67. William G. Shade, "'A Mental Passion': Female Sexuality in Victorian America," International Journal of Women's Studies 1 (January-February 1978): 14, 17, 24. For similar comments, see also Morton M. Hunt, The Natural History of Love (New York: Knopf, 1959), 273, 320; Eric Trudgill, Madonnas and Magdalens: The Origins and Development of Victorian Sexual Attitudes (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), 58-59; J .F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians: 1832-1851 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 116; Edward Shorter, Women's Bodies: A Social History of Women's Encounter with Health, Ill-Health, and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991), 9, 12, 15-16; Peter T. Cominos, "Innocent Femina Sensualis in Unconscious Conflict," in Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age, ed. Martha Vicinus (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 167; John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1974), 101-2; and G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 76, 124-25, 199, 270, 275-77.
68. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
69. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
70. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
71. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
72. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
73. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
74. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
75. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
76. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
77. Carl Degler, "What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century," American Historical Review 79 (December 1974): 1489; Degler, At Odds, 297. See also Peter Gay, "Victorian Sexuality: Old Texts and New Insights," American Scholar 49 (Summer 1980): 372-78; idem, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1: Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), esp. 403-60; and Karen Lystra, Searching the Heart: Women, Men, and Romantic Love in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), esp. chaps. 3-4. For other comments on the emergence of the companionate ideal in the nineteenth century, see Smith, "Parental Power," 419-28; Sondra R. Herman, "Loving Courtship or the Marriage Market? The Idea and Its Critics, 1871-1911," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 235-52; Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), 3-13; Ellen K. Rothman, Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 103-10; Jane Turner Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 72-73, 94-95.
78. Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, 6, 467, 458-59; Peter Gay, "They Weren't Thinking of England," Times Literary Supplement, May 20, 1994, p. 22.
79. Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, 6, 467, 458-59; Peter Gay, "They Weren't Thinking of England," Times Literary Supplement, May 20, 1994, p. 22.
80. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
81. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
82. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
83. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
84. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
85. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
86. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
87. Ezra H. Heywood, Cupid's Yokes: The Binding Forces of Conjugal Life (Princeton, MA: Cooperative Publishing, 1879), 9; R. E. Lafetra, "Correspondence," The Word (May 1881): 3; C. L. James, "True and False Morality," Our New Humanity (January 1897): 153; Rachel Campbell, "The Science of Sexuality," Hull's Crucible, October 28, 1876, p. 3; Louis Knorr, "Correspondence," The Word (April 1877): 3. See also Hal D. Sears, The Sex Radicals: Free Love in High Victorian America (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1977); John C. Spurlock, Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1988); and Martin Henry Blatt, Free Love and Anarchism: The Biography of Ezra Heywood (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
88. E. Whipple, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, March 7, 1875, p. 3. Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (May 14, 1870 through June 10, 1876) was published in New York by Victoria Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee Claflin. At the peak of its popularity, it attracted more than 20,000 subscribers. See Emanie Sachs, "The Terrible Siren": Victoria Woodhull (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1928).
89. E. Whipple, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, March 7, 1875, p. 3. Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (May 14, 1870 through June 10, 1876) was published in New York by Victoria Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee Claflin. At the peak of its popularity, it attracted more than 20,000 subscribers. See Emanie Sachs, "The Terrible Siren": Victoria Woodhull (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1928).
90. E. Whipple, Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, March 7, 1875, p. 3. Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly (May 14, 1870 through June 10, 1876) was published in New York by Victoria Woodhull and her sister, Tennessee Claflin. At the peak of its popularity, it attracted more than 20,000 subscribers. See Emanie Sachs, "The Terrible Siren": Victoria Woodhull (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1928).
91. Jas W. Adams, "A Healthy Comparison," Discontent, January 30, 1901, p. 2; Edward W. Chamberlain, "The Slenker Case," Discontent, February 5, 1902, p. 1. Elmina Slenker, an advocate of free thought and sexual reform, was arrested in 1897 for violating the Postal Act of 1873 (and the amended act of 1876). She was accused, in the words of The New York Times, of "systematically carrying on a wide 'free love' correspondence of the vilest character" ("Violating Postal Laws," The New York Times, April 29, 1897, p. 5). For a discussion of the social backgrounds of the Free Lovers, see Sears, The Sex Radicals, 231-32, and Spurlock, Free Love, esp. chap. 6.
92. Jas W. Adams, "A Healthy Comparison," Discontent, January 30, 1901, p. 2; Edward W. Chamberlain, "The Slenker Case," Discontent, February 5, 1902, p. 1. Elmina Slenker, an advocate of free thought and sexual reform, was arrested in 1897 for violating the Postal Act of 1873 (and the amended act of 1876). She was accused, in the words of The New York Times, of "systematically carrying on a wide 'free love' correspondence of the vilest character" ("Violating Postal Laws," The New York Times, April 29, 1897, p. 5). For a discussion of the social backgrounds of the Free Lovers, see Sears, The Sex Radicals, 231-32, and Spurlock, Free Love, esp. chap. 6.
93. Jas W. Adams, "A Healthy Comparison," Discontent, January 30, 1901, p. 2; Edward W. Chamberlain, "The Slenker Case," Discontent, February 5, 1902, p. 1. Elmina Slenker, an advocate of free thought and sexual reform, was arrested in 1897 for violating the Postal Act of 1873 (and the amended act of 1876). She was accused, in the words of The New York Times, of "systematically carrying on a wide 'free love' correspondence of the vilest character" ("Violating Postal Laws," The New York Times, April 29, 1897, p. 5). For a discussion of the social backgrounds of the Free Lovers, see Sears, The Sex Radicals, 231-32, and Spurlock, Free Love, esp. chap. 6.
