Characterization of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a Unique Parasite Infecting the Neotropical Tree Sloths (Edentata)

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Volumn 94, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 261-268

  Franco, Antonia M Ramos ^a   Grimaldi Jr , Gabriel ^a  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

DNA analyses; Endotrypanum; Enzyme activities; Enzyme electrophoresis; Kinetoplastida; Mammalian reservoirs; Molecular taxonomy; Monoclonal antibodies; Protozoa; Sandflies vectors; Trypanosomatidae

Indexed keywords

EDENTATA; ENDOTRYPANUM; KINETOPLASTIDA; MAMMALIA; PHLEBOTOMINAE; PROTOZOA; TRYPANOSOMATIDAE;

PROTOZOAL DNA; PROTOZOON ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; FLAGELLATE; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PARASITOLOGY; REVIEW; SLOTH;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; DNA, PROTOZOAN; SLOTHS; TRYPANOSOMATINA;

EID: 0033090474     PISSN: 00740276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02761999000200026     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Arias JR, Miles MA, Naiff RD, Póvoa MM, De Freitas RA, Biancardi CB, Castellon EG 1985. Flagellate infection of Brazilian sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae): isolation in vitro and biochemical identification of Endotrypanum and Leishmania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 1098-1108.
2. ATCC - American Type Culture Collection 1991. Catalogue of Protists. 17th ed., 20 pp.
3. Christensen HA, Herrer A 1977. The use of phlebotomine sand flies in xenodiagnosis. Coll Inter Centre Nat Rec Sci 239: 129-130.
4. Christensen HA, Herrer A 1979. Susceptibility of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) to Trypanosomatidae from two-toed sloths (Edentata: Bradypodidae). J Med Entomol 16: 424-427.
5. Christensen HA, Vasquez AMD 1982. The tree-buttress biotope: a pathobiocenose of Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 31: 243-251.
6. Croan D, Ellis J 1996. Phylogenetic relationships between Leishmania, Viannia and Sauroleishmania inferred from comparison of a variable domain within the RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene. Mol Biochem Parasitol 79: 97-102.
7. Croan DG, Morrison DA, Ellis JT 1997. Evolution of the genus Leishmania revealed by comparison of DNA and RNA polymerase gene sequences. Mol Biochem Parasitol 89: 149-159.
8. Croft SL, Chance ML, Gardener PJ 1980. Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of stocks of Endotrypanum. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 74: 585-589.
9. Cupolillo E, Pereira LOR, Fernandes O, Catanho MP, Pereira JC, Medina-Acosta E, Grimaldi Jr G 1998. Genetic data showing evolutionary links between Leishmania and Endotrypanum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93: 677-683.
10. Deane LM 1961. Tripanosomatideos de mamíferos da região Amazônica. I. Alguns flagelados encontrados no sangue de mamiferos silvestres do Estado do Para. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 3: 15-28.
11. Dedet JP, Gay F, Chatenay G 1989. Isolation of Leishmania species from wild mammals in French Guiana. Trans R Soc Trap Med Hyg 83: 613-615.
12. Fernandes O, Degrave W, Campbell DA 1993a. The mini-exon gene: a molecular marker for Endotrypanum schaudinni. Parasitology 107: 219-224.
13. Fernandes AP, Nelson K, Beverley SM 1993b. Evolution of nuclear ribosomal RNAs in kinetoplastid protozoa: perspectives on the age and origins of parasitism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 11608-11612.
14. Franco AMR, Andrade LO, Moreira CFS, Machado GMC, Macedo AM, Grimaldi Jr G 1998a. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting (RAPD) analysis reveals the genetic heterogeneous population structure of Endotrypanum parasites. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93: 198.
15. Franco AMR, Machado GMC, Moreira CFS, Mayrink NA, Grimaldi Jr G 1996a. Analysis of minicircle kDNA heterogeneity in Endotrypanum indicate diversity within this genus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91: 96.
16. Franco AMR, Machado GMC, Naiff RD, Moreira CFS, McMahon-Pratt D, Grimaldi Jr G 1997a. Characterization of Endotrypanum parasites using specific monoclonal antibodies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92: 63-68.
17. Franco AMR, Momen H, Naiff RD, Moreira CFS, Deane MP, Grimaldi Jr G 1996b. Enzyme polymorphism in Endotrypanum and numerical analysis of isoenzyme data. Parasitology 113: 39-48.
