Physicians and the Roman imperial aristocracy: The patronage of therapeutics

Bulletin of the History of Medicine

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-18

  Mattern, Susan P ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HISTORY; HUMAN; PHYSICIAN; SOCIAL CLASS;

HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; PHYSICIANS; ROMAN WORLD; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 0033094031     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.1999.0038     Document Type: Review

References (289)

1. Recent discussions include Fridolf Kudlien, Die Stellung des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft: Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986); H. W. Pieket, "The Social Status of Physicians in the Graeco-Roman World," in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context, ed. Ph. J. van der Eijk et al., 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), 1: 27-34; Vivian Nutton, "The Medical Meeting Place," in ibid., 1: 3-25; idem, "Healers in the Medical Market Place: Towards a Social History of Graeco-Roman Medicine," in Medicine in Society: Historical Essays, ed. Andrew Wear (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 15-58.
2. Recent discussions include Fridolf Kudlien, Die Stellung des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft: Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986); H. W. Pieket, "The Social Status of Physicians in the Graeco-Roman World," in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context, ed. Ph. J. van der Eijk et al., 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), 1: 27-34; Vivian Nutton, "The Medical Meeting Place," in ibid., 1: 3-25; idem, "Healers in the Medical Market Place: Towards a Social History of Graeco-Roman Medicine," in Medicine in Society: Historical Essays, ed. Andrew Wear (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 15-58.
3. Recent discussions include Fridolf Kudlien, Die Stellung des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft: Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986); H. W. Pieket, "The Social Status of Physicians in the Graeco-Roman World," in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context, ed. Ph. J. van der Eijk et al., 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), 1: 27-34; Vivian Nutton, "The Medical Meeting Place," in ibid., 1: 3-25; idem, "Healers in the Medical Market Place: Towards a Social History of Graeco-Roman Medicine," in Medicine in Society: Historical Essays, ed. Andrew Wear (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 15-58.
4. Recent discussions include Fridolf Kudlien, Die Stellung des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft: Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986); H. W. Pieket, "The Social Status of Physicians in the Graeco-Roman World," in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context, ed. Ph. J. van der Eijk et al., 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), 1: 27-34; Vivian Nutton, "The Medical Meeting Place," in ibid., 1: 3-25; idem, "Healers in the Medical Market Place: Towards a Social History of Graeco-Roman Medicine," in Medicine in Society: Historical Essays, ed. Andrew Wear (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 15-58.
5. See Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), for a full-length discussion. His overall view of the physician's status is optimistic. Nutton, in "Healers" (n. 1) and "Medical Meeting-Place" (n. 1), emphasizes the variety of status situations possible for the ancient physician.
6. Though patronage is usually considered a Roman institution, I use the term "Roman-Hellenistic" because some elements associated with it, such as the council of friends or entourage of companions, have Hellenistic as well as Roman origins. See John A. Crook, Consilium principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955), pp. 21-22; Helmut Halfmann, Itineraprincipum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiseneisen im römischen Reich (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986), pp. 92-93; Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (31 B.C.-A.D. 337) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), pp. 15-16.
7. Though patronage is usually considered a Roman institution, I use the term "Roman-Hellenistic" because some elements associated with it, such as the council of friends or entourage of companions, have Hellenistic as well as Roman origins. See John A. Crook, Consilium principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955), pp. 21-22; Helmut Halfmann, Itineraprincipum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiseneisen im römischen Reich (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986), pp. 92-93; Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (31 B.C.-A.D. 337) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), pp. 15-16.
8. Though patronage is usually considered a Roman institution, I use the term "Roman-Hellenistic" because some elements associated with it, such as the council of friends or entourage of companions, have Hellenistic as well as Roman origins. See John A. Crook, Consilium principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from Augustus to Diocletian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955), pp. 21-22; Helmut Halfmann, Itineraprincipum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiseneisen im römischen Reich (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1986), pp. 92-93; Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (31 B.C.-A.D. 337) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), pp. 15-16.
9. See Heinrich von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric: Galen on Dissection and Persuasion," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1995, 50: 47-66; idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic,'" in Aristotle and After, ed. Richard Sorabji, Bull. Inst. Class. Stud., Suppl. 68 (London: University of London, 1997), pp. 33-56; Armelle Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales à Rome au temps de Galien," in van der Eijk et al., Ancient Medicine (n. 1), 1: 69-81; and infra.
10. See Heinrich von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric: Galen on Dissection and Persuasion," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1995, 50: 47-66; idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic,'" in Aristotle and After, ed. Richard Sorabji, Bull. Inst. Class. Stud., Suppl. 68 (London: University of London, 1997), pp. 33-56; Armelle Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales à Rome au temps de Galien," in van der Eijk et al., Ancient Medicine (n. 1), 1: 69-81; and infra.
11. See Heinrich von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric: Galen on Dissection and Persuasion," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1995, 50: 47-66; idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic,'" in Aristotle and After, ed. Richard Sorabji, Bull. Inst. Class. Stud., Suppl. 68 (London: University of London, 1997), pp. 33-56; Armelle Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales à Rome au temps de Galien," in van der Eijk et al., Ancient Medicine (n. 1), 1: 69-81; and infra.
12. Pliny, Epistulae 10.5.
13. Ibid., 10.11.
14. Millar, Emperor (n. 3), pp. 477-90.
15. See Richard Sailer, Personal Patronage under the Early Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 74-77, on the "brokering" of favors, including a discussion of the letters quoted above.
16. Pliny, Epistulae 4.22, 6.22, 6.31. On Pliny as Trajan's friend, see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), pp. 114-15.
