Endosperm development

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 28-32

  Berger, Frédéric ^a  

^a Claud Bernard University Lyon 1   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS;

EID: 0033082464     PISSN: 13695266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)80006-5     Document Type: Article

References (29)

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3. Vijayaraghavan MR, Prabhakar K The endosperm. Johri BM Embryology of Angiosperms. 1984;319-376 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
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5. Friedman WE Evidence of a pre-angiosperm origin of endosperm: implications for the evolution of flowering plants. Science. 255:1992;336-339.
6. Friedman WE Organismal duplication, inclusive fitness theory and altruism: understanding the evolution of endosperm and the angiosperm reproductive syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;3913-3917.
7. Kranz E, von Wiegen P, Quader H, Lörz H Endosperm development after fusion of isolated single maize sperm and central cells in vitro. Plant Cell. 10:1998;511-524. The first report of in vitro fertilisation of isolated central cells. This outlines the uniqueness of endosperm development and its independence from the development of the embryo.
8. Scott RJ, Spielman M, Bailey J, Dickinson HG Parent-of-origin effects on seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development. 125:1998;3329-3341. Crosses between parents of different ploidy in Arabidopsis confirm the importance of the maternal:paternal ratio for endosperm development. Imbalance results in an abnormal timing of cellularisation and can be lethal to the embryo. These results could be related to the phenotype of the mutant tetraspore where aberrant endosperm has been observed.
9. +/amino acid permease gene expression during seed development of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 14:1998;535-544. The expression of the amino acid transporters AAP1 and AAP2 is studied in Arabidopsis using GUS-promoter fusions. At the globular stage, AAP1 is localised in the endosperm surrounding the embryo and the embryosac wall as well as in the cotyledons of the embryo during late stages of development. Despite its non-persistent nature in Arabidopsis seed, the endosperm is most likely to play a role in embryo nutrition.
10. van Hengel AJ, Guzzo F, van Kammen A, de Vries SC Expression pattern of the carrot EP3 endochitinase genes in suspension cultures and in developing seeds. Plant Physiol. 117:1998;43-53. The carrot chitinase EP3 was previously identified on the basis of its ability to rescue somatic embryogenesis in a defective cell line. Its expression pattern is dissected both in somatic embryo cultures and during zygotic embryogenesis. This shows that EP3 is expressed in non-embryogenic cells in cultures and in the integuments and endosperm of developing seeds. These results indicate interactions between the various parts of the seed to support embryogenesis.
11. Mansfield SG, Briarty LG Endosperm development. Bowman J Arabidopsis, an Atlas of Morphology and Development. 1993;385-397 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
12. Randolph LF Developmental morphology of the caryopsis in maize. J Agr Res. 53:1936;881-916.
13. Lauber MH, Waizenegger I, Steinman T, Schwarz H, Mayer U, Hwang I, Lukowitz W, Jürgens G The Arabidopsis KNOLLE protein is a cytokinesis-specific syntaxin. J Cell Biol. 6:1997;1485-1493. The characterisation of a key player in cytokinesis in plants. Immunolocalisation techniques show the localisation of the syntaxin KNOLLE to membranes at the plane of division during cytokinesis. Cytological analysis of the mutant defective for KNOLLE shows that vesicle fusion at the cell plate is affected. This syntaxin is involved in cytokinesis in all cell types with the exception of pollen second meiotic division.
14. Ingram GC, Simon R, Carpenter R, Coen ES Deletion of the Antirrhinum gene erg, encoding a protein related to the bacterial GTPase ERA, causes an embryo lethal phenotype. Curr Biol. 8:1998;1079-1082.
15. Liu C, Meinke DW The titan mutants of Arabidopsis are disrupted in mitosis and cell cycle control during seed development. Plant J. 1998;. in press. An interesting report of novel phenotypes affecting endosperm nuclei size. The mutants described probably represent the first example of a large and heterogeneous class of mutants defective in basic cell biological functions.
