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Volumn 53, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 216-231

A thermidor of "Islamic Yuppies"? Conflict and compromise in Iran's politics

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EID: 0033099216     PISSN: 00263141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 0009404489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the literature inside Iran this last group is referred to as the New Left (Chap-e Jadid), which does not accurately reflect their views, in the opinion of the author
    • In the literature inside Iran this last group is referred to as the New Left (Chap-e Jadid), which does not accurately reflect their views, in the opinion of the author.
  • 2
    • 0009377436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This mapping of active Muslim groups does not include those Muslims who either do not approve of the new political theory of the Islamic Republic, or follow the traditional practice of remaining apolitical
    • This mapping of active Muslim groups does not include those Muslims who either do not approve of the new political theory of the Islamic Republic, or follow the traditional practice of remaining apolitical.
  • 3
    • 0009432575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is a daily, founded in the fall of 1998 by 'Abdollah Nuri, Khatami's first minister of the interior, who lost a vote of confidence and was removed. The newspaper's name is significant. It is the name of the third month of the Iranian calendar, corresponding to May, during which Khatami was elected president. The first issue, published on 3 December 1998, declared the paper's main mission to be promoting Khatami's mandate: civil society, political development, and political participation.
  • 4
    • 0009434221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (New York, Harper & Row, 1989), Bruce B. Lawrence shows how fundamentalism, in its various forms, is basically a modern phenomenon
    • In his major study, Defenders of God; the Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age (New York, Harper & Row, 1989), Bruce B. Lawrence shows how fundamentalism, in its various forms, is basically a modern phenomenon.
    • Defenders of God; the Fundamentalist Revolt Against the Modern Age
  • 5
    • 0003839249 scopus 로고
    • Austin: University of Texas Press
    • The resurgence of Islam has been the subject of many scholarly works in the past two decades. The fall of the Ottoman Empire as the source of the crisis is treated ably by Enayat under the title "The Crisis over Caliphate." See Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982), pp. 52-68.
    • (1982) Modern Islamic Political Thought , pp. 52-68
    • Enayat, H.1
  • 6
    • 0009441798 scopus 로고
    • 1877-1938, see his New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, but was turned into a theory by the Iranian sociologist and revolutionary thinker 'Ali Shari'ati
    • The idea of "return to the self or nativism was a reaction to Westernization and looking outside one's own cultural milieu. It originated with Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938, see his Secrets of the Self; a Philosophical Poem, [New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, 1978]) but was turned into a theory by the Iranian sociologist and revolutionary thinker 'Ali Shari'ati (1933-77).
    • (1978) Secrets of the Self; a Philosophical Poem , pp. 1933-1977
    • Iqbal, M.1
  • 7
    • 0009403418 scopus 로고
    • (Return to the Self), of his collected works Tehran: Chapakhsh, 1367
    • See his Bazgash be Khish (Return to the Self), volume 21 of his collected works (Tehran: Chapakhsh, 1367/1978).
    • (1978) Bazgash Be Khish , vol.21
  • 8
    • 0009341212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ph.D student was a colleague of the author's at the Iranian Academy of Philosophy and he was surprised at the episode in 1992, but decided to pursue the subject in a more indirect way.
    • The Ph.D student was a colleague of the author's at the Iranian Academy of Philosophy and he was surprised at the episode in 1992, but decided to pursue the subject in a more indirect way.
  • 9
    • 0009334816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aarhus: Aarhus University Press
    • For a complete treatment of Rushdie's case see Mehdi Mozaffari, Fatwa: Violence and Discourtesy (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1998).
    • (1998) Fatwa: Violence and Discourtesy
    • Mozaffari, M.1
  • 10
    • 0009344498 scopus 로고
    • (Weststruckness), translated from the Persian by John Green and Ahmad Alizadeh Lexington: Mazda
    • The concept of West-struckness (Gharbzadegi) is extremely important here. In 1960 the prominent Iranian writer and social commentator Jalal Al-e Ahmad wrote an essay entitled Gharbzadegi, the most widely read piece in Iran's modern history. It argued that the West is not a panacea, but a disease to be avoided. There is more than one translation of this work in English. The author uses the following: Jalal Al-e Ahmad, Gharbzadegi (Weststruckness), translated from the Persian by John Green and Ahmad Alizadeh (Lexington: Mazda, 1982).
    • (1982) Gharbzadegi
    • Ahmad, J.A.-E.1
  • 11
    • 0009381923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interview with the author in Tehran, July 1991.
    • Interview with the author in Tehran, July 1991.