17. Pliny, Epistulae 4.22, 6.22, 6.31. On Pliny as Trajan's friend, see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), pp. 114-15.
18. On the vocabulary of patronage in the principale, see Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), pp. 7-39. On the Republican usage of such terms, substantial scholarship exists: ibid., p. 8 n. 4. On the emperor's "friends," see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), pp. 110-22.
19. On the vocabulary of patronage in the principale, see Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), pp. 7-39. On the Republican usage of such terms, substantial scholarship exists: ibid., p. 8 n. 4. On the emperor's "friends," see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), pp. 110-22.
20. On the vocabulary of patronage in the principale, see Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), pp. 7-39. On the Republican usage of such terms, substantial scholarship exists: ibid., p. 8 n. 4. On the emperor's "friends," see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), pp. 110-22.
21. See Ernst Badian, Foreign Clientelae (264-70 B.C.) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1958), pp. 1-13. On "friendship," see Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), pp. 11-15 ; Richard Sailer, "Patronage and Friendship in Early Imperial Rome: Drawing the Distinction," in Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 49-62.
22. See Ernst Badian, Foreign Clientelae (264-70 B.C.) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1958), pp. 1-13. On "friendship," see Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), pp. 11-15 ; Richard Sailer, "Patronage and Friendship in Early Imperial Rome: Drawing the Distinction," in Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 49-62.
23. See Ernst Badian, Foreign Clientelae (264-70 B.C.) (Oxford: Clarendon, 1958), pp. 1-13. On "friendship," see Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), pp. 11-15 ; Richard Sailer, "Patronage and Friendship in Early Imperial Rome: Drawing the Distinction," in Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 49-62.
24. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
25. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
26. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
27. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
28. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
29. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
30. For Asclepiades (spelled "Asclaepiades"on the inscription), see Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin: Reimer; de Gruyter, 1893-), 11.3943 (henceforth CIL); Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. Hermann Dessau (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916), 7789 (henceforth ILS); Herman Gummerus, Der Ärztestand im römischen Reiche nach den Inschriften, vol. 1 (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1932), no. 242 (henceforth Gummerus); Kudlien, Stellung des Arztes (n. 1), pp. 61-62. The nomen gentilicum, also called simply nomen, was the second and most important of the traditional three Roman names. Romans also had a praenomen, a first or given name, of which only a relatively small number were in use, and a cognomen, which in most cases originated as a nickname to distinguish an individual but was also hereditary. On Roman names see Benet Salway, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700," J. Rom. Stud., 1994, 84: 124-45. The recipient of citizenship would normally take the Roman praenomen and nomen either of the emperor or, sometimes, of the individual who had interceded for him; see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 481. Numerous exceptions to this rule exist, however; see Geza Alfōldy, "Notes sur la relation entre le droit de cité et la nomenclature dans l'Empire romain," Latomus, 1966, 25: 37-57.
31. Richard J. A. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 493.
32. On assessores, see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 120. On the imperial council, see Crook, Consilium principis (n. 3).
33. On assessores, see Millar, Emperor (n. 3), p. 120. On the imperial council, see Crook, Consilium principis (n. 3).
34. Jon Edward Lendon, Empire of Honour: The Art of Government in the Roman World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 36-47.
35. Danielle Gourevitch, Le triangle hippocratique dans le monde gréco-romain: le malade, sa maladie et son médecin (Rome: École française de Rome, 1984), pp. 436-37. Heinrich von Staden, "Character and Competence: Personal and Professional Conduct in Greek Medicine," in Medicine et morale dans l'antiquité, ed. Hellmut Flashar et al., Entretiens sur l'antiquité classique, no. 53 (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 1997), pp. 157-210, argues that a dual concern for moral and technical excellence long predated the Roman period.
36. Danielle Gourevitch, Le triangle hippocratique dans le monde gréco-romain: le malade, sa maladie et son médecin (Rome: École française de Rome, 1984), pp. 436-37. Heinrich von Staden, "Character and Competence: Personal and Professional Conduct in Greek Medicine," in Medicine et morale dans l'antiquité, ed. Hellmut Flashar et al., Entretiens sur l'antiquité classique, no. 53 (Geneva: Fondation Hardt, 1997), pp. 157-210, argues that a dual concern for moral and technical excellence long predated the Roman period.
37. Pliny, Naturalis historia 24.43, for the cure; ibid., 25.87, for Damocrates' Roman nomen, Servilius. Michael S. Kaplan, Greeks and the Imperial Court, from Tiberius to Nero (New York: Garland, 1990), p. 97, rightly deduces from the nomen that Damocrates was granted citizenship by the consular, probably as a result of the cure.
38. Pliny, Naturalis historia 24.43, for the cure; ibid., 25.87, for Damocrates' Roman nomen, Servilius. Michael S. Kaplan, Greeks and the Imperial Court, from Tiberius to Nero (New York: Garland, 1990), p. 97, rightly deduces from the nomen that Damocrates was granted citizenship by the consular, probably as a result of the cure.
39. Pliny, Naturalis historia 24.43, for the cure; ibid., 25.87, for Damocrates' Roman nomen, Servilius. Michael S. Kaplan, Greeks and the Imperial Court, from Tiberius to Nero (New York: Garland, 1990), p. 97, rightly deduces from the nomen that Damocrates was granted citizenship by the consular, probably as a result of the cure.
40. Physicians to the Roman aristocracy might command enormous fees. See Vivian Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (= Galeni de praecognitione), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum 5.8.1 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1979), pp. 179-80 (henceforth, in parenthetical citations, Nutton); Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.7-8, 22.