94. Jas W. Adams, "A Healthy Comparison," Discontent, January 30, 1901, p. 2; Edward W. Chamberlain, "The Slenker Case," Discontent, February 5, 1902, p. 1. Elmina Slenker, an advocate of free thought and sexual reform, was arrested in 1897 for violating the Postal Act of 1873 (and the amended act of 1876). She was accused, in the words of The New York Times, of "systematically carrying on a wide 'free love' correspondence of the vilest character" ("Violating Postal Laws," The New York Times, April 29, 1897, p. 5). For a discussion of the social backgrounds of the Free Lovers, see Sears, The Sex Radicals, 231-32, and Spurlock, Free Love, esp. chap. 6.
95. Jas W. Adams, "A Healthy Comparison," Discontent, January 30, 1901, p. 2; Edward W. Chamberlain, "The Slenker Case," Discontent, February 5, 1902, p. 1. Elmina Slenker, an advocate of free thought and sexual reform, was arrested in 1897 for violating the Postal Act of 1873 (and the amended act of 1876). She was accused, in the words of The New York Times, of "systematically carrying on a wide 'free love' correspondence of the vilest character" ("Violating Postal Laws," The New York Times, April 29, 1897, p. 5). For a discussion of the social backgrounds of the Free Lovers, see Sears, The Sex Radicals, 231-32, and Spurlock, Free Love, esp. chap. 6.
96. James I. Ferron, "Rights of Children," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, January 2, 1875, p. 2. For a discussion of the Free Lovers' efforts to expand the boundaries of public discourse, see Jesse Battan, "The 'Word
97. James I. Ferron, "Rights of Children," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, January 2, 1875, p. 2. For a discussion of the Free Lovers' efforts to expand the boundaries of public discourse, see Jesse Battan, "The 'Word Made Flesh': Language, Authority, and Sexual Desire in Late Nineteenth-Century America," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (October 1992): 223-44.
98. Moses Harman, "From a Woman Who Dares to Speak Her Mind," Lucifer, August 11, 1893, p. 3. Lucifer, the Light-Bearer (1883 through 1910) began publication as the Valley Falls Liberal. In 1883, Harman adopted the name Lucifer for his newspaper and kept that name until he changed it once again to the American Journal of Eugenics in 1907. The newspaper was first published in Kansas (Valley Falls, Lawrence, and Topeka). In 1890, Harman moved its operation to Chicago, where it remained until 1908. For the final two years of its existence, it was published in Los Angeles. Although its subscriber list never reached more than a few thousand, its readership was substantially larger. See Sears, The Sex Radicals, 64 .
99. Moses Harman, "From a Woman Who Dares to Speak Her Mind," Lucifer, August 11, 1893, p. 3. Lucifer, the Light-Bearer (1883 through 1910) began publication as the Valley Falls Liberal. In 1883, Harman adopted the name Lucifer for his newspaper and kept that name until he changed it once again to the American Journal of Eugenics in 1907. The newspaper was first published in Kansas (Valley Falls, Lawrence, and Topeka). In 1890, Harman moved its operation to Chicago, where it remained until 1908. For the final two years of its existence, it was published in Los Angeles. Although its subscriber list never reached more than a few thousand, its readership was substantially larger. See Sears, The Sex Radicals, 64 .
100. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds," 31; Clark, "'The Sacred Rights,'" 463-64, 470, 490; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 294.
101. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds," 31; Clark, "'The Sacred Rights,'" 463-64, 470, 490; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 294.
102. Clark, "Matrimonial Bonds," 31; Clark, "'The Sacred Rights,'" 463-64, 470, 490; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 294.
103. Pleck, Domestic Tyranny, 92. See also Charles Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role in 19th-century America," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 140.
104. Pleck, Domestic Tyranny, 92. See also Charles Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role in 19th-century America," American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 140.
105. Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, 287-88, 290, 293-94.
106. Voltairine De Cleyre, "Relation of Sex in Humanity," Lucifer, April 13, 1894, p. 1; Stephen Pearl Andrews, "Correspondence," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, May 27, 1871, p. 6; idem, Love, Marriage, and the Condition of Women (Weston, MA: M & S Press, 1975), 39.
107. Voltairine De Cleyre, "Relation of Sex in Humanity," Lucifer, April 13, 1894, p. 1; Stephen Pearl Andrews, "Correspondence," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, May 27, 1871, p. 6; idem, Love, Marriage, and the Condition of Women (Weston, MA: M & S Press, 1975), 39.
108. Voltairine De Cleyre, "Relation of Sex in Humanity," Lucifer, April 13, 1894, p. 1; Stephen Pearl Andrews, "Correspondence," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, May 27, 1871, p. 6; idem, Love, Marriage, and the Condition of Women (Weston, MA: M & S Press, 1975), 39.
109. James Russell Price, "Who Is to Blame?" Lucifer, June 2, 1897, p. 173. A "well-respected" Chicago physician provided similar evidence, arguing that after years of "interrogating young brides in regard to their experiences on the 'wedding night,'" more than three-fourths of those who were willing "to reveal the secrets of the bridal chamber" claimed that if "they could honorably have gotten out of the marital entanglement the next day after the wedding, they would gladly have done so. The experience of one night with a man armed with a marriage certificate being quite enough for them" (Moses Harman, "Why I Oppose Institutional Marriage," American Journal of Eugenics [November-December 1908]: 288-89).
110. James Russell Price, "Who Is to Blame?" Lucifer, June 2, 1897, p. 173. A "well-respected" Chicago physician provided similar evidence, arguing that after years of "interrogating young brides in regard to their experiences on the 'wedding night,'" more than three-fourths of those who were willing "to reveal the secrets of the bridal chamber" claimed that if "they could honorably have gotten out of the marital entanglement the next day after the wedding, they would gladly have done so. The experience of one night with a man armed with a marriage certificate being quite enough for them" (Moses Harman, "Why I Oppose Institutional Marriage," American Journal of Eugenics [November-December 1908]: 288-89).