18. Franco AMR, Moreira CFS, Santamgelo A, Medina-Acosta E, Schijman A, Grimaldi Jr G 1998b. On the identity of Leishmania herreri and enigmatic Endotrypanum parasites infecting sloths and Phlebotomine sandflies from sylvan areas of the Neotropics. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93: 341.
19. Franco AMR, Tavares CC, Moreira CFS, Carrera CC, Deane MP, Grimaldi Jr G 1992. Molecular karyotype analysis of reference strains and isolates of Endotrypanum from sloths in the Amazon Region of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87: 246.
20. Franco AMR, Tesh RB, Guzman H, Deane MP, Grimaldi Jr G 1997b. Development of Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in experimentally infected Phlebotomine sand flies. J Med Entomol 34: 198-192.
21. Gentile B, Le Pont F, Pajot FX, Besnard R 1981. Dermal leishmaniasis in French Guiana: the sloth (Choloepus didactylus) as a reservoir host. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 612-613.
22. Greig SR, Akinsehinwa FA, Ashall F, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Miles MA, Barker DC 1989. The feasibility of discrimination between Leishmania and Endotrypanum using total DNA probes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 196-197.
23. Grimaldi Jr G, Kreutzer RD, Hashiguchi Y, Gomez EA, Mimory T, Tesh RB 1992. Description of Leishmania equatorensis sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a new parasite infecting arboreal mammals in Ecuador. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 87: 221-228.
24. Herrer A 1971. Leishmania hertigi sp.n. from the tropical porcupine, Coendou rothschildi Thomas. J Parasitol 57: 626-629.
25. Herrer A, Christensen HA 1980. Leishmania braziliensis in the Panamanian two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 1196-1200.
26. Herrer A, Telford SR 1969. Leishmania braziliensis isolated from sloths in Panama. Science 164: 1419-1420.
27. Herrer A, Christensen HA, Beumer RJ 1973. Reservoir hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis among Panamanian forest mammals. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22: 585-591.
28. Johnson PT, McConnell E, Hertig M 1963. Natural infections of leptomonad flagellates in Panamanian Phlebotomus sandflies. Exp Parasitol 14: 107-122.
29. Kreutzer RD, Corredor A, Grimaldi Jr G, Grogl M, Rowton ED, Young DG, Morales A, McMahon-Pratt D, Guzman H, Tesh R 1991. Charaterization of Leishmania colombiensis sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), a new parasite infecting humans, animals, and phlebotomine sand flies in Colombia and Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 662-675.
30. Lainson R, Shaw JJ 1977. Leishmania of neotropical porcupines: Leishmania hertigi deanei nov. subsp. Acta Amazonica 7: 51-57.
31. Lainson R, Braga RR, De Souza AAA, Póvoa MM, Ishikawa EAY, Silveira FT 1989. Leishmania (Viannia) shawi sp. n., a parasite of monkeys, sloths and procyonids in Amazonian Brazil. Ann Parasit Hum Comp 64: 200-207.
32. Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Ready PD, Miles MA, Póvoa MM 1981. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. XVI. Isolation and identification of Leishmania species from sandflies, wild mammals and man in North Para state, with particular reference to Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, causative agent of "pian-bois". Trans R S Trop Med Hyg 75: 530-536.
33. Lopes AHCS, McMahon-Pratt D 1989. Monoclonal antibodies specific for members of the genus Endotrypanum. J Protozool 36: 354-361.
34. Lopes AHCS, Esteves MJG, Angluster J, Andrade AFB 1987. Lectin binding to surface saccharides on Endotrypanum strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 82: 42.
35. Lopes AHCS, lovannisci D, Petrillo-Peixoto M, McMahon-Pratt D, Beverley SM 1990. Evolution of nuclear DNA and the occurrence of sequences related to new small chromosomal DNAs in the trypanosomatid genus Endotrypanum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 40: 151-162.
36. Maslov DA, Simpson L 1995. Evolution of Parasitism in Kinetoplastid Protozoa. Parasitol Today 11: 30-32.
37. Mayrink AN, Franco AMR, Grimaldi Jr G 1998. Serodiagnostic survey of Endotrypanum and Leishmania infections in two and three-toed sloths using a micro-Elisa assay as a screening test. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 93: 274.
38. Medina-Acosta E, Franco AMR, Jansen AM, Sampol M, Nevés N, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Grimaldi Jr G, Nussenzweig V 1994. Trans-sialidase and sialidase activities discriminate between morphologically indistinguishable trypanosomatids. Eur J Biochem 225: 333-339.
39. Mesnil F, Brimont E 1908. Sur un hematozoaire nouveau (Endotrypanum n.gen.) d'un edente de la Guyane. C R Soc Biol 65: 581.