41. Physicians to the Roman aristocracy might command enormous fees. See Vivian Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (= Galeni de praecognitione), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum 5.8.1 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1979), pp. 179-80 (henceforth, in parenthetical citations, Nutton); Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.7-8, 22.
42. Vivian Nutton, "Archiatri and the Medical Profession in Antiquity," Pap. Brit. Sch. Rome, 1977, 45: 191-226; Cornelia Römer, "Ehrung for den Arzt Themison," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 1990, 84: 85-88. The title usually referred to civic physicians.
43. Vivian Nutton, "Archiatri and the Medical Profession in Antiquity," Pap. Brit. Sch. Rome, 1977, 45: 191-226; Cornelia Römer, "Ehrung for den Arzt Themison," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 1990, 84: 85-88. The title usually referred to civic physicians.
44. Such imperial companions were called comites; see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110.
45. For a list of inscriptions relating to Xenophon or his relatives, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), appendix I. On Xenophon's career and honors as attested in the inscriptions, see ibid., pp. 78-86; Rudolf Herzog, "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos," Historische Zeitschrift, 1922, 125: 216-47; Hans-Georg Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, 4 vols. (Paris: Geuthner, 1960-61), no. 16. Herzog, "Nikias" (n. 21), p. 228, discusses the possible nature of the office "of Greek responses" (epi ton hellenikon apokrimaton). For the coins, see A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (Bologna: A Forni, 1963-65), vol. 18, nos. 212-15.
46. For a list of inscriptions relating to Xenophon or his relatives, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), appendix I. On Xenophon's career and honors as attested in the inscriptions, see ibid., pp. 78-86; Rudolf Herzog, "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos," Historische Zeitschrift, 1922, 125: 216-47; Hans-Georg Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, 4 vols. (Paris: Geuthner, 1960-61), no. 16. Herzog, "Nikias" (n. 21), p. 228, discusses the possible nature of the office "of Greek responses" (epi ton hellenikon apokrimaton). For the coins, see A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (Bologna: A Forni, 1963-65), vol. 18, nos. 212-15.
47. For a list of inscriptions relating to Xenophon or his relatives, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), appendix I. On Xenophon's career and honors as attested in the inscriptions, see ibid., pp. 78-86; Rudolf Herzog, "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos," Historische Zeitschrift, 1922, 125: 216-47; Hans-Georg Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, 4 vols. (Paris: Geuthner, 1960-61), no. 16. Herzog, "Nikias" (n. 21), p. 228, discusses the possible nature of the office "of Greek responses" (epi ton hellenikon apokrimaton). For the coins, see A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (Bologna: A Forni, 1963-65), vol. 18, nos. 212-15.
48. For a list of inscriptions relating to Xenophon or his relatives, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), appendix I. On Xenophon's career and honors as attested in the inscriptions, see ibid., pp. 78-86; Rudolf Herzog, "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos," Historische Zeitschrift, 1922, 125: 216-47; Hans-Georg Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, 4 vols. (Paris: Geuthner, 1960-61), no. 16. Herzog, "Nikias" (n. 21), p. 228, discusses the possible nature of the office "of Greek responses" (epi ton hellenikon apokrimaton). For the coins, see A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (Bologna: A Forni, 1963-65), vol. 18, nos. 212-15.
49. For a list of inscriptions relating to Xenophon or his relatives, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), appendix I. On Xenophon's career and honors as attested in the inscriptions, see ibid., pp. 78-86; Rudolf Herzog, "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos," Historische Zeitschrift, 1922, 125: 216-47; Hans-Georg Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, 4 vols. (Paris: Geuthner, 1960-61), no. 16. Herzog, "Nikias" (n. 21), p. 228, discusses the possible nature of the office "of Greek responses" (epi ton hellenikon apokrimaton). For the coins, see A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (Bologna: A Forni, 1963-65), vol. 18, nos. 212-15.
50. For a list of inscriptions relating to Xenophon or his relatives, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), appendix I. On Xenophon's career and honors as attested in the inscriptions, see ibid., pp. 78-86; Rudolf Herzog, "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos," Historische Zeitschrift, 1922, 125: 216-47; Hans-Georg Pflaum, Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain, 4 vols. (Paris: Geuthner, 1960-61), no. 16. Herzog, "Nikias" (n. 21), p. 228, discusses the possible nature of the office "of Greek responses" (epi ton hellenikon apokrimaton). For the coins, see A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (Bologna: A Forni, 1963-65), vol. 18, nos. 212-15.
51. Tacitus, Annales 12.61.
52. Louis Robert, La Carie: Histoire et géographie historique avec le recueil des inscriptions antiques, 2 vols. (Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve, 1954), no. 126.
53. Friedemann Quass, Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1993), pp. 151-52; Die Inschriften von Ephesos, ed. Hermann Wankel (Bonn: Kabelt, 1979-81) (= Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vols. 11-17), III 719 (henceforth IEph); Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae (Manchester: Manchester University Press; London: Longmans, 1928-), 6:91 (henceforth MAMA); Robert, La Carie (n. 23), nos. 49, 75. On Crito see also Glen Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 65.
54. Friedemann Quass, Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1993), pp. 151-52; Die Inschriften von Ephesos, ed. Hermann Wankel (Bonn: Kabelt, 1979-81) (= Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vols. 11-17), III 719 (henceforth IEph); Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae (Manchester: Manchester University Press; London: Longmans, 1928-), 6:91 (henceforth MAMA); Robert, La Carie (n. 23), nos. 49, 75. On Crito see also Glen Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 65.