111. Moses Harman, "Not a Matter of Choice," Lucifer, December 19, 1890, p. 2.
112. Theresa Hughes, "Another Woman's Story of Wrong and Outrage," Lucifer, May 2, 1890, pp. 1, 4.
113. Lucinda B. Chandler, "Who Is Sufficient for These Things?" Lucifer, April 18, 1890, p. 4; -, "Crimes against Womanhood," Lucifer, March 21, 1890, p. 4.
114. Lucinda B. Chandler, "Who Is Sufficient for These Things?" Lucifer, April 18, 1890, p. 4; -, "Crimes against Womanhood," Lucifer, March 21, 1890, p. 4.
115. E. A. Abbey, "Man's Inhumanity to Women," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 1.
116. See, for example, L[ois Waisbrooker], "Free Love," Lucifer, April 3, 1891, p. 2, and H. H. Harris, "Various Voices," Lucifer, June 3, 1892, p. 3.
117. See, for example, L[ois Waisbrooker], "Free Love," Lucifer, April 3, 1891, p. 2, and H. H. Harris, "Various Voices," Lucifer, June 3, 1892, p. 3.
118. Thomas W. Deering, "Another 'Inside View of Marriage,'" Universe, October 23, 1869, p. 136. See also A[gnes] N. Knowlton, "More 'Inside Views of Marriage,'" Universe, August 21, 1869, p. 65.
119. Thomas W. Deering, "Another 'Inside View of Marriage,'" Universe, October 23, 1869, p. 136. See also A[gnes] N. Knowlton, "More 'Inside Views of Marriage,'" Universe, August 21, 1869, p. 65.
120. Charlotte C. Luce, "Crimes Against Womanhood," Lucifer, November 1, 1889, p. 1.
121. Lizzie M. Holmes, "A Criticism Analyzed," Lucifer, August 26, 1892, p. 1; Voltairine de Cleyre, "The Gates of Freedom," Lucifer, April 17, 1891, p. 1.
122. Lizzie M. Holmes, "A Criticism Analyzed," Lucifer, August 26, 1892, p. 1; Voltairine de Cleyre, "The Gates of Freedom," Lucifer, April 17, 1891, p. 1.
123. Lily White, "Conjugal Facts," Social Revolutionist (August 1857): 45, emphasis in original.
124. Helen Rochester, "Questions to Be Answered," Lucifer, September 26, 1890, p. 1; J. H. Cook, "That's What I Got You for," Lucifer, November 22, 1889, p. 2.
125. Helen Rochester, "Questions to Be Answered," Lucifer, September 26, 1890, p. 1; J. H. Cook, "That's What I Got You for," Lucifer, November 22, 1889, p. 2.
126. C. C. Luce, "C. C. Luce to the Doubters," Lucifer, March 7, 1890, p. 5.
127. "Love": "A Common Case," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 6.
128. Lily White, "Sexual Abuse in Marriage," Social Revolutionist (March 1857): 85.
129. Warren Chase, "The Testimony," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, March 6, 1875, p. 3.
130. Sadie Athena Magoon, "Another Victim's Sad Story," Lucifer, March 7, 1890, p. 4.
131. Victoria C. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, September 27, 1873, pp. 6-7; Rachel Campbell, "Sex Ethics, No. 1," Lucifer, June 24, 1892, p. 3.
132. Victoria C. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, September 27, 1873, pp. 6-7; Rachel Campbell, "Sex Ethics, No. 1," Lucifer, June 24, 1892, p. 3.
133. Lucille Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," Lucifer, March 9, 1894, p. 3.
134. Lois Waisbrooker, "A Mistake," Lucifer, January 10, 1890, p. 1; idem, "'Im a Christian,'" Lucifer, August 30, 1889, p. 3.
135. Lois Waisbrooker, "A Mistake," Lucifer, January 10, 1890, p. 1; idem, "'Im a Christian,'" Lucifer, August 30, 1889, p. 3.
136. Mary M. Clark, "My Testimony," Lucifer, May 25, 1894, pp. 3-4.
137. Mattie E. Hursen, "Various Voices," Lucifer, April 7, 1897, p. 112; idem, "Where Can a Woman Flee?" Lucifer, March 13, 1891, p. 3, emphasis in original.
138. Mattie E. Hursen, "Various Voices," Lucifer, April 7, 1897, p. 112; idem, "Where Can a Woman Flee?" Lucifer, March 13, 1891, p. 3, emphasis in original.
139. Helen Nash, "Woman Her Own Saviour," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, October 2, 1875, p. 1.
140. Warren Chase, "Reversed Action in Married Life," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, May 2, 1874, p. 4; Eudora, "An Extraordinary One," Lucifer, February 9, 1894, p. 2.
141. Warren Chase, "Reversed Action in Married Life," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, May 2, 1874, p. 4; Eudora, "An Extraordinary One," Lucifer, February 9, 1894, p. 2.
142. Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, 280-81.
143. Lystra, Searching the Heart, esp. 58, 60-63, 71-75, 79-80.
144. Dio Lewis, Chastity: Or, Our Secret Sins (Philadelphia: George Maclean, 1874), 12-13, 18.
145. Lewis Perry, Childhood, Marriage, and Reform: Henry Clarke Wright, 1797-1870 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 239, 334, n. 141, 242; idem, "'Progress, Not Pleasure,'" 356-57, 360.
146. Lewis Perry, Childhood, Marriage, and Reform: Henry Clarke Wright, 1797-1870 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 239, 334, n. 141, 242; idem, "'Progress, Not Pleasure,'" 356-57, 360.