  • 12
    • 0001780796 scopus 로고
    • first wrote an essay with this title in Summer
    • Samuel Huntington first wrote an essay with this title in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 22-49. He then turned it into a book: Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
    • (1993) Foreign Affairs , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 22-49
    • Huntington, S.1
  • 13
    • 0003912712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Simon & Schuster
    • Samuel Huntington first wrote an essay with this title in Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 22-49. He then turned it into a book: Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
    • (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
    • Huntington, S.1
  • 14
    • 0004616144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of illiberal democracy
    • November-December
    • See Fareed Zakaria, "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy," Foreign Affairs 76, no. 6 (November-December 1997), pp. 22-43.
    • (1997) Foreign Affairs , vol.76 , Issue.6 , pp. 22-43
    • Zakaria, F.1
  • 15
    • 0003311668 scopus 로고
    • Modern islamic fundamentalist discourse on civil society, pluralism and democracy
    • Augustus R. Norton, ed., Leiden, Netherlands: Brill
    • Cited from Ahmad Moussali, "Modern Islamic Fundamentalist Discourse on Civil Society, Pluralism and Democracy," in Augustus R. Norton, ed., Civil Society in the Middle East, Volume One (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1995-96), pp. 118-19.
    • (1995) Civil Society in the Middle East , vol.1 , pp. 118-119
    • Moussali, A.1
  • 16
    • 0009344499 scopus 로고
    • Lahore: Book Lovers Bureau, 4 Volumes
    • See an English translation: Ghazali, Imam Gazzali's Ihva 'Ulum-id-din (Lahore: Book Lovers Bureau, 4 Volumes, 1978).
    • (1978) Imam Gazzali's Ihva 'Ulum-id-din
    • Ghazali1
  • 18
    • 0009341213 scopus 로고
    • (The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of the Islamic Creed) Tehran: Serat, 1368
    • He is a prolific writer and his most controversial work is Qabzo Bast-e Theorik Shari'at (The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of the Islamic Creed) (Tehran: Serat, 1368/ 1990). For a summary of his views in English, see Valla Vakili, Debating Religion and Politics in Iran: The Political Thought of Abdilkarim Soroush (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1997).
    • (1990) Qabzo Bast-e Theorik Shari'at
  • 19
    • 0009341214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Council on Foreign Relations
    • He is a prolific writer and his most controversial work is Qabzo Bast-e Theorik Shari'at (The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of the Islamic Creed) (Tehran: Serat, 1368/ 1990). For a summary of his views in English, see Valla Vakili, Debating Religion and Politics in Iran: The Political Thought of Abdilkarim Soroush (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1997).
    • (1997) Debating Religion and Politics in Iran: The Political Thought of Abdilkarim Soroush
    • Vakili, V.1
  • 21
    • 0009377437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urdibehesht 1376 /April the leading story
    • Zanan, no. 34 (Urdibehesht 1376 /April 1997), the leading story.
    • (1997) Zanan , Issue.34
  • 22
    • 0009336845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khordad 1376 / May
    • See Sobh 3, no. 70 (Khordad 1376 / May 1997), p. 11.
    • (1997) Sobh 3 , Issue.70 , pp. 11
  • 23
    • 0009343335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He presented this in a lecture called "Se Farhang" (Three Cultures), a recording of which is in the author's possession
    • He presented this in a lecture called "Se Farhang" (Three Cultures), a recording of which is in the author's possession.
  • 24
    • 0009340005 scopus 로고
    • 10 March
    • Sermon delivered on 9 March 1979. The text is found in Ettela'at (10 March 1979), p. 8.
    • (1979) Ettela'at , pp. 8
  • 26
    • 0009343336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Many consider the Safavid Empire (1501-1736) as a Shi'i polity, but it can also be viewed as a Safavid Kingdom, which happened to have Shi'ism as its official religion. The foundation of the empire was the Iranian theory of kingship and not a narrative of Shi'ism, as is that of the Islamic Republic of Iran
    • Many consider the Safavid Empire (1501-1736) as a Shi'i polity, but it can also be viewed as a Safavid Kingdom, which happened to have Shi'ism as its official religion. The foundation of the empire was the Iranian theory of kingship and not a narrative of Shi'ism, as is that of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  • 27
    • 0004556194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Tehran: The Islamic Consultative Assembly International Department, n.d.), Preamble, Articles 2-3 and 154
    • The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Tehran: The Islamic Consultative Assembly International Department, n.d.), Preamble, Articles 2-3 and 154.
    • The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • 28
    • 0009336846 scopus 로고
    • Tehran: Qalam, 1357/ (author's translation)
    • The text is found in a collection of Khomeini's speeches called Naday-e Haq (Tehran: Qalam, 1357/1978), p. 95 (author's translation); See also Farhang Rajaee, Islamic Values and World View; Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, p. 58.