55. Friedemann Quass, Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1993), pp. 151-52; Die Inschriften von Ephesos, ed. Hermann Wankel (Bonn: Kabelt, 1979-81) (= Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vols. 11-17), III 719 (henceforth IEph); Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae (Manchester: Manchester University Press; London: Longmans, 1928-), 6:91 (henceforth MAMA); Robert, La Carie (n. 23), nos. 49, 75. On Crito see also Glen Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 65.
56. Friedemann Quass, Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1993), pp. 151-52; Die Inschriften von Ephesos, ed. Hermann Wankel (Bonn: Kabelt, 1979-81) (= Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vols. 11-17), III 719 (henceforth IEph); Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae (Manchester: Manchester University Press; London: Longmans, 1928-), 6:91 (henceforth MAMA); Robert, La Carie (n. 23), nos. 49, 75. On Crito see also Glen Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 65.
57. Friedemann Quass, Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1993), pp. 151-52; Die Inschriften von Ephesos, ed. Hermann Wankel (Bonn: Kabelt, 1979-81) (= Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, vols. 11-17), III 719 (henceforth IEph); Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiquae (Manchester: Manchester University Press; London: Longmans, 1928-), 6:91 (henceforth MAMA); Robert, La Carie (n. 23), nos. 49, 75. On Crito see also Glen Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969), p. 65.
58. Millar, Emperors (n. 3), pp. 110-22.
59. On Artorius, see Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 70-71;
60. 2);
61. in Attica, Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin: Reimer, 1873-), 3.570 (henceforth IG).
62. Another inscription (Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes [Paris: Leroux, 1906-27], 4.1444 [henceforth IGR]),
63. which identifies him as "Marcus Artorius Asclepiades" and in which the people of Smyrna honor him "for his erudition," is shown to be a forgery by Tullia Ritti, Iscrizioni e relievi grechi net museo maffeiano di Verona (Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider, 1981), no. 44, p. 100.
64. Pliny, Naturalis historia 19.128, 29.6; Suetonius, Divus Augustus 81.1.
65. Pliny, Naturalis historia 19.128, 29.6; Suetonius, Divus Augustus 81.1.
66. Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 69-70; Suetonius, Divus Augustus 59; Dio Cassius 53.30.3.
67. Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 69-70; Suetonius, Divus Augustus 59; Dio Cassius 53.30.3.
68. For an edition and English translation of Galen's De praecognitione, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18). For the dates of Galen's residence in Rome, see ibid., pp. 210-11; Vivian Nutton, "The Chronology of Galen's Early Career," Class. Quart., 1973, 23: 158-71.
69. For an edition and English translation of Galen's De praecognitione, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18). For the dates of Galen's residence in Rome, see ibid., pp. 210-11; Vivian Nutton, "The Chronology of Galen's Early Career," Class. Quart., 1973, 23: 158-71.
70. For an edition and English translation of Galen's De praecognitione, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18). For the dates of Galen's residence in Rome, see ibid., pp. 210-11; Vivian Nutton, "The Chronology of Galen's Early Career," Class. Quart., 1973, 23: 158-71.
71. On Eudemos, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), pp. 157-58.
72. Translated into English by Albert Z. Iskandar, Galen: On Examinations by Which the Best Physicians Are Recognized (= Galeni de optima medico cognoscendo), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale 4 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988) (henceforth Galen, De optima medico). See also Vivian Nutton, "The Patient's Choice: A New Treatise by Galen," Class. Quart., 1990, 40: 236-57. On Galen's career, see Nutton, "Chronology" (n. 28); Bowersock, Greek Sophists (n. 24), pp. 59-75.
73. Translated into English by Albert Z. Iskandar, Galen: On Examinations by Which the Best Physicians Are Recognized (= Galeni de optima medico cognoscendo), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale 4 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988) (henceforth Galen, De optima medico). See also Vivian Nutton, "The Patient's Choice: A New Treatise by Galen," Class. Quart., 1990, 40: 236-57. On Galen's career, see Nutton, "Chronology" (n. 28); Bowersock, Greek Sophists (n. 24), pp. 59-75.
74. Translated into English by Albert Z. Iskandar, Galen: On Examinations by Which the Best Physicians Are Recognized (= Galeni de optima medico cognoscendo), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale 4 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988) (henceforth Galen, De optima medico). See also Vivian Nutton, "The Patient's Choice: A New Treatise by Galen," Class. Quart., 1990, 40: 236-57. On Galen's career, see Nutton, "Chronology" (n. 28); Bowersock, Greek Sophists (n. 24), pp. 59-75.
75. Translated into English by Albert Z. Iskandar, Galen: On Examinations by Which the Best Physicians Are Recognized (= Galeni de optima medico cognoscendo), Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, Supplementum Orientale 4 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988) (henceforth Galen, De optima medico). See also Vivian Nutton, "The Patient's Choice: A New Treatise by Galen," Class. Quart., 1990, 40: 236-57. On Galen's career, see Nutton, "Chronology" (n. 28); Bowersock, Greek Sophists (n. 24), pp. 59-75.
76. See H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, "Galen and His Patients," in van der Eijk et al., Ancient Medicine (n. 1), 1: 83-99, especially pp. 83, 91-92.
77. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4-5 (Nutton, pp. 74-76; Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, 20 vols., ed. C. G. Kühn [Leipzig, 1821-33], 14.606 [henceforth Kühn]).
78. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4-5 (Nutton, pp. 74-76; Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, 20 vols., ed. C. G. Kühn [Leipzig, 1821-33], 14.606 [henceforth Kühn]).
