Evaluation of the elevated T-maze as an animal model of anxiety in the mouse

Brain Research Bulletin

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 407-411

  Jardim, Marcelo C ^a   Nogueira, Regina L ^a,b,c   Graeff, Frederico G ^d   Nunes de Souza, Ricardo L ^a  

^a SÃO PAULO STATE UNIVERSITY UNESP   (Brazil)

^b ESTÁCIO DE SÁ UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF RIBEIRÃO PRETO   (Brazil)

^d UNIVERSIDADE DE MOGI DAS CRUZES   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Conditioned and unconditioned fear; Freezing; Inhibitory avoidance; One way escape; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; CONDITIONING; CONTROLLED STUDY; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; FEAR; FREEZING; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LATENT PERIOD; MALE; MAZE TEST; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANIMALS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; ESCAPE REACTION; FEAR; MALE; MICE; PSYCHOLOGY; REACTION TIME;

EID: 0033103702     PISSN: 03619230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00018-0     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC; 1994.
2. Blanchard, R. J.; Blanchard, D. C. Anti-predator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system. J. Comp. Psychol. 103:70-82; 1989.
3. Blanchard, R. J.; Blanchard, D. C.; Rodgers, R. J.; Weiss, S. M. The characterization and modeling of antipredator defensive behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 14:463-472; 1990.
4. Blanchard, R. J.; Blanchard, D. C.; Rodgers, R. J. Risk-assessment and animal models of anxiety. In: Olivier, B.; Mos, J.; Slangen, J. L., eds. Animal models in psychopharmacology. Basel: Birkhauser; 1991:117-134.
5. Blanchard, R. J.; Yudko, E. B.; Rodgers, R. J.; Blanchard, D. C. Defense system psychopharmacology: An ethological approach to the pharmacology of fear and anxiety. Behav. Brain Res. 58:155-165; 1993.
6. Blanchard, R. J.; Taukulis, H. K.; Rodgers, R. J.; Magee, L. K.; Blanchard, D. C. Yohimbine potentiates active defensive responses to threatening stimuli in swiss-webster mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Beh. 44:673-681; 1993.
7. Blanchard, R. J.; Parmigiani, S.; Bjornson, C.; Masuda, C.; Weiss, S. M.; Blanchard, D. C. Antipredator behavior of Swiss-Webster mice in a visible burrow system. Aggress. Behav. 21:123-136; 1995.
8. Blanchard, R. J.; Griebel, G.; Henrie, A.; Blanchard, D. C. Differentiation of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs by effects on rat and mouse defense test batteries. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21:783-789; 1997.
9. Deakin, J. F. W.; Graeff, F. G. 5-HT and mechanisms of defense. J. Psychopharmacol. 5:305-315; 1991.
10. Deakin, J. F. W.; Graeff, F. G.; Guimarães, F. S. 5-HT receptor subtypes and the modulation of aversion. In: Marsden, C. A.; Heal, D. J., eds. Central serotonin receptors and psychotropic drugs. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication; 1992:147-174.
11. Garbe, C. M.; Kemble, E. D. Effects of prior agonistic experience on risk assessment and approach behavior evoked by familiar or unfamiliar conspecific odors. Aggress. Behav. 20:143-149; 1994.
12. Graeff, F. G. Neurotransmitters in the dorsal periaqueductal grey and animal models of panic anxiety. In: Briley, M.; File, S. E., eds. New concepts in anxiety. London: Macmillan Press; 1991:288-312.
13. Graeff, F. G.; Viana, M. B.; Tomaz, C. The elevated T-maze, a new experimental model of anxiety and memory: effect of diazepam. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 26:67-70; 1993.
14. Graeff, F. G.; Ferreira Netto, C.; Zangrossi, H. Jr. The elevated T-maze as an experimental model of anxiety. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. In press.
15. Handley, S. L.; Mithani, S. Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of 'fear'-motivated behaviour. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 327:1-5; 1984.
16. Holmes, A.; Rodgers, R. J. Responses of Swiss-Webster mice to repeated plus-maze experience: Further evidence for a qualitative shift in emotional state? Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 60:473-488; 1998.
17. Kaesermann, H.-P. Stretched attend posture, a non-social form of ambivalence, is sensitive to a conflict-reducing drug action. Psychopharmacology 89:31-37; 1986.
18. Lee, C.; Rodgers, R. J. Antinociceptive effects of elevated plus-maze exposure: influence of opiate receptor manipulations. Psychopharmacology 102:507-513; 1990.
19. Lister, R. G. The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology 92:180-185; 1987.
20. Montgomery, K. C. The relation between fear induced by novelty stimulation and exploratory behaviour. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 48:254-260; 1958.
21. 2C receptor subtypes in the two types of fear generated by the elevated T-maze. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58:1051-1057; 1997.
22. Pellow, S.; Chopin, P.; File, S. E.; Briley, M. Validation of open: Closed arm entries in the elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 14:149-167; 1985.
23. Pellow, S.; File, S. E. Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects on exploratory activity in an elevated plus-maze: A novel test of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24:525-529; 1986.
24. Pinel, J. P. J.; Mumby, D. G.; Dastur, F. N.; Pinel, J. G. Rat (Rattus norvegiens) defensive behavior in total darkness: Risk-assessment function of defensive burying. J. Comp. Psychol. 108:140-147; 1994.
25. Rodgers, R. J.; Cole, J. C. The elevated plus-maze: Pharmacology, methodology and ethology. In: Cooper, S. J.; Hendrie, C. A. eds. Ethology and psychopharmacology. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1994:9-44.
26. Rodgers, R. J. and Johnson, N. J. T. Factor analysis of spatiotemporal and ethological measures in the murine elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 52:297-303; 1995.
27. Rodgers, R. J.; Johnson, N. J. T.; Cole, J. C.; Dewar, C.; Kidd, G. R.; Kimpson, P. H. Plus-maze retest profile in mice: Importance of initial stages of Trial 1 and response to posttrial cholinergic receptor blockade. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54:41-50; 1996.
28. Viana, M. B.; Tomaz, C.; Graeff, F. G. The elevated T-maze: A new, animal model of anxiety and memory. Pharmacol. Biochem. Beh. 49:549-554; 1994.
29. Zangrossi, H. Jr.; Graeff, F. G. Behavioral validation of the elevated T-maze, a new animal model of anxiety. Brain Res. Bull. 44:1-5; 1997.