Application of discrete-event simulation in health care clinics: A survey

Journal of the Operational Research Society

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 109-123

  Jun, J B ^a   Jacobson, S H ^b   Swisher, J R ^a  

^a Biological and Popular Culture Inc   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinics; Health services; Hospitals; Simulation

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; HEALTH CARE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MEDICAL COMPUTING;

DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION;

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS;

EID: 0033075593     PISSN: 01605682     EISSN: 14769360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600669     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. England W and Roberts S (1978). Applications of computer simulation in health care. In: Highland HJ, Hull LG and Neilsen NR (eds). Proceedings of the 1978 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Miami Beach, Florida, USA, 4-6 December, pp 665-676.
2. Valinsky D (1975). Simulation. In: Shuman LT, Speas RD and Young JP (eds). Operations Research in Healthcare: A Critical Analysis. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
3. Klein RW, Dittus RS, Roberts SD and Wilson JR (1993). Simulation modeling and health-care decision making. Med Decis Making 13: 347-354.
4. Smith-Daniels VL, Schweikhart SB and Smith-Daniels DE (1988). Capacity management in health care services: Review and future research directions. Decis Sei 19: 889-918.
5. Banks J and Carson JS (1987). Applying the simulation process. In: Thesen A, Grant H and Kelton WD (eds). Proceedings of the 1987 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 14-16 December, pp 68-71.
6. Mahachek A (1992). An introduction to patient flow simulation for health-care managers. J Soc Health Sys 3: 73-81.
7. Kanon D (1974). Simulation of waiting line problems in a hospital setting. In: Anderson J and Forsythe JM (eds). Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Medical Information. North-Holland, Stockholm, Netherlands, 5-10 August, pp 503-507.
8. Lowery JC (1996). Introduction to simulation in health care. In: Charnes JM, Morrice DM, Brunner DT, Swain JJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Coronado, California, USA, 8 -11 December, pp 78-84.
9. Fetter RB and Thompson JD (1965). The simulation of hospital systems. Opns Res 13: 689-711.
10. Smith EA and Warner HR (1971). Simulation of a multiphasic screening procedure for hospital admissions. Simulation 17: 57-64.
11. Rising EJ, Baron R and Averill B (1973). A systems analysis of a university-health-service outpatient clinic. Opns Res 21: 1030-1047.
12. Kho JW and Johnson GM (1976). Computer simulation of a hospital health-care delivery system. In: Sargent RG, Highland HJ and Schriber TJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1976 Bicentennial Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, 6-8 December, pp 349-360.
13. Kachhal SK, Klutke GA and Daniels EB (1981). Two simulation applications to outpatient clinics. In: Oren TI, Delfosse CM and Shubl CM (eds). Proceedings of the 1981 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 9-11 December, pp 657-665.
14. Bailey NT (1952). A study of queues and appointment systems in hospital outpatient departments, with special reference to waiting times. J Roy Stat Soc A14: 185-199.
15. Smith SR, Schroer BJ and Shannon RE (1979). Scheduling of patients and resources for ambulatory health care. In: Highland HJ, Spiegel MG and Shannon R (eds). Proceedings of the 1979 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Diego, California, USA, 3 -5 December, pp 553-562.
16. Williams WJ, Covert RP and Steele JD (1967). Simulation modeling of a teaching hospital clinic. Hospitals 41: 71-75.
17. Murphy DR and Sigal E (1985). Evaluating surgical block scheduling using computer simulation. In: Gantz DT, Blais GC and Solomon SL (eds). Proceedings of the 1985 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Francisco, California, USA, 11-13 December, pp 551-557.
18. Fitzpatrick KE, Baker JR and Dave DS (1993). An application of computer simulation to improve scheduling of hospital operating room facilities in the United States. Int J Comp Applic Technol 6: 215-224.
19. Magerlein JM and Martin JB (1976). Surgical demand scheduling: A review. Health Services Res 11: 53-68.
20. Klassen KJ and Rohleder TR (1996). Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment. J Opns Mgmt 14: 83-101.