79. Ibid., 3.5 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.614).
80. Ibid., 3.5 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.614).
81. Ibid., 3.5 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.614).
82. Ludwig Edelstein, Ancient Medicine: Selected Papers of Ludung Edelstein, ed. Owsei Temkin and C. Lilian Temkin (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins Press, 1967), pp. 65-85, esp. pp. 76-77.
83. Galen, Depraecognitione, 2.15 (Nutton, p. 75; Kühn, 14.609).
84. Galen, Depraecognitione, 2.15 (Nutton, p. 75; Kühn, 14.609).
85. Galen, Depraecognitione, 2.15 (Nutton, p. 75; Kühn, 14.609).
86. E.g., the case of Boethus's wife, where Boethus also calls a group of physicians in consultation but Galen convinces him in a private conversation to try his treatment exclusively, "leading him away from the household and the friends who were present in the house" (Galen, De praecognitione 8.15; Nutton, pp. 114-16; Kühn, 14.656). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 8.2 (Kühn, 10.536): "There were present examining him some physicians of note; one Erasistrataean, and one Methodist. They both decided that the patient should refrain from food. But we did not allow it, coming after they had left."
87. E.g., the case of Boethus's wife, where Boethus also calls a group of physicians in consultation but Galen convinces him in a private conversation to try his treatment exclusively, "leading him away from the household and the friends who were present in the house" (Galen, De praecognitione 8.15; Nutton, pp. 114-16; Kühn, 14.656). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 8.2 (Kühn, 10.536): "There were present examining him some physicians of note; one Erasistrataean, and one Methodist. They both decided that the patient should refrain from food. But we did not allow it, coming after they had left."
88. E.g., the case of Boethus's wife, where Boethus also calls a group of physicians in consultation but Galen convinces him in a private conversation to try his treatment exclusively, "leading him away from the household and the friends who were present in the house" (Galen, De praecognitione 8.15; Nutton, pp. 114-16; Kühn, 14.656). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 8.2 (Kühn, 10.536): "There were present examining him some physicians of note; one Erasistrataean, and one Methodist. They both decided that the patient should refrain from food. But we did not allow it, coming after they had left."
89. E.g., the case of Boethus's wife, where Boethus also calls a group of physicians in consultation but Galen convinces him in a private conversation to try his treatment exclusively, "leading him away from the household and the friends who were present in the house" (Galen, De praecognitione 8.15; Nutton, pp. 114-16; Kühn, 14.656). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 8.2 (Kühn, 10.536): "There were present examining him some physicians of note; one Erasistrataean, and one Methodist. They both decided that the patient should refrain from food. But we did not allow it, coming after they had left."
90. See Nutton, "Medical Meeting Place" (n. 1), p. 17.
91. Pliny, Epistulae 1.20.7-8, 1.22,5.16.4, 8.1.3.
92. Fronto, Epislulae ad Imperatorem Marcum 4.8, 5.54.
93. Aelius Aristides, Orationes 47.62-68; 48.5, 18-20, 38-39, 63, 69; 49.27; 51.9. Asclepius competes with Aristides' physicians in exactly the way that Galen competes with his colleagues.
94. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4-5 (Nutton, pp. 74-76; Kühn, 14.606). Compare Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20.
95. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4-5 (Nutton, pp. 74-76; Kühn, 14.606). Compare Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20.
96. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4-5 (Nutton, pp. 74-76; Kühn, 14.606). Compare Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20.
97. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4-5 (Nutton, pp. 74-76; Kühn, 14.606). Compare Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20.
98. Galen, De optima medico 4.1-2, trans. Iskandar.
99. Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.11; Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20; Sidonius, Epistulae 2.12.3.
100. Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.11; Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20; Sidonius, Epistulae 2.12.3.
101. Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.11; Aristides, Orationes 48.18-20; Sidonius, Epistulae 2.12.3.
102. Galen, Depraecognitione 3.3 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613). 45. Ibid., 3.6 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.614).
103. Galen, Depraecognitione 3.3 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613). 45. Ibid., 3.6 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.614).
104. Galen, Depraecognitione 3.3 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613). 45. Ibid., 3.6 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.614).
105. Galen, Depraecognitione 3.3 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613). 45. Ibid., 3.6 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.614).
106. Galen, Depraecognitione 3.3 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613). 45. Ibid., 3.6 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.614).
107. Galen, Depraecognitione 3.3 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613). 45. Ibid., 3.6 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.614).
108. Galen, De methodo medendi 13.25 (Kühn, 10.909-16).
109. Galen, De methodo medendi 13.25 (Kühn, 10.909-16).
110. Ibid., 10.3 (Kühn, 10.676-77).
111. Ibid., 10.3 (Kühn, 10.676-77).
112. Galen, De praecognitione 3.3-4 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613-14).
113. Galen, De praecognitione 3.3-4 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613-14).
114. Galen, De praecognitione 3.3-4 (Nutton, p. 82; Kühn, 14.613-14).
115. Ibid., 5.19 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.630).
116. Ibid., 5.19 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.630).
117. Ibid., 5.19 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.630).
118. Galen, De optimo medico 9.11; cf. ibid., 9.13: "Not even one of those who watched me practicing this had enough patience to listen further" (trans. Iskandar, emphasis added).
119. Galen, De optimo medico 9.11; cf. ibid., 9.13: "Not even one of those who watched me practicing this had enough patience to listen further" (trans. Iskandar, emphasis added).
