Air flow behind wind turbines

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics

Volumn 80, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 169-189

  Magnusson, M ^a   Smedman, A S ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMICS; ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; VELOCITY; WAKES; WIND POWER; WIND TUNNELS;

TRAVEL TIME; WIND TURBINE WAKES;

WIND TURBINES;

WAKE; WIND TURBINE;

EID: 0033086887     PISSN: 01676105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00126-3     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. R.J. Templin, An estimate of the interaction of windmills in widespread arrays, National Establishment laboratory, Technical Report LTR-LH 171, Ottawa Canada, 1974.
2. P.B.S. Lissaman, Energy effectiveness of arbitrary arrays of wind turbines. Proc. 17th Aerospace Science Meeting, New Orleans, 1979.
3. T. Faxén, A.-S. Smedman-Högström, U. Högström, The Meteorological Field Project at the Wind Energy Test Site Kalkugnen, Sweden. Report no. 51, Meteorologiska Institutionen Uppsala Universitet, 1978.
4. P.E.J. Vermeulen, Wind tunnel study of the wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine, TNO Report 78-09674, 1978.
5. P.J.H. Builtjes, Wind turbine wake effects, TNO-Report 79-08374, 1979.
6. P.-H. Alfredsson, J.-Å. Dahlberg, Measurements of wake interaction effects on the power output from small wind turbine models, Technical note FFA HU-2189, Stockholm, 1981.
7. P.E.J. Vermeulen, An experimental analysis of wind turbine wakes, Proc. Third Int. Symp. on Wind Energy Systems, Copenhagen, 1980, pp. 431-450.
8. D. Smith, Multiple wake measurements and analysis, National Power Technology and Environmental Centre Leatherheads Surrey, 1991.
9. P.E.J. Vermeulen, P.J.H. Builtjes, Mathematical modelling of Wake interaction in wind turbine arrays, Part 1. Description and evaluation of the mathematical model, TNO Report 81-01473, Appeldorn, The Netherlands, 1981.
10. Taylor G.J. Wake and performance measurements on the Lawson-Tancred 17 m horizontal-axis windmill, IEE Proc. Part A. 130(9):1983.
11. D.T. Swift-Hook, J. Højstrup, D.N. McIntosch, D.J. Milborrow, G.J. Taylor, Nibe wake measurements project in Denmark, European Wind Energy Conference 22-28 October 1984, pp. 47-55.
12. R.W. Baker, S.N. Walker, Wake velocity deficit measured at the Goodnoe Hills MOD-2 Site, Oregon State University, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Report no. BPA 84-15, 1985.
13. R.S. Haines, D.J. Milborrow, D.I. Page, Wake Interaction Between the Howden HWP-300 and the WEG MS-1 Wind Turbine Generators on Orkney, UK, European Wind Energy Conf. and Exhibition, Rome, Italy, 1986, pp. 453-455.
14. U. Högström, D.N. Asimakopolos, H. Kabezidis, C.G. Helmis, A.-S. Smedman, A field study of the wake behind a 2 MW wind turbine, Atmos. Environ. 22 (4) (1988) pp. 803-820.
15. E. Lukken, Nibe wake measurements data analysis and model validation, TNO Report, Ref. no. 88-301, 1988.
16. G.J. Taylor, Wake measurements on the Nibe wind-turbines in Denmark, Part 2: data collection and analysis, ESTBL/L/0158/R80, National Power, UK, 1990.
17. J. Højstrup, M.S. Coutney, C.J. Christensen, P.Sanderdorf, Full scale measurements in wind-turbine arrays, Nørrekær Enge II. CEC/JOULE, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1993.
18. J. Højstrup, P. Nørgård, Tændpibe wind Farm Measurements 1988, Risø-M-2894, 1990.
19. J. Højstrup, M.S. Courtney, P. Sanderhoff, Measurements of structural loads in the Nørrekær Enge Windfarm, Amsterdam, EWEC'91, 1991, pp. 382-384.
20. J.W. Cleijne, Results of Sexbierum wind farm; double wake measurements. TNO Report Ref. no. 92-288, 1992.
21. J.W. Cleijne, Results of Sexbierum wind farm; single wake measurements. TNO Report Ref. no. 92-082, 1992.