21. Swisher JR, Jun JB, Jacobson SH and Balci O (1997). Simulation of the Queston physician network. In: Andradottir S, Healy KJ, Withers DE and Nelson BL (eds). Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 7-10 December, pp 1146-1154.
22. Steward D and Standridge CR (1996). A veterinary practice simulator based on the integration of expert system and process modeling. Simulation 66: 143-159.
23. Hancock W and Walter P (1979). The use of computer simulation to develop hospital systems. Simuletter 10: 28-32.
24. Hancock W and Walter P (1984). The use of admissions sim-ulation to stabilize ancillary workloads. Simulation 43: 88-94.
25. Lim T, Uyeno D and Vertinsky I (1975). Hospital admission systems: A simulation approach. Simulation and Games 6: 188-201.
26. Walter SD (1973). A comparison of appointment schedules in hospital radiology department. Br J Preven and Soc Med 27: 160-167.
27. Goitein M (1990). Waiting patiently. New Engl J Med 323: 604-608.
28. Garcia ML, Centeno MA, Rivera C and DeCario N (1995). Reducing time in an emergency room via a fast-track. In: Alexopoulos C, Kang K, Lilegdon WR, Goldsman D (eds). Proceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 3-6 December, pp 1048-1053.
29. Kraitsik MJ and Bossmeyer A (1993). Simulation applied to planning an emergency department expansion. In: Anderson JG and Katzper M (eds). 1993 SCS Western Multiconference on Simulation: Simulation in the Health Sciences and Services. Society for Computer Simulation, La Jolla, California, USA, 17-20 January, pp 19-27.
30. Kirtland A et al (1995). Simulating an emergency department is as much fun as… In: Alexopoulos C, Kang K, Lilegdon WR and Goldsman D (eds). Proceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 3-6 December, pp 1039-1042.
31. McGuire F (1994). Using simulation to reduce length of stay in emergency departments. In: Tew JD, Manivannan S, Sadowski DA, Seila AF (eds). Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 11-14 December, pp 861-867.
32. Blake JT and Carter MW (1996). An analysis of emergency room wait time issues via computer simulation. INFOR 34: 263-272.
33. Ritondo M and Freedman RW (1993). The effects of procedure scheduling on emergency room throughput: A simulation study. In: Anderson JG and Katzper M (eds). 1993 SCS Western Multiconference on Simulation: Simulation in the Health Sciences and Services. Society for Computer Simulation, La Jolla, California, USA, 17-20 January, pp 8-11.
34. Edwards R et al (1994). Operations research survey and computer simulation of waiting times in two medical outpatient clinic structures. Health Care Anal 2: 164-169.
35. Alessandra AJ, Grazman TE, Parameswaran R and Yavas U (1978). Using simulation in hospital planning. Simulation 30: 62-67.
36. Mukheijee AK (1991). A simulation model for management of operations in the pharmacy of a hospital. Simulation 56: 91103.
37. Draeger MA (1992). An emergency department simulation model used to evaluate alternative nurse staffing and patient population scenarios. In: Swain JJ, Goldsman D, Crain RC and Wilson JR (eds). Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 13-16 December, pp 1057-1064.
38. Evans GW, Gor TB and Unger E (1996). A simulation model for evaluating personnel schedules in a hospital emergency department. In: Charnes JM, Morrice DM, Brunner DT and Swain JJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Coronado, California, USA, 8-11 December, pp 1205-1209.
39. Kumar AP and Kapur R (1989). Discrete simulation application-scheduling staff for the emergency room. In: MacNair EA, Musselman JK and Heidelberger P (eds). Proceedings of the 1989 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 4-6 December, pp 1112-1120.
40. Lambo E (1983). An optimization-simulation model of a rural health center in Nigeria. Interfaces 13: 29-35.
41. Butler T, Reeves G, Karwan K and Sweigart J (1992). Assessing the impact of patient care policies using simulation analysis. J Soc Health Sys 3: 38-53.
42. Butler TW, Karwan KR and Sweigart JR (1992). Multi-level strategic evaluation of hospital plans and decisions. J Opl Res Soc 43: 665-675.
43. Lowery JC (1992). Simulation of a hospital’s surgical suite and critical care area. In: Swain JJ, Goldsman D, Crain RC and Wilson JR (eds). Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 13 -16 December, pp 1071-1078.
44. Lowery JC (1993). Multi-hospital validation of critical care simulation model. In: Evans GW, Mollaghasemi M, Russell EC and Biles WE (eds). Proceedings of the 1993 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Los Angeles, California, USA, 12-15 December, pp 1207-1215.