120. Galen, De praecognitione 2.25 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
121. Galen, De praecognitione 2.25 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
122. Galen, De praecognitione 2.25 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
123. Ibid., 3.17 (Nutton, p. 88; Kühn, 14.618-19).
124. Ibid., 3.17 (Nutton, p. 88; Kühn, 14.618-19).
125. Ibid., 3.17 (Nutton, p. 88; Kühn, 14.618-19).
126. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
127. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
128. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
129. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
130. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
131. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
132. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
133. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
134. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
135. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
136. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
137. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
138. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
139. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
140. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
141. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
142. Ibid., 7.6-10 (Nutton,p. 106; Kühn, 14.637-38), 8.1 (Nutton,p. 110; Kühn, 14.641). Cf. ibid., 1.6-10 (Kühn, 14.599-602); De optimo medico 3.17, 4.1; De differentiis febrium 2.7 (Kühn, 7.354); De locis affectis 5.8 (Kühn, 8.365-66); De simplicium medicamentorum facultatibus 10.6 (Kühn, 12.263); De crisibus 3.8 (Kühn, 9.737-38); etc. And see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), p. 169.
143. Galen, De praecognitione 2.24 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
144. Galen, De praecognitione 2.24 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
145. Galen, De praecognitione 2.24 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
146. Ibid., 2.25 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
147. Ibid., 2.25 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
148. Ibid., 2.25 (Nutton, p. 80; Kühn, 14.612).
149. See n. 4 previously.
150. Galen, De praecognitione 5.14 (Nutton, pp. 96-98; Kühn, 14.628). Galen writes that animals with loud voices are the best for this type of demonstration: ibid., 5.10 (Nutton, p. 96; Kühn, 14.627).
151. Galen, De praecognitione 5.14 (Nutton, pp. 96-98; Kühn, 14.628). Galen writes that animals with loud voices are the best for this type of demonstration: ibid., 5.10 (Nutton, p. 96; Kühn, 14.627).
152. Galen, De praecognitione 5.14 (Nutton, pp. 96-98; Kühn, 14.628). Galen writes that animals with loud voices are the best for this type of demonstration: ibid., 5.10 (Nutton, p. 96; Kühn, 14.627).
153. Galen, De praecognitione 5.14 (Nutton, pp. 96-98; Kühn, 14.628). Galen writes that animals with loud voices are the best for this type of demonstration: ibid., 5.10 (Nutton, p. 96; Kühn, 14.627).
154. Galen, De praecognitione 5.14 (Nutton, pp. 96-98; Kühn, 14.628). Galen writes that animals with loud voices are the best for this type of demonstration: ibid., 5.10 (Nutton, p. 96; Kühn, 14.627).
155. Galen, De praecognitione 5.14 (Nutton, pp. 96-98; Kühn, 14.628). Galen writes that animals with loud voices are the best for this type of demonstration: ibid., 5.10 (Nutton, p. 96; Kühn, 14.627).
156. Ibid., 5.17 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.629). Cf. ibid., 2.26-27 (Nutton, pp. 80-82; Kühn, 4.612-13).
157. Ibid., 5.17 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.629). Cf. ibid., 2.26-27 (Nutton, pp. 80-82; Kühn, 4.612-13).
158. Ibid., 5.17 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.629). Cf. ibid., 2.26-27 (Nutton, pp. 80-82; Kühn, 4.612-13).
159. Ibid., 5.17 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.629). Cf. ibid., 2.26-27 (Nutton, pp. 80-82; Kühn, 4.612-13).
160. Ibid., 5.17 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.629). Cf. ibid., 2.26-27 (Nutton, pp. 80-82; Kühn, 4.612-13).
161. Ibid., 5.17 (Nutton, p. 98; Kühn, 14.629). Cf. ibid., 2.26-27 (Nutton, pp. 80-82; Kühn, 4.612-13).
162. Galen, De optima medico 9.6, trans. Iskandar.
163. See Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrate (Paris: Fayard, 1992), pp. 109-59, on the Hippocratic Corpus; Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales" (n. 4); Louis Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique, 1958, no. 336; von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric" (n. 4); idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic'" (n. 4).
164. See Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrate (Paris: Fayard, 1992), pp. 109-59, on the Hippocratic Corpus; Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales" (n. 4); Louis Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique, 1958, no. 336; von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric" (n. 4); idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic'" (n. 4).
165. See Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrate (Paris: Fayard, 1992), pp. 109-59, on the Hippocratic Corpus; Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales" (n. 4); Louis Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique, 1958, no. 336; von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric" (n. 4); idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic'" (n. 4).
166. See Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrate (Paris: Fayard, 1992), pp. 109-59, on the Hippocratic Corpus; Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales" (n. 4); Louis Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique, 1958, no. 336; von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric" (n. 4); idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic'" (n. 4).
167. See Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrate (Paris: Fayard, 1992), pp. 109-59, on the Hippocratic Corpus; Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales" (n. 4); Louis Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique, 1958, no. 336; von Staden, "Anatomy as Rhetoric" (n. 4); idem, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic'" (n. 4).
168. Debru, "Les démonstrations médicales" (n. 4), pp. 75-80.
169. Galen, De libris propriis 2 (Kühn, 19.15).
170. Galen, De libris propriis 2 (Kühn, 19.15).
171. Plutarch, Moralia 71A; and cf. Dio Chrysostomus 33.6.
172. IEph. 1161-69.
173. Galen, De optimo medico 13.6-8.
174. Galen De praecognitione 8.21 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647).
175. Galen De praecognitione 8.21 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647).
176. Galen De praecognitione 8.21 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647).
177. Galen writes in De libris propriis 1 (Kühn, 19.15) that he left Rome because of the arrival of the plague; Nutton, "Chronology" (n. 28), p. 159, argues that the version offered in De praecognitione is preferable.
178. Galen, De praecognitione 9.5 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.649). On the dates of the events described, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), pp. 210-12.
