The picture superiority effect: Support for the distinctiveness model

American Journal of Psychology

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 113-146

  Mintzer, Miriam Z ^a   Snodgrass, Joan Gay ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; REACTION TIME; RECALL; SEMANTICS;

ADULT; ATTENTION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS;

EID: 0033084508     PISSN: 00029556     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1423627     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Brown, J. (1976). An analysis of recognition and recall and of problems in their comparison. In J. Brown (Ed.), Recall and recognition (pp. 1-35). New York: Wiley.
2. Brown, J., Lewis, V. J., & Monk, A. F. (1977). Memorability, word frequency and negative recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 461-473
3. Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.
4. Davies, G. M. (1969). Recognition memory for pictures and named objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 7, 448-458.
5. Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
6. Glanzer, M., & Adams, J. K. (1985). The mirror effect in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 13, 8-20.
7. Glanzer, M., & Adams, J. K. (1990). The minor effect in recognition memory: Data and theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 5-16.
8. Glanzer, M., Adams, J. K., & Iverson, G. J. (1991). Forgetting and the mirror effect in recognition memory: Concentering of underlying distributions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 81-93.
9. Glanzer, M., Adams, J. K., Iverson, G. J., & Kim, K. (1993). The regularities of recognition memory. Psychological Review, 100, 546-567.
10. Hintzman, D. L. (1988). Judgments of frequency and recognition memory in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 95, 528-551.
11. Hintzman, D. L. (1994). On explaining the mirror effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 201-205.
12. Hintzman, D. L., Caulton, D. A., & Curran, T. (1994). Retrieval constraints and the mirror effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 275-289.
13. Jenkins, J., Neale, D., & Deno, S. (1967). Differential memory for picture and word stimuli. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 303-307.
14. Kim, K., & Glanzer, M. (1994). Attention/likelihood theory: Reply to Hintzman (1994). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 206-208.
15. Kolers, P. A. (1975). Memorial consequences of automatized encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 689-701.
16. Kroll, J. F., & Potter, M. C. (1984). Recognizing words, pictures, and concepts: A comparison of lexical, object, and reality decisions. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 39-66.
17. Madigan, S. A. (1983). Picture memory. In J. C. Yuille (Ed.), Imagery, memory, and cognition: Essays in honor of Allan Paivio (pp. 65-89). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (1994). Effects of imagery on perceptual implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1379-1390.
19. Nelson, D. L. (1979). Remembering pictures and words: Appearance, significance, and name. In L. S. Cermak, & Craik, F. I. M. (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory (pp. 45-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & McEvoy, C. L. (1977). Learning to order pictures and words: A model of sensory and semantic encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 485-497.
21. Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). The pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 523-528.
22. Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
23. Paivio, A. (1976). Imagery in recall and recognition. In J. Brown (Ed.), Recall and recognition (pp. 103-129). New York: Wiley.
24. Paivio, A. (1986). Mental representations: A dual coding approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
25. Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45, 255-287.
26. Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176-206.
27. Potter, M. C., & Faulconer, B. S. (1975). Time to understand pictures and words. Nature, 253, 437-438.
28. Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: Retention without remembering. American Psychologist, 45, 1043-1056.
29. Roediger, H. L., Weldon, M. S., Stadler, M. L., & Riegler, G. L. (1992). Direct comparison of two implicit memory tests: Word fragment and word stem completion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1251-1269.
30. Shepard, R. N. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 156-163.
31. Smith, M. C., & Magee, L. E. (1980). Tracing the time course of picture-word processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 373-392.
32. Snodgrass, J. G., & McClure, P. (1975). Storage and retrieval properties of dual codes for pictures and words in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 521-529.
33. Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 171-215.
34. Snodgrass, T. G., Wasser, B., Finkelstein, M., & Goldberg, L. B. (1974). On the fate of visual and verbal memory codes for pictures and words: Evidence for a dual coding mechanism in recognition memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 27-37.
35. Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. N. (1970). Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2560 visual stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 19, 73-74.
36. Stenberg, G., Radeborg, K., & Hedman, L. R. (1995). The picture superiority effect in a cross-modality recognition task. Memory & Cognition, 23, 425-441.
37. Theios, J., & Amrhein, P. C. (1989). Theoretical analysis of the cognitive processing of lexical and pictorial stimuli: Reading, naming, and visual and conceptual comparisons. Psychological Review, 96, 5-24.
38. Tulvine, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1971). Retrieval processes in recognition memory: Effects of associative context. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 87, 116-124.
39. Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
40. Weldon, M. S., & Roediger, H. L. (1987). Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition, 15, 269-280.
41. Weldon M. S., Roediger, H. L., & Challis, B. H. (1989). The properties of retrieval cues constrain the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition, 17, 95-105.