45. Lowery JC and Martin JB (1992). Design and validation of a critical care simulation model. J Soc Health Syst 3: 15-36.
46. Dumas MB (1984). Simulation modeling for hospital bed planning. Simulation 43: 69 -78.
47. Dumas MB (1985). Hospital bed utilization: An implemented simulation approach to adjusting and maintaining appropriate levels. Health Services Res 20: 43-61.
48. Cohen MA, Hershey JC and Weiss EN (1980). Analysis of capacity decisions for progressive patient care hospital facilities. Health Services Res 15: 145-160.
49. Zilm F, Arch D and Hollis RB (1983). An application of simulation modeling to surgical intensive care bed need analysis in a university hospital. Hospital & Health Services Admin 28: 82-101.
50. Romanin-Jacur G and Facchin P (1987). Optimal planning ofa pediatric semi-intensive care unit via simulation. Eur J Opl Res 29: 192-198.
51. Hancock WM, Magerlein DB, Storer RH and Martin JB (1978). Parameters affecting hospital occupancy and implications for faculty sizing. Health Services Res 13: 276-289.
52. Wright MB (1987). The application of a surgical bed simulation model. Eur J Opl Res 32: 26 -32.
53. Harris RA (1985). Hospital bed requirements planning. Eur J Opl Res 25: 121-126.
54. Gabaeff SC and Lennon J (1991).New computerized technology for the design and planning of emergency departments. In: Proceedings of the American Hospital Association. American Hospital Association, Anaheim, California, USA, July, pp 1-15.
55. Vassilacopoulos G (1985). A simulation model for bed allocation to hospital inpatient departments. Simulation 45: 233-241.
56. Altinel IK and Ulas E (1996). Simulation modeling for emergency bed requirement planning. Annals of Opns Res 67: 183-210.
57. Freedman RW (1994). Reduction of average length of stay in the emergency room using discrete simulation. In: Anderson JG and Katzper M (eds). Proceedings of Simulation in the Health Sciences. Society for Computer Simulation, Tempe, Arizona, USA, 24-26 January, pp 6-8.
58. Lennon J (1992). Simulation in the design and planning of emergency departments. In: 1992 SCS Western Multiconference: Simulation in education for business, management, and MIS. Society for Computer Simulation, Newport Beach, California, USA, January, pp 93-97.
59. Williams SV (1983). How many intensive care beds are enough? Crit Care Med 11: 412-416.
60. Currie K, Iskander W, Michael L and Coberly C (1984). Simulation modeling in health care facilities. In: Sheppard S, Pooch UW and Pegden CD (eds). Proceedings of the 1984 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dallas, Texas, USA, 28-30 November, pp 713-717.
61. Kwak N, Kuzdrall P and Schmitz H (1975). Simulating the use of space in a hospital surgical suite. Simulation 24: 147-152.
62. Kutzdrall PJ, Kwak NK and Schmitz HH (1981). Simulating space requirements and scheduling policies in a hospital surgical suite. Simulation 27: 163-171.
63. Olson E and Dux LE (1994). Computer model targets best route for expanding hospital surgicenter. Indust Engng 26: 24-26.
64. Amladi P (1984). Outpatient health care facility planning and sizing via computer simulation. In: Sheppard S, Pooch UW and Pegden CD (eds). Proceedings of the 1984 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dallas, Texas, USA, 28-30 November, pp 705-711.
65. Meier L, Sigal E and Vitale FR (1985). The use of simulation model for planning ambulatory surgery. In: Gantz DT, Blais GC and Solomon SL (eds). Proceedings of the 1985 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Francisco, California, USA, 11 -13 December, pp 558-563.
66. Iskander WH and Carter (1991). A simulation model for a same day care facility at a university hospital. In: Nelson BL, Kelton WD and Clark GM (eds). Proceedings of the 1991 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 8-11 December, pp 846-853.
67. Kletke MG and Dooley TE (1984). A simulation model of a maternity ward: A key planning tool for hospital administrators. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Simulation in Health Care Delivery Systems. San Diego, California, USA, 2 -4 February, pp 35-39.
68. Levy JL, Watford BA and Owen VT (1989). Simulation analysis of an outpatient services facility. J Soc Health Sys 1: 35-49.
69. Mahachek AR and Knabe TL (1984). Compuer simulation of patient flow in obstetrical/gynecology clinics. Simulation 30: 95-101.
70. Carter, O’Brien-Pallas, Blake, McGillis and Zhu (1993). Simulation, scheduling, and operating room. In: Anderson JG and Katzper M (eds). 1993 SCS Western Multiconference on Simulation: Simulation in the Health Sciences and Services. Society for Computer Simulation, La Jolla, California, USA, 17-20 January, pp 28-30.