179. Galen, De praecognitione 9.5 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.649). On the dates of the events described, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), pp. 210-12.
180. Galen, De praecognitione 9.5 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.649). On the dates of the events described, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), pp. 210-12.
181. Galen, De praecognitione 9.5 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.649). On the dates of the events described, see Nutton, Galen: On Prognosis (n. 18), pp. 210-12.
182. 2 F229.
183. 2 F229.
184. 2 F229.
185. 2 F229.
186. 2 F229.
187. 2 F229.
188. 2 F229.
189. 2 F229.
190. 2 F229.
191. 2 F229.
192. Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), p. 10; Lendon, Empire of Honour (n. 15), pp. 56-58.
193. Saller, Personal Patronage (n. 8), p. 10; Lendon, Empire of Honour (n. 15), pp. 56-58.
194. See Adrian N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1966), pp. 111-12, on Pliny, Epistulae 1.12.1.
195. See Adrian N. Sherwin-White, The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1966), pp. 111-12, on Pliny, Epistulae 1.12.1.
196. Pliny, Epistulae 4.17.7-9.
197. Ibid., 3.3, 4.12, 7.11.
198. On legal advocacy see Jean-Michel David, Le patronat judiciaire au dernier siècle de la République romaine (Rome: École française de Rome, 1992); John A. Crook, Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). On Pliny's career, see George A. Kennedy, The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, 300 BC-AD 300 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 526-48.
199. On legal advocacy see Jean-Michel David, Le patronat judiciaire au dernier siècle de la République romaine (Rome: École française de Rome, 1992); John A. Crook, Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). On Pliny's career, see George A. Kennedy, The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, 300 BC-AD 300 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 526-48.
200. On legal advocacy see Jean-Michel David, Le patronat judiciaire au dernier siècle de la République romaine (Rome: École française de Rome, 1992); John A. Crook, Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). On Pliny's career, see George A. Kennedy, The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, 300 BC-AD 300 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 526-48.
201. Pliny, Epistulae 1.18.3-4.
202. Ibid.
203. Ibid., 2.11.10, 2.19.2, 4.16; and see esp. 6.33.3-4, the case of Attia Viriola.
204. On reputation, see ibid., 6.29.3 and 9.13.2, where Pliny describes the glory to be gained from forensic oratory. On gratitude, see ibid., 3.9.36.
205. On reputation, see ibid., 6.29.3 and 9.13.2, where Pliny describes the glory to be gained from forensic oratory. On gratitude, see ibid., 3.9.36.
206. IG 14.2343 (Gummerus, no. 287).
207. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
208. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
209. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
210. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
211. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
212. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
213. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
214. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
215. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
216. Justinian, Digesta 34.2.40 pr. Verres' physician Cornelius Artemidorus accompanied him to Sicily, where Verres notoriously appointed him judge (recuperator): Cicero, In Verrem 2.2.28, 2.3.54, 66, 69-70, 137-38; cf. ibid., 2.2.27, and Kudlien, Stellung des Antes (n. 1), p. 54. For a reference to a hospes mediats, see Justinian, Digesta 17.1.6 pr.; also the epitaph of the physician Archelaus of Nicomedia, who "took great trouble on journeys about his [the dedicant's] health and safety" (IG 14.2019; Gummerus, no. 156). On the imperial comitatus, see Halfmann, Itinera principum (n. 3), pp. 90-110. On physicians as imperial comites, see ibid., pp. 108-9; and cf. the cases of Xenophon and Crito, above. Scribonius Largus also accompanied Claudius to Britain: Scribonius Largus 163. Galen emphasizes that he was asked to accompany Marcus on campaign but refused the honor: De praecognitione 9.6-7 (Nutton, p. 118; Kühn, 14.658-59).
217. IGR 3.903 (CIL 3.12116).
218. Wilhelm Kroll, Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Dieterich, 1933; repr. in 1 vol., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963), 2:61-62 (repr. pp. 183-84). See also Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Patronage in Roman Society: From Republic to Empire," in idem, Patronage (n. 11), pp. 63-65. On salutalio see Kroll, Kultur (n. 82), 2: 65-68 (repr. pp. 187-90); Charles Daremberg and Edmond Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments, 5 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1877-1919), 4b: 1060-61, s.v. "salutatio."
219. Wilhelm Kroll, Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Dieterich, 1933; repr. in 1 vol., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963), 2:61-62 (repr. pp. 183-84). See also Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Patronage in Roman Society: From Republic to Empire," in idem, Patronage (n. 11), pp. 63-65. On salutalio see Kroll, Kultur (n. 82), 2: 65-68 (repr. pp. 187-90); Charles Daremberg and Edmond Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments, 5 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1877-1919), 4b: 1060-61, s.v. "salutatio."
220. Wilhelm Kroll, Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Dieterich, 1933; repr. in 1 vol., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963), 2:61-62 (repr. pp. 183-84). See also Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Patronage in Roman Society: From Republic to Empire," in idem, Patronage (n. 11), pp. 63-65. On salutalio see Kroll, Kultur (n. 82), 2: 65-68 (repr. pp. 187-90); Charles Daremberg and Edmond Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments, 5 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1877-1919), 4b: 1060-61, s.v. "salutatio."
221. Wilhelm Kroll, Die Kultur der ciceronischen Zeit, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Dieterich, 1933; repr. in 1 vol., Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963), 2:61-62 (repr. pp. 183-84). See also Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Patronage in Roman Society: From Republic to Empire," in idem, Patronage (n. 11), pp. 63-65. On salutalio see Kroll, Kultur (n. 82), 2: 65-68 (repr. pp. 187-90); Charles Daremberg and Edmond Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments, 5 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1877-1919), 4b: 1060-61, s.v. "salutatio."