    • (1978) Naday-e Haq , pp. 95
  • 30
    • 0009343022 scopus 로고
    • The crisis of the iranian state
    • London: The International Institute of Strategic Studies
    • See Ahmad Hashim, "The Crisis of the Iranian State," Adelphi Paper 296 (London: The International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1995).
    • (1995) Adelphi Paper 296
    • Hashim, A.1
  • 31
    • 0009390231 scopus 로고
    • (Tehran), 15 November
    • Salam (Tehran), 15 November 1994, p. 2.
    • (1994) Salam , pp. 2
  • 33
    • 0009454711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • April
    • It was reported that the Helpers of Hizballah disrupted Khatami's campaign speech in Mashhad on 19 April 1997. See Iran Times, 25 April 1997, p. 1.
    • (1997) Iran Times , vol.25 , pp. 1
  • 34
    • 0009403419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May
    • For example Foreign Minister Velayati openly declared that he would vote for Nateq-Nuri. See Iran Times, 23 May 1997, p. 12.
    • (1997) Iran Times , vol.23 , pp. 12
  • 36
    • 0004006589 scopus 로고
    • London: Macmillan
    • The idea of the pseudo-modernization of Iran by the Pahlavis will be further developed in the author's forthcoming work on the Islamic movement in Iran. This notion appears in Katouzian's important work on the political economy of Iran during the Pahlavi era. See Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran (London: Macmillan, 1981).
    • (1981) The Political Economy of Modern Iran
    • Katouzian, H.1
  • 37
    • 0009386090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • There is a program of comprehensive development called "Iran 1400," which is planning for the next 25 years. It is an ambitious and imaginative idea the main goal of which is the restoration of Irano-Islamic civilization. It is partly planned by the Office of the President but involves some ministries.
  • 38
    • 0009424658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shifting premise of iran's foreign policy: Towards a democratic peace?
    • Spring
    • This new shift is described in R. K. Ramazani, "The Shifting Premise of Iran's Foreign Policy: Towards a Democratic Peace?" The Middle East Journal 52, no. 2 (Spring 1998), pp. 177-87.
    • (1998) The Middle East Journal , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-187
    • Ramazani, R.K.1
  • 39
    • 0009344501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Special election edition), 24 Farvardin 1375 / 12 April
    • See any of the election leaflets but in particular Kar-o-Karegar (Special election edition), (24 Farvardin 1375 / 12 April 1996).
    • (1996) Kar-o-karegar
  • 40
    • 0009344502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Esfand 1375 / March
    • The statements of the Association for the Defense of the Values of the Islamic Revolution, published in the dailies, but particularly in the monthly Sobh. See for example a round table discussion about the Revolution in Sobh 2, no. 67 (Esfand 1375 / March 1997).
    • (1997) Sobh , vol.2 , Issue.67
  • 41
    • 0009455190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Author's interview with an official in Tehran in July 1998
    • Author's interview with an official in Tehran in July 1998.
  • 42
    • 0009433164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 11 September
    • Iran Times, 11 September 1998, p. 1.
    • (1998) Iran Times , pp. 1
  • 43
    • 0009335410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the Iranian Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) report, 18 December 1998
    • See the Iranian Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) report, 18 December 1998.
  • 44
    • 0009344113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As reported by IRNA on 20 December 1998
    • As reported by IRNA on 20 December 1998.
  • 45
    • 0009390232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • editorial board in the summer of
    • The author's discussion with members of Iran Farda's editorial board in the summer of 1998.
    • (1998) Iran Farda's
  • 46
    • 0009424659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 7 Esfand 1376 / 26 February
    • Jumhuri Eslami (7 Esfand 1376 / 26 February 1998), p. 2.
    • (1998) Jumhuri Eslami , pp. 2
  • 47
    • 0002554439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a global open society
    • January
    • George Soros, "Toward a Global Open Society," The Atlantic Monthly 281, no. 1 (January 1998), pp. 22-24 and 32.
    • (1998) The Atlantic Monthly , vol.281 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-24
    • Soros, G.1
  • 48
    • 0009455939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cited from the IRNA report of December 1997
    • Cited from the IRNA report of December 1997.
  • 49
    • 0009401803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In Khomeini's view, "the first revolution" overthrew the Shah in February 1979, while "the second revolution" eliminated "the international arrogance," by revolting against the international system and its most powerful member, the United States, in November 1979
    • In Khomeini's view, "the first revolution" overthrew the Shah in February 1979, while "the second revolution" eliminated "the international arrogance," by revolting against the international system and its most powerful member, the United States, in November 1979.


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