147. Henry C. Wright, The Unwelcome Child: Or, the Crime of an Undesigned and Undesired Maternity (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1858), 106. For Wright's portrayals of the sexual brutality of husbands, see ibid., 29-30, 34-35, 66, 69, 77-80, 103-10.
148. Henry C. Wright, The Unwelcome Child: Or, the Crime of an Undesigned and Undesired Maternity (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1858), 106. For Wright's portrayals of the sexual brutality of husbands, see ibid., 29-30, 34-35, 66, 69, 77-80, 103-10.
149. Sylvanus Stall, What a Young Husband Ought to Know (Philadelphia: Vir, 1907), 126-30. According to John Haller and Mary Haller, Stall's sexual advice series sold more than one million copies (The Physician and Sexuality, 104-5). For a discussion of Victorian moralists and physicians who argued that women's desires were destroyed by the treatment they received at the hands of insensitive husbands, see ibid., 99-101.
150. Sylvanus Stall, What a Young Husband Ought to Know (Philadelphia: Vir, 1907), 126-30. According to John Haller and Mary Haller, Stall's sexual advice series sold more than one million copies (The Physician and Sexuality, 104-5). For a discussion of Victorian moralists and physicians who argued that women's desires were destroyed by the treatment they received at the hands of insensitive husbands, see ibid., 99-101.
151. See Clelia Duel Mosher, The Mosher Survey: Sexual Attitudes of 45 Victorian Women, eds. James MaHood and Kristine Wenburg (New York: Arno, 1980), 5. For critiques of Degler's reading of the Mosher survey, see Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 180-81, n. 6, 183-83, 196-97; Nancy S. Landale and Avery M. Guest, "Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women," Social Science History 10 (Summer 1986): 151, 166; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 303-4, 306-7; and Steven Seidman, "Sexual Attitudes of Victorian and Post-Victorian Women: Another Look at the Mosher Survey," Journal of American Studies 23 (April 1989): 69, 71.
152. See Clelia Duel Mosher, The Mosher Survey: Sexual Attitudes of 45 Victorian Women, eds. James MaHood and Kristine Wenburg (New York: Arno, 1980), 5. For critiques of Degler's reading of the Mosher survey, see Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 180-81, n. 6, 183-83, 196-97; Nancy S. Landale and Avery M. Guest, "Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women," Social Science History 10 (Summer 1986): 151, 166; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 303-4, 306-7; and Steven Seidman, "Sexual Attitudes of Victorian and Post-Victorian Women: Another Look at the Mosher Survey," Journal of American Studies 23 (April 1989): 69, 71.
153. See Clelia Duel Mosher, The Mosher Survey: Sexual Attitudes of 45 Victorian Women, eds. James MaHood and Kristine Wenburg (New York: Arno, 1980), 5. For critiques of Degler's reading of the Mosher survey, see Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 180-81, n. 6, 183-83, 196-97; Nancy S. Landale and Avery M. Guest, "Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women," Social Science History 10 (Summer 1986): 151, 166; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 303-4, 306-7; and Steven Seidman, "Sexual Attitudes of Victorian and Post-Victorian Women: Another Look at the Mosher Survey," Journal of American Studies 23 (April 1989): 69, 71.
154. See Clelia Duel Mosher, The Mosher Survey: Sexual Attitudes of 45 Victorian Women, eds. James MaHood and Kristine Wenburg (New York: Arno, 1980), 5. For critiques of Degler's reading of the Mosher survey, see Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 180-81, n. 6, 183-83, 196-97; Nancy S. Landale and Avery M. Guest, "Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women," Social Science History 10 (Summer 1986): 151, 166; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 303-4, 306-7; and Steven Seidman, "Sexual Attitudes of Victorian and Post-Victorian Women: Another Look at the Mosher Survey," Journal of American Studies 23 (April 1989): 69, 71.
155. See Clelia Duel Mosher, The Mosher Survey: Sexual Attitudes of 45 Victorian Women, eds. James MaHood and Kristine Wenburg (New York: Arno, 1980), 5. For critiques of Degler's reading of the Mosher survey, see Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 180-81, n. 6, 183-83, 196-97; Nancy S. Landale and Avery M. Guest, "Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women," Social Science History 10 (Summer 1986): 151, 166; Smith-Rosenberg, "A Richer and a Gentler Sex," 303-4, 306-7; and Steven Seidman, "Sexual Attitudes of Victorian and Post-Victorian Women: Another Look at the Mosher Survey," Journal of American Studies 23 (April 1989): 69, 71.
156. Mary Roberts Coolidge, Why Women Are So (New York: Henry Holt, 1912), 30-31.
157. Katharine Bement Davis, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), 68-69, 71. See also G. V. Hamilton, A Research in Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 160; G. V. Hamilton and Kenneth Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 102, 107, 140; Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1931), 57, 65-66, 108-9, 126; and Lewis M. Terman, Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938), 313.
158. Katharine Bement Davis, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), 68-69, 71. See also G. V. Hamilton, A Research in Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 160; G. V. Hamilton and Kenneth Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 102, 107, 140; Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1931), 57, 65-66, 108-9, 126; and Lewis M. Terman, Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938), 313.
159. Katharine Bement Davis, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), 68-69, 71. See also G. V. Hamilton, A Research in Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 160; G. V. Hamilton and Kenneth Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 102, 107, 140; Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1931), 57, 65-66, 108-9, 126; and Lewis M. Terman, Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938), 313.
160. Katharine Bement Davis, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), 68-69, 71. See also G. V. Hamilton, A Research in Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 160; G. V. Hamilton and Kenneth Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 102, 107, 140; Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1931), 57, 65-66, 108-9, 126; and Lewis M. Terman, Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938), 313.
161. Katharine Bement Davis, Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), 68-69, 71. See also G. V. Hamilton, A Research in Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 160; G. V. Hamilton and Kenneth Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1929), 102, 107, 140; Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1931), 57, 65-66, 108-9, 126; and Lewis M. Terman, Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938), 313.
162. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
163. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
164. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
165. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
166. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
167. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
168. See, for example, Elaine Tyler May, Great Expectations: Marriage and Divorce in Post-Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 33-38; Griswold, Family and Divorce, 112-16; Robert L. Griswold, "Law, Sex, Cruelty, and Divorce in Victorian America, 1840-1900," American Quarterly 38 (Winter 1986): 733-36; idem, "Sexual Cruelty and the Case for Divorce in Victorian America," Signs 11 (Spring 1986): 529-30, 533, n. 7; Paula Petrik, "If She Be Content: The Development of Montana Divorce Law, 1865-1907," Western Historical Quarterly 23 (July 1987): 275; Danelle L. Moon, "Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899" (master's thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1994), 124, 126; and David Peterson del Mar, What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 60-61.
169. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
170. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
171. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
172. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
173. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
174. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
175. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
176. See Rosenberg, "Sexuality, Class, and Role," 138-39; Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "The Hysterical Woman: Sex Roles and Role Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct, ed. Smith-Rosenberg, 197-216; Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-in: A History of Childbirth in America (New York: Free Press, 1977), 94, 109, 112; Jane Donegan, "'Safe-Delivered' but by Whom?" in Women and Health in America, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 302-17; Judith Leavitt, Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), 103-4, 136; Jan Lewis and Kenneth A. Lockridge, "'Sally Has Been Sick': Pregnancy and Family Limitation among Virginia Gentry Women, 1790-1830," Journal of Social History 22 (Fall 1988): 5-19; Diane Price Herndl, Invalid Women: Figuring Feminine Illness in American Fiction and Culture, 1840-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 21-22, 28.
177. For sexual complaints made in women's diaries and letters in the nineteenth century, see Regina Markell Morantz, "Making Women Modern: Middle Class Women and Health Reform in 19th-century America," Journal of Social History 10 (Summer 1977): 498; Rennie Simson, "The Afro-American Female: The Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 231-32; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 255, 281; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," in The Women's West, eds. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 153; Judy Nolte Tensin, "A Secret to Be Buried": The Diary and Life of Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 368-69; and Harriette Andreadis, "True Womanhood Revisited: Women's Private Writing in Nineteenth-Century Texas," Journal of the Southwest 31 (Summer 1989): 203.
178. For sexual complaints made in women's diaries and letters in the nineteenth century, see Regina Markell Morantz, "Making Women Modern: Middle Class Women and Health Reform in 19th-century America," Journal of Social History 10 (Summer 1977): 498; Rennie Simson, "The Afro-American Female: The Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 231-32; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 255, 281; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," in The Women's West, eds. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 153; Judy Nolte Tensin, "A Secret to Be Buried": The Diary and Life of Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 368-69; and Harriette Andreadis, "True Womanhood Revisited: Women's Private Writing in Nineteenth-Century Texas," Journal of the Southwest 31 (Summer 1989): 203.
179. For sexual complaints made in women's diaries and letters in the nineteenth century, see Regina Markell Morantz, "Making Women Modern: Middle Class Women and Health Reform in 19th-century America," Journal of Social History 10 (Summer 1977): 498; Rennie Simson, "The Afro-American Female: The Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 231-32; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 255, 281; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," in The Women's West, eds. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 153; Judy Nolte Tensin, "A Secret to Be Buried": The Diary and Life of Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 368-69; and Harriette Andreadis, "True Womanhood Revisited: Women's Private Writing in Nineteenth-Century Texas," Journal of the Southwest 31 (Summer 1989): 203.
180. For sexual complaints made in women's diaries and letters in the nineteenth century, see Regina Markell Morantz, "Making Women Modern: Middle Class Women and Health Reform in 19th-century America," Journal of Social History 10 (Summer 1977): 498; Rennie Simson, "The Afro-American Female: The Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 231-32; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 255, 281; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," in The Women's West, eds. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 153; Judy Nolte Tensin, "A Secret to Be Buried": The Diary and Life of Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 368-69; and Harriette Andreadis, "True Womanhood Revisited: Women's Private Writing in Nineteenth-Century Texas," Journal of the Southwest 31 (Summer 1989): 203.
181. For sexual complaints made in women's diaries and letters in the nineteenth century, see Regina Markell Morantz, "Making Women Modern: Middle Class Women and Health Reform in 19th-century America," Journal of Social History 10 (Summer 1977): 498; Rennie Simson, "The Afro-American Female: The Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 231-32; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 255, 281; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," in The Women's West, eds. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 153; Judy Nolte Tensin, "A Secret to Be Buried": The Diary and Life of Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 368-69; and Harriette Andreadis, "True Womanhood Revisited: Women's Private Writing in Nineteenth-Century Texas," Journal of the Southwest 31 (Summer 1989): 203.
182. For sexual complaints made in women's diaries and letters in the nineteenth century, see Regina Markell Morantz, "Making Women Modern: Middle Class Women and Health Reform in 19th-century America," Journal of Social History 10 (Summer 1977): 498; Rennie Simson, "The Afro-American Female: The Historical Context of the Construction of Sexual Identity," in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, eds. Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 231-32; Rothman, Hands and Hearts, 255, 281; Elizabeth Jameson, "Women as Workers, Women as Civilizers: True Womanhood in the American West," in The Women's West, eds. Susan Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 153; Judy Nolte Tensin, "A Secret to Be Buried": The Diary and Life of Emily Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888 (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 368-69; and Harriette Andreadis, "True Womanhood Revisited: Women's Private Writing in Nineteenth-Century Texas," Journal of the Southwest 31 (Summer 1989): 203.
183. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 56, 78, 84, 185-87. See also Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 76-101; idem, "Women of the Laboring Poor in Early National New York," in Making, Unmaking, and Remaking America: Popular Ideology before the Civil War, ed. Loretta Valtz Mannucci (Milan, Italy: Instituto di Studi Storici, 1987), 97, 106-7, 109-10; Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True America': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 405-10; Pamela Haag, "The 'Ill-Use of a Wife': Patterns of Working-Class Violence in Domestic and Public New York City, 1860-1880," Journal of Social History 25 (Spring 1992): 462-65; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 80-115.
184. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 56, 78, 84, 185-87. See also Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 76-101; idem, "Women of the Laboring Poor in Early National New York," in Making, Unmaking, and Remaking America: Popular Ideology before the Civil War, ed. Loretta Valtz Mannucci (Milan, Italy: Instituto di Studi Storici, 1987), 97, 106-7, 109-10; Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True America': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 405-10; Pamela Haag, "The 'Ill-Use of a Wife': Patterns of Working-Class Violence in Domestic and Public New York City, 1860-1880," Journal of Social History 25 (Spring 1992): 462-65; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 80-115.
185. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 56, 78, 84, 185-87. See also Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 76-101; idem, "Women of the Laboring Poor in Early National New York," in Making, Unmaking, and Remaking America: Popular Ideology before the Civil War, ed. Loretta Valtz Mannucci (Milan, Italy: Instituto di Studi Storici, 1987), 97, 106-7, 109-10; Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True America': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 405-10; Pamela Haag, "The 'Ill-Use of a Wife': Patterns of Working-Class Violence in Domestic and Public New York City, 1860-1880," Journal of Social History 25 (Spring 1992): 462-65; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 80-115.
186. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 56, 78, 84, 185-87. See also Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 76-101; idem, "Women of the Laboring Poor in Early National New York," in Making, Unmaking, and Remaking America: Popular Ideology before the Civil War, ed. Loretta Valtz Mannucci (Milan, Italy: Instituto di Studi Storici, 1987), 97, 106-7, 109-10; Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True America': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 405-10; Pamela Haag, "The 'Ill-Use of a Wife': Patterns of Working-Class Violence in Domestic and Public New York City, 1860-1880," Journal of Social History 25 (Spring 1992): 462-65; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 80-115.
187. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 56, 78, 84, 185-87. See also Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 76-101; idem, "Women of the Laboring Poor in Early National New York," in Making, Unmaking, and Remaking America: Popular Ideology before the Civil War, ed. Loretta Valtz Mannucci (Milan, Italy: Instituto di Studi Storici, 1987), 97, 106-7, 109-10; Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True America': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 405-10; Pamela Haag, "The 'Ill-Use of a Wife': Patterns of Working-Class Violence in Domestic and Public New York City, 1860-1880," Journal of Social History 25 (Spring 1992): 462-65; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 80-115.
188. D'Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 56, 78, 84, 185-87. See also Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 76-101; idem, "Women of the Laboring Poor in Early National New York," in Making, Unmaking, and Remaking America: Popular Ideology before the Civil War, ed. Loretta Valtz Mannucci (Milan, Italy: Instituto di Studi Storici, 1987), 97, 106-7, 109-10; Elliott J. Gorn, "'Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True America': Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City," Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 405-10; Pamela Haag, "The 'Ill-Use of a Wife': Patterns of Working-Class Violence in Domestic and Public New York City, 1860-1880," Journal of Social History 25 (Spring 1992): 462-65; and Kevin White, The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 80-115.
189. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," 6-7; M.J.P., "And Still More Testimony," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 5; Price, "Who is to Blame?" 173; Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," p. 3; Priscilla R. Lawrence, "Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 390; Victoria C. Woodhull, A Speech on the Principles of Social Freedom (New York: Woodhull, Claflin, 1871), 29.
190. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," 6-7; M.J.P., "And Still More Testimony," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 5; Price, "Who is to Blame?" 173; Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," p. 3; Priscilla R. Lawrence, "Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 390; Victoria C. Woodhull, A Speech on the Principles of Social Freedom (New York: Woodhull, Claflin, 1871), 29.
191. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," 6-7; M.J.P., "And Still More Testimony," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 5; Price, "Who is to Blame?" 173; Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," p. 3; Priscilla R. Lawrence, "Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 390; Victoria C. Woodhull, A Speech on the Principles of Social Freedom (New York: Woodhull, Claflin, 1871), 29.
192. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," 6-7; M.J.P., "And Still More Testimony," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 5; Price, "Who is to Blame?" 173; Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," p. 3; Priscilla R. Lawrence, "Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 390; Victoria C. Woodhull, A Speech on the Principles of Social Freedom (New York: Woodhull, Claflin, 1871), 29.
193. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," 6-7; M.J.P., "And Still More Testimony," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 5; Price, "Who is to Blame?" 173; Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," p. 3; Priscilla R. Lawrence, "Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 390; Victoria C. Woodhull, A Speech on the Principles of Social Freedom (New York: Woodhull, Claflin, 1871), 29.
194. Woodhull, "The Scare-Crows of Sexual Slavery," 6-7; M.J.P., "And Still More Testimony," Lucifer, December 6, 1889, p. 5; Price, "Who is to Blame?" 173; Meredith, "Another Extraordinary One," p. 3; Priscilla R. Lawrence, "Mrs. Victoria C. Woodhull," Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, August 2, 1873, p. 390; Victoria C. Woodhull, A Speech on the Principles of Social Freedom (New York: Woodhull, Claflin, 1871), 29.
195. Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 62-63, 122, 107, 105. As Philip Greven has argued, evangelicals demanded chastity and purity in men as well as in women; that is, both men and women were admonished to control their sexual desires, even within marriage (The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988], 124-25, 137). See also Anya Jabour, "'No Fetters but Such as Love Shall Forge': Elizabeth and William Wirt and Marriage in the Early Republic," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Spring 1996): 225. Donald and JoAnn Parkerson make a good case for the impact of religious ideology on family size - and on male sexual self-restraint - in their study of a small midwestern town, and they argue for a connection between "the ideals of nineteenth-century evangelical pietism and conscious family limitation that transcended class or occupation" ("'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 [Spring 1988]: 50, 57, 67). This nicely supports the observation of one Free Lover who argued, "Of all the women who have unfolded to me their trials in sex slavery, there are fewer in the Society of Friends than in any other class of people" (Sada Bailey Fowler, "Various Voices," Lucifer, November 20, 1896, p. 4). Greven warns, however, that male sexual self-restraint also was accompanied by male dominance and female submission (The Protestant Temperament, 127-28). Stephanie McCurry similarly argues that although the "evangelical family model" adopted by free, white, small landholding Baptists in South Carolina could lead to an expectation of "support, protection, and respect," it was profoundly hierarchical and patriarchal. Further, she insists that evangelical churches were powerless to protect women who were mistreated (Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country [New York: Oxford University Press, 1995], 134, 177, 179, 194).
196. Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 62-63, 122, 107, 105. As Philip Greven has argued, evangelicals demanded chastity and purity in men as well as in women; that is, both men and women were admonished to control their sexual desires, even within marriage (The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988], 124-25, 137). See also Anya Jabour, "'No Fetters but Such as Love Shall Forge': Elizabeth and William Wirt and Marriage in the Early Republic," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Spring 1996): 225. Donald and JoAnn Parkerson make a good case for the impact of religious ideology on family size - and on male sexual self-restraint - in their study of a small midwestern town, and they argue for a connection between "the ideals of nineteenth-century evangelical pietism and conscious family limitation that transcended class or occupation" ("'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 [Spring 1988]: 50, 57, 67). This nicely supports the observation of one Free Lover who argued, "Of all the women who have unfolded to me their trials in sex slavery, there are fewer in the Society of Friends than in any other class of people" (Sada Bailey Fowler, "Various Voices," Lucifer, November 20, 1896, p. 4). Greven warns, however, that male sexual self-restraint also was accompanied by male dominance and female submission (The Protestant Temperament, 127-28). Stephanie McCurry similarly argues that although the "evangelical family model" adopted by free, white, small landholding Baptists in South Carolina could lead to an expectation of "support, protection, and respect," it was profoundly hierarchical and patriarchal. Further, she insists that evangelical churches were powerless to protect women who were mistreated (Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country [New York: Oxford University Press, 1995], 134, 177, 179, 194).
197. Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 62-63, 122, 107, 105. As Philip Greven has argued, evangelicals demanded chastity and purity in men as well as in women; that is, both men and women were admonished to control their sexual desires, even within marriage (The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988], 124-25, 137). See also Anya Jabour, "'No Fetters but Such as Love Shall Forge': Elizabeth and William Wirt and Marriage in the Early Republic," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Spring 1996): 225. Donald and JoAnn Parkerson make a good case for the impact of religious ideology on family size - and on male sexual self-restraint - in their study of a small midwestern town, and they argue for a connection between "the ideals of nineteenth-century evangelical pietism and conscious family limitation that transcended class or occupation" ("'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 [Spring 1988]: 50, 57, 67). This nicely supports the observation of one Free Lover who argued, "Of all the women who have unfolded to me their trials in sex slavery, there are fewer in the Society of Friends than in any other class of people" (Sada Bailey Fowler, "Various Voices," Lucifer, November 20, 1896, p. 4). Greven warns, however, that male sexual self-restraint also was accompanied by male dominance and female submission (The Protestant Temperament, 127-28). Stephanie McCurry similarly argues that although the "evangelical family model" adopted by free, white, small landholding Baptists in South Carolina could lead to an expectation of "support, protection, and respect," it was profoundly
198. Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 62-63, 122, 107, 105. As Philip Greven has argued, evangelicals demanded chastity and purity in men as well as in women; that is, both men and women were admonished to control their sexual desires, even within marriage (The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988], 124-25, 137). See also Anya Jabour, "'No Fetters but Such as Love Shall Forge': Elizabeth and William Wirt and Marriage in the Early Republic," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Spring 1996): 225. Donald and JoAnn Parkerson make a good case for the impact of religious ideology on family size - and on male sexual self-restraint - in their study of a small midwestern town, and they argue for a connection between "the ideals of nineteenth-century evangelical pietism and conscious family limitation that transcended class or occupation" ("'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 [Spring 1988]: 50, 57, 67). This nicely supports the observation of one Free Lover who argued, "Of all the women who have unfolded to me their trials in sex slavery, there are fewer in the Society of Friends than in any other class of people" (Sada Bailey Fowler, "Various Voices," Lucifer, November 20, 1896, p. 4). Greven warns, however, that male sexual self-restraint also was accompanied by male dominance and female submission (The Protestant Temperament, 127-28). Stephanie McCurry similarly argues that although the "evangelical family model" adopted by free, white, small landholding Baptists in South Carolina could lead to an expectation of "support, protection, and respect," it was profoundly hierarchical and patriarchal. Further, she insists that evangelical churches were powerless to protect women who were mistreated (Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country [New York: Oxford University Press, 1995], 134, 177, 179, 194).
199. Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 62-63, 122, 107, 105. As Philip Greven has argued, evangelicals demanded chastity and purity in men as well as in women; that is, both men and women were admonished to control their sexual desires, even within marriage (The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988], 124-25, 137). See also Anya Jabour, "'No Fetters but Such as Love Shall Forge': Elizabeth and William Wirt and Marriage in the Early Republic," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Spring 1996): 225. Donald and JoAnn Parkerson make a good case for the impact of religious ideology on family size - and on male sexual self-restraint - in their study of a small midwestern town, and they argue for a connection between "the ideals of nineteenth-century evangelical pietism and conscious family limitation that transcended class or occupation" ("'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 [Spring 1988]: 50, 57, 67). This nicely supports the observation of one Free Lover who argued, "Of all the women who have unfolded to me their trials in sex slavery, there are fewer in the Society of Friends than in any other class of people" (Sada Bailey Fowler, "Various Voices," Lucifer, November 20, 1896, p. 4). Greven warns, however, that male sexual self-restraint also was accompanied by male dominance and female submission (The Protestant Temperament, 127-28). Stephanie McCurry similarly argues that although the "evangelical family model" adopted by free, white, small landholding Baptists in South Carolina could lead to an expectation of "support, protection, and respect," it was profoundly hierarchical and patriarchal. Further, she insists that evangelical churches were powerless to protect women who were mistreated (Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country [New York: Oxford University Press, 1995], 134, 177, 179, 194).
200. Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 62-63, 122, 107, 105. As Philip Greven has argued, evangelicals demanded chastity and purity in men as well as in women; that is, both men and women were admonished to control their sexual desires, even within marriage (The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988], 124-25, 137). See also Anya Jabour, "'No Fetters but Such as Love Shall Forge': Elizabeth and William Wirt and Marriage in the Early Republic," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Spring 1996): 225. Donald and JoAnn Parkerson make a good case for the impact of religious ideology on family size - and on male sexual self-restraint - in their study of a small midwestern town, and they argue for a connection between "the ideals of nineteenth-century evangelical pietism and conscious family limitation that transcended class or occupation" ("'Fewer Children of Greater Spiritual Quality': Religion and the Decline of Fertility in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History 12 [Spring 1988]: 50, 57, 67). This nicely supports the observation of one Free Lover who argued, "Of all the women who have unfolded to me their trials in sex slavery, there are fewer in the Society of Friends than in any other class of people" (Sada Bailey Fowler, "Various Voices," Lucifer, November 20, 1896, p. 4). Greven warns, however, that male sexual self-restraint also was accompanied by male dominance and female submission (The Protestant Temperament, 127-28). Stephanie McCurry similarly argues that although the "evangelical family model" adopted by free, white, small landholding Baptists in South Carolina could lead to an expectation of "support, protection, and respect," it was profoundly hierarchical and patriarchal. Further, she insists that evangelical churches were powerless to protect women who were mistreated (Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country [New York: Oxford University Press, 1995], 134, 177, 179, 194).
201. Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, 133, 140-41, 109, 144.
202. Lystra, Searching the Heart, 58.
203. Slenker, "A Few Words of Comment," Lucifer, February 28, 1890, p. 2. In her study of nineteenth-century Petersburg, Virginia, for example, Suzanne Lebsock noted that she discovered "three roughly equal groups" of women with distinctive marital experiences: those who were "satisfied, even joyful in their marriages"; those "who were miserable"; and those who felt totally estranged from their husbands (The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 [New York: Norton, 1984], 27-28).
204. Slenker, "A Few Words of Comment," Lucifer, February 28, 1890, p. 2. In her study of nineteenth-century Petersburg, Virginia, for example, Suzanne Lebsock noted that she discovered "three roughly equal groups" of women with distinctive marital experiences: those who were "satisfied, even joyful in their marriages"; those "who were miserable"; and those who felt totally estranged from their husbands (The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 [New York: Norton, 1984], 27-28).
205. Roderick Phillips, Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 356-57, 361.
206. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
207. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
208. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
209. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
210. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
211. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
212. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
213. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
214. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
215. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
216. By the twentieth century, that which had been the battle cry of a vocal minority became the central message of a new dominant ideology found in elite and popular literature. Physicians, psychologists, sociologists, movie makers, and authors of pulp fiction novels, magazine articles, and letters to "true romance" magazines insisted that mutual sexual pleasure was an essential element of a happy, successful marriage and held husbands responsible for providing it. See, for example, W. F. Robie, Rational Sex Ethics (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918), 215, 221-22, and Ernest Rutherford Groves and William Fielding Ogburn, American Marriage and Family Relationships (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 54. See also Michael Gordon, "From an Unfortunate Necessity to a Cult of Mutual Orgasm: Sex in American Marital Education Literature, 1830-1940," in The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader, eds. James M. Henslin and Edward Sagarin (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 73-74, 76; Regina Lois Wolkoff, "The Ethics of Sex: Individuality and the Social Order in Early Twentieth-Century American Sexual Advice Literature" (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1974), esp. 276-79, 281-90; Barbara Epstein, "Family, Sexual Morality, and Popular Movements in Turn-of-the-Century America," in Powers of Desire, eds. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, 125-26; Christina Simmons, "Modern Sexuality and the Myth of Victorian Repression," in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, eds. Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 157-77; Steven Seidman, Romantic Longings: Love in America, 1830-1980 (New York: Routledge, 1991), 73-74, 76-81; White, The First Sexual Revolution, 76-77; Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Knowledge, Gender, and Power in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 274; Peter Laipson, "'Kiss without Shame, for She Desires It': Sexual Foreplay in American Marital Advice Literature, 1900-1925," Journal of Social History 29 (Spring 1996): 507-25; and Barbara Brookes, "Women and Reproduction," in Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940, ed. Jane Lewis (Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 155, 164.
217. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
218. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
219. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
220. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
221. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
222. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
223. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
224. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 68-69, 71; Hamilton, A Research in Marriage, 160; Hamilton and Macgowan, What Is Wrong with Marriage, 101-2, 107, 140, 202; Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, 64-65, 84, 87-88, 107-13, 126, 128, 131-35, 375; Terman, Psychological Factors, 300-1, 313, 315. See also May, Great Expectations, 103-5; Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880-1960 (New York: Viking, 1988), 268-69; and Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion, 213-14, 273.
225. Davis, Factors in the Sex Life, 63.