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17. Doan DNP, Linnestad C, Olsen O-A Isolation of molecular markers from the barley endosperm coenocyte and the surrounding nucellus cell layers. Plant Mol Biol. 31:1996;877-886.
18. Becraft PW, Stinard PS, McCarty DR CRINKLY 4: a TNFR-like receptor kinase involved in maize epidermal differentiation. Science. 273:1996;1406-1408.
19. Olsen OA, Brown RC, Lemmon BE A model for aleurone development. Trends Plant Sci. 3:1998;168-169.
20. Lu P, Porat R, Nadeau JA, O'Neill SD Identification of a meristem L1 layer-specific gene in Arabidopsis that is expressed during embryonic pattern formation and defines a new class of homeobox genes. Plant Cell. 8:1996;2155-2168.
21. Schel JHN, Kieft H, van Lammeren AAM Interactions between embryo and endosperm during early developmental stages of maize caryopses (Zea mays). Can J Bot. 62:1984;2842-2853.
22. Opsahl-Ferstad H-G, Le Deunff E, Dumas C, Rogowsky PM ZmEsr, a novel endosperm-specific gene expressed in a restricted region around the maize embryo. Plant J. 12:1997;235-246. This work describes a family of novel genes expressed specifically in the endosperm located around the embryo. No sequence homology has been found but the localised expression of these genes suggests a role in interactions between the embryo and the endosperm.
23. Hueros G, Varotto S, Salamini F, Thompson RD Molecular characterisation of BET1, a gene expressed in the endosperm transfer cells of maize. Plant Cell. 7:1995;747-757.
24. Grossniklaus U, Vielle-Calzada J-P, Hoeppner MA, Gagliano WB Maternal control of embryogenesis by MEDEA a Polycomb group gene in Arabidopsis. Science. 280:1998;446-448. MEDEA encodes a potential regulator of transcriptional activators. The female gametophytic nature of the mutation and its associated phenotype are rather complex and intriguing. This might be a door opened towards the understanding of imprinting.
25. Lin B-Y Ploidy barrier to endosperm development in maize. Genetics. 107:1984;103-115.
26. Hong SK, Kitano H, Satoh H, Nagato Y How is embryo size genetically regulated in rice? Development. 122:1996;2051-2058.
27. Young TE, Gallie DR, DeMason DA Ethylene-mediated programmed cell death during maize endosperm development of wild type and shrunken2 genotypes. Plant Physiol. 115:1997;737-751. A thorough study of cell death associated with endosperm maturation in maize. Nuclease activity is detected in the endosperm of developing kernels. The activity is high before reserve storage and, later, a second smaller peak of activity occurs during seed maturation. An increase in the production of ethylene and of its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) takes place in the endosperm at the time of the onset of cell death. Ethylene treatments result in more rapid and extensive cell death. The mutant shrunken 2 characterised by more extensive and earlier cell death produces higher levels of ethylene and ACC. Finally, treatment with an ethylene synthesis inhibitor reduces the abnormally large extent of DNA fragmentation in sh2.
28. Columbo L, Franken J, Van der Krol AR, Wittich PE, Dons HJM, Angenent GC Downregulation of ovule-specific MADS box genes from Petunia results in maternally controlled defects in seed development. Plant Cell. 9:1997;703-715. Downregulation of the Petunia MADS box genes FBP7 and FBP11 using cosuppression results in abnormal seed development under a genetic maternal control. The cosuppression appears to result in the degeneration of the innermost cell layer of the seed-coat, the endothelium. In parallel, the endosperm developing at proximity of degenerating endothelium cells shows some abnormalities, which indicate interactions between these two components of the seed. These interactions may involve the supply of nutrients as well as developmental signals.
29. Mayer U, Herzog U, Berger F, Inzé D, Jürgens G Mutations in the PILZ group genes disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton and uncouple cell cycle progression from cell division in Arabidopsis embryo and endosperm. Eur J Cell Biol. 1999;. in press. Four mutants described in this report are embryo lethals, characterised by an embryo with giant cells and giant nuclei and a non cellularising endosperm with giant nuclei. All mutants are defective in mitosis and cytokinesis although it is possible to detect the expression of cyclins, cyclin kinases and the cytokinesis-related syntaxin KNOLLE. The cytological defects observed in the pilz mutants appear to result from a complete lack of organised microtubules, the cause of which remains to be determined.