222. Q. Cicero, Commentariolum petitionis, 34-37.
223. Tacitus, Hisloriae 2.92.
224. Prosagoreuousin = salulant; see Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités (n. 82), 4b: 1059.
225. Galen, De methodo medendi 9.4 (Kühn, 10.609).
226. Galen, De methodo medendi 9.4 (Kühn, 10.609).
227. Galen, De optimo medico 9.26, trans. Iskandar.
228. Galen, Depraecognitione 1.1 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 1.2-5 (Kühn, 10.2-3).
229. Galen, Depraecognitione 1.1 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 1.2-5 (Kühn, 10.2-3).
230. Galen, Depraecognitione 1.1 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 1.2-5 (Kühn, 10.2-3).
231. Galen, Depraecognitione 1.1 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 1.2-5 (Kühn, 10.2-3).
232. Galen, Depraecognitione 1.1 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600). Cf. Galen, De methodo medendi 1.2-5 (Kühn, 10.2-3).
233. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4 (Nutton, p. 74; Kühn, 14.606-7).
234. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4 (Nutton, p. 74; Kühn, 14.606-7).
235. Galen, De praecognitione 2.4 (Nutton, p. 74; Kühn, 14.606-7).
236. Horstmanshoff, "Galen and His Patients" (n. 31), pp. 84-85.
237. Galen, De praecognitione 1.4 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600).
238. Galen, De praecognitione 1.4 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600).
239. Galen, De praecognitione 1.4 (Nutton, p. 68; Kühn, 14.600).
240. Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.10.
241. For other references to crowds of students, see Philostratus, Vita Apollonii, 8.7.14; Martial 5.9; Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.8 (on Vettius Valens: "adsectores et potentium nanctus novam instituit sectam").
242. For other references to crowds of students, see Philostratus, Vita Apollonii, 8.7.14; Martial 5.9; Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.8 (on Vettius Valens: "adsectores et potentium nanctus novam instituit sectam").
243. E.g., Scribonius Largus 97; Galen, De optimo medico 3.14-17.
244. E.g., Scribonius Largus 97; Galen, De optimo medico 3.14-17.
245. Galen, De compositions medicamentorum 1.4 (Kühn, 13.382); Celsus 4.21.2. Cassius is described as an imperial physician in Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.7. This case is noted by Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 72-74.
246. Galen, De compositions medicamentorum 1.4 (Kühn, 13.382); Celsus 4.21.2. Cassius is described as an imperial physician in Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.7. This case is noted by Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 72-74.
247. Galen, De compositions medicamentorum 1.4 (Kühn, 13.382); Celsus 4.21.2. Cassius is described as an imperial physician in Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.7. This case is noted by Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 72-74.
248. Galen, De compositions medicamentorum 1.4 (Kühn, 13.382); Celsus 4.21.2. Cassius is described as an imperial physician in Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.7. This case is noted by Kaplan, Greeks (n. 17), pp. 72-74.
249. See above, n. 45.
250. Galen, Depraecognitione 12.7-10 (Nutton, p. 132; Kühn, 14.663).
251. Galen, Depraecognitione 12.7-10 (Nutton, p. 132; Kühn, 14.663).
252. Galen, Depraecognitione 12.7-10 (Nutton, p. 132; Kühn, 14.663).
253. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
254. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
255. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
256. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
257. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
258. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
259. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
260. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
261. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
262. Ibid., 4.4 (Nutton, p. 90; Kühn, 14.620); 5.5 (Nutton, p. 94; Kühn, 14.625); 8.20 (Nutton, p. 116; Kühn, 14.647). Cf. ibid., 1.8-9 (Nutton, p. 70; Kühn, 14.601-2).
263. Ibid., 10.17 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.656).
264. Ibid., 10.17 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.656).
265. Ibid., 10.17 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.656).
266. Ibid., 3.9 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.616).
267. Ibid., 3.9 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.616).
268. Ibid., 3.9 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.616).
269. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
270. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
271. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
272. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
273. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
274. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
275. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
276. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
277. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
278. Ibid., 1.6-10 (Nutton, pp. 70-72; Kühn, 14.601-3). Cf. ibid., 3.7 (Nutton, p. 84; Kühn, 14.615), 4.16-17 (Nutton, p. 92; Kühn, 14.623-24), 10.15 (Nutton, p. 124; Kühn, 14.655).
279. Galen, De libris propriis 1 (Kühn, 19.13).
280. Galen, De libris propriis 1 (Kühn, 19.13).
281. Ibid. (Kühn, 19.15).
282. Ibid. (Kühn, 19.15).
283. Ibid., 2 (Kühn, 19.21-22).
284. Ibid., 2 (Kühn, 19.21-22).
285. Ibid., 13 (Kühn, 19.46).
286. Ibid., 13 (Kühn, 19.46).
287. Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.9. The translation "champion physician" was suggested by an anonymous reader for the Bulletin. Beyond the scope of this article are the many fascinating parallels with agonistic inscriptions, of which great numbers survive; for these see Luigi Moretti, Iscrizioni agonistiche greche (Rome: Angelo Signorelli, 1953).
288. Pliny, Naturalis historia 29.9. The translation "champion physician" was suggested by an anonymous reader for the Bulletin. Beyond the scope of this article are the many fascinating parallels with agonistic inscriptions, of which great numbers survive; for these see Luigi Moretti, Iscrizioni agonistiche greche (Rome: Angelo Signorelli, 1953).
289. See von Staden, "Galen and the 'Second Sophistic'" (n. 4), pp. 34-36.