40. Miles MA, Arias JR, Valente AS, Naiff RD, De Souza AA, Póvoa MM, Lima JA, Cedillos RA 1983. Vertebrate hosts and vectors of Trypanosoma rangeli in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 32: 1251-1259.
41. Montero-Gei F 1956. Contribución al estudio de Endotrypanum schaudinni (Trypanosomatidae). Rev Biol Trop 4: 41-68.
42. Noyes HA, Camps AP, Chance ML 1996. Leishmania herreri (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is more closely related to Endotrypanum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) than to Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol 80: 119-123.
43. Noyes HA, Arana BA, Chance ML, Maingon R 1997. The Leishmania hertigi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) complex and the lizard Leishmania: their classification and evidence for a neotropical origin of the Leishmania-Endotrypanum clade. J Euk Microbiol 44: 511-517.
44. Nowak RM 1991. Order Xenarthra. Walker's Mammals of the World, p. 515-527, Vol. I, Fifth edition. The Johns Hopkins University press Ltd., Baltimore and London.
45. Pacheco RS, Thomaz N, Momen H 1990. kDNA cross-hybridization between Endotrypanum and peripylarian Leishmania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 531.
46. Pipkin AC 1968. Domiciliary reduviid bugs and the epidemiology of Chaga's disease in Panama (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J Med Entomol 5: 107-124.
47. Pirmez C, Oliveira-Neto MP, Franco AMR, Meneses C, Rangel E, Mayrink A, Silva-Gonçalves AJ, Fernandes O, Grimaldi G 1997. Edentates as a possible reservoir of L. (V.) braziliensis in an endemic area of Rio de Janeiro. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92: 119.
48. Rogers WO, Burnheim PF, Wirth DF 1988. Detection of Leishmania within sand flies by kinetoplast DNA hybridization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39: 434-439.
49. Sarich VM 1985. Xenarthran systematics: albumin immunological evidence, p. 77-81. In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilingues, GG Montegomery, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., London.
50. Shaw JJ 1964. A possible vector of Endotrypanum schaudinni of the sloth Choloepus hoffmanni in Panama. Nature Lond 201: 417-418.
51. Shaw JJ 1969. The Haemoflagellates of Sloths. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Memoir, No. 13, H.K. Lewis and Co. Ltd., London, 132 pp.
52. Shaw JJ 1981. The behaviour of Endotrypanum schaudinni (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in three species of laboratory-bred Neotropical sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and its influence on the classification of the genus Leishmania, p. 232-241. In Parasitological Topics, Soc Protozool Special Publ. No. I, Canning, E.U.
53. Shaw JJ 1985. The haemoflagellates of sloths, vermilinguas (anteaters), and armadillos, p. 279-292. In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilingues, GG Montgomery, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
54. Shaw JJ 1992. Endotrypanum, a unique intraerythrocytic flagellate of New World tree sloths. An evolutionary link or an evolutionary backwater? Ciên Cult 44: 107-116.
55. Shaw JJ, Braga RR, Lainson R, Ishikawa EAY 1991. Aconitate hydratase (ACON), na enzyme that distinguishes Leishmania of the subgenus Viannia from other trypanosomatids. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 597-589.
56. Travi BL, Zea A, D'Alessandro A 1989. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) leeuwenhoeki in Choloepus hoffmanni and Didelphis marsupialis of the pacific coast of Colombia. J Parasitol 75: 218-224.
57. Trejos A, Montero-Gei F 1953. Estudios sobre tripanosómidos de Edentata en Costa Rica. I. Trypanosoma legen en Bradypus griseus. Rev Biol Trop 1: 21-27.
58. Webb SD 1985. The interrelationships of the tree sloths and ground sloths, p. 105-112, In The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths and Vermilinguas, GG Montgomery, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, London.
59. Zeledón R, Ponce C, Murillo J 1979. Leishmania herreri sp. n. from sloths and sandflies of Costa Rica. J Parasitol 65: 273-279.
60. Zeledón R, Ponce C, Ponce E De 1975a. The isolation of Leishmania herreri sp.n. from sloths in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg 24: 706-707.
61. Zeledón R, Ponce C, Ponce E De 1975b. Isolation of Trypanosoma rangeli from Costa Rican sloths. Am Soc Parasit, Program and Abstracts 60.
62. Zeledón R, Ponce C, Ponce E De 1975c. The isolation of Leishmania braziliensis from sloths in Costa Rica Am J Trop Med Hyg 24: 706-707.