22. F.J. Verheij, J.W. Cleijne, Wake and wind data analysis, 25th Meeting of Experts, Increased Loads in Wind Power Stations, Wind Farms, 1993, pp. 65-71.
23. Magnusson M., Smedman A.-S. Influence of Atmospheric Stability on Wind Turbine Wakes, Wind Eng. 18(3):1994;139-152.
24. R.L. Simon, D.F. Matson, J.M. Fuchs, Wake effects in a Fayette 95-IIS Wind Turbine Array, SERI/STR-217-3186A, 1988.
25. T.F. Pedersen, S.M. Petersen, K. Thomsen, P.H. Madsen, J. Højstrup, Loads for wind turbines in inhomogeneous terrain measurements, Report Risø-M-2922, 1991.
26. K. Thomsen, Loads on wind turbines in complex terrain wind farms, 25th Meeting of Experts, Increased Loads in Wind Power Stations, Wind Farms, 1993, pp. 15-23.
27. C.G. Helmis, J. Whale, K.H. Papadopoulos, C.G. Andersson, D.N. Asimakopoulos, D.J. Skyner, A comparative laboratory and full-scale study of the near wake structure of a wind turbine, EWEC'94, Thessaloniki, 1994, pp. 465-469.
28. I. Katic, J. Højstrup, N.O. Jensen, A simple model for cluster efficiency, EWEC'86, Rome, 1986, pp. 407-410.
29. Ainslie J.F. Calculating the flow field in the wake of wind turbines. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 27:1988;213-224.
30. Crespo A., Hernández J., Frafa E., Andrau C. Experimental validation of the UPM computor code to calculate wind turbine wakes and comparison with other models. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 27:1988;77-88.
31. Voutsinas S.G., Glekas J.P., Zervos A. Investigation of the effect of the initial velocity profile on the wake development of a wind turbine, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 39:1992;293-301.
32. A. Crespo, L. Chacn, J. Hernández, F. Manuel, J.C. Grau, UPMARK a Parabolic 3D Code to Model Wind Farms, EWEC'94, Thesanoliki, 1994, pp. 454-459.
33. H. Tennekes, J.L. Lumley, A first course in turbulence, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1972.
34. K. Lundin, A. Smedman, U. Högström, A system for wind and turbulence measurements in a wind farm, Proc. European Community Wind Energy Conf. 1990, pp. 110-113.
35. H. Bergström, K. Lundin, Climatological mean wind and turbulence measurements using a high quality cup anemometer system, Proc. ECWEC'93, Travemünde, 1993, pp. 697-700.
36. Högström U. A critical evaluation of the aerodynamical error of a turbulence instrument. J. Appl. Meterol. 21:1982;1838-1844.
37. H. Bergström, U. Högström, Calibration of a three-axial fiber film system for meteorological turbulence measurements, Dantec Information No. 5 September 1987.
38. H. Bergström, A simplified boundary layer wind model for practical applications, J. Clim. Appl. Meterol. 25 (1986) 813-834.
39. J-Å. Dahlberg, Mast, boom & velocity gradient effects on cup anemometers, FFAP-V-009, 1996.
40. Magnusson M. Near-wake behaviour of wind turbines. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 80:1999;147-167.
41. Freris L.L. Wind Energy Conversion System, Prentice-Hall International Ltd. 1990;Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
42. Monin A.S., Yaglom A.M. Statistical Fluid Dynamics. 3 Ed. 1987;MIT Press, Cambridge.
43. Stull R.B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. 1988;Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht.
44. Grisogono B. A curvature effect of the critical Richardson number, Hrvatski meteorološki časopis. 29:1994;43-46.
45. Nappo C.J. Sporadic breakdowns of stability in the PBL over simple and complex terrain, Bound. Layer Meteorol. 54:1991;69-87.
46. Panofsky H.A., Dutton J.A. Atmospheric Turbulence. 1984;Wiley, New York.
47. A.M. Talmon, The wake of a horizontal-axis wind turbine model; measurements in uniform approach flow and in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer, TNO Report 85-010121, 1985.
48. G. Botta, V.A. Giraldi, Results of wake measurements at the Alta Nurra Wind Power Station, ENEL direnzione e richerch centro di ricera elettrica, 1990.