71. Badri M and Hollingsworth J (1993). A simulation model for scheduling in the emergency room. IntJ Opns and Prod Mgmt 13: 13-24.
72. Klafehn KA and Owens D (1987). A simulation model designed to investigate resource utilization in a hospital emergency room. In: Stead W (ed). Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 1-4 November, pp 676-679.
73. Klafehn KA et al (1989). Evaluating the linkage between emergency medical services and the provision of scarce resources through simulation. In: Kingsland L, III (ed). Proceedings of the 13th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 5-8 November, pp 335-339.
74. Liyanage L and Gale M (1995). Quality improvement for the Campbelltown hospital emergency service. In: 1995 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 22-25 October, 13: pp 1997-2002.
75. Gonzalez, Lopez-Valcarcel BG and Perez PB (1994). Evaluation of alternative functional designs in an emergency department by means of simulation. Simulation 63: 20-28.
76. Bodtker K, Wilson L and Godolphin W (1992). Simulation as an aid to clinical chemistry laboratory planning. In: Anderson J (ed). Proceedings of the 1992 Conference on Simulation in Health Care and Social Services. Newport Beach, California, USA, 20-22 January, pp 15-18.
77. Godolphin W, Bodtker K and Wilson L (1992). Simulation modeling: A tool to help predict the impact of automation in clinical laboratories. Lab Robot and Autom 4: 249-255.
78. O’Kane PC (1981). A simulation model of a diagnostic radiology department. Eur J Opl Res 6: 38-45.
79. Klafehn KA (1987). Impact points in patient flows through a radiology department provided through simulation. In: Thesen A, Grant H and Kelton WD (eds). Proceedings of the 1987 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 14-16 December, pp 914-918.
80. Coffin MA, Lassiter G, Killingsworth B and Kleckley JW (1993). A simulation model of an X-ray facility. In: Anderson JG and Katzper M (eds). 1993 SCS Western Multiconference on Simulation: Simulation in the Health Sciences and Services. Society for Computer Simulation, La Jolla, California, USA, 17-20 January, pp 3-7.
81. Klafehn KA and Connolly M (1993). The simulation/animation of a new outpatient hematology laboratory. In: Anderson JG and Katzper M (eds). 1993 SCS Western Multiconference on Simulation: Simulation in the Health Sciences and Services. Society for Computer Simulation, La Jolla, California, USA, 17-20 January, pp 12-15.
82. Vemuri S (1984). Simulated analysis of patient waiting time in an outpatient pharmacy. Am J Hospital Pharmacy 41: 1127-1130.
83. Ishimoto K, Ishimitsu T, Koshiro A and Hirose S (1990). Computer simulation of optimum personnel assignment in hospital pharmacy using a work-sampling method. Med Inform 15: 343-354.
84. Hashimoto F and Bell S (1996). Improving outpatient clinic staffing and scheduling with computer simulation. J General Internal Med 11: 182-184.
85. Wilt A and Goddin D (1989). Health care case study: Simulating staffing needs and work flow in an outpatient diagnostic center. Indust Engng 21: 22-26.
86. McHugh ML (1989). Computer simulation as a method for selecting nurse staffing levels in hospitals. In: MacNair EA, Musselman KJ and Heidelberger P (eds). Proceedings of the 1989 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 4-6 December, pp 1121-1129.
87. Stafford EF Jr. (1976). A General Simulation Model for Multifacility Outpatient Clinics. M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.
88. Aggarwal SC and Stafford EF (1976). A simulation study to identify important design parameters of a typical outpatient health system and to analyze measures of its performance. In: Proceedings of the 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. Simulation Council, Washington, DC, USA, 12-14 July, pp 544-553.
89. Dearie D, Gerson J and Warfield T (1976). The development and use of a simulation model of an outpatient clinic. In: Proceedings of the 1976 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. Simulation Council, Washington, DC, USA, 12-14 July, pp 554-558.
90. Lehaney B and Paul RJ (1994). Using soft systems methodology to develop a simulation of out-patient services. J Roy Soc for Health 114: 248-251.
91. Lehaney L and Paul RJ (1996). The use of soft systems methodology in the development of a simulation of outpatient services at Watford General Hospital. J Opl Res Soc 47: 864-870.
92. Lehaney B and Hlupic V (1995). Simulation modelling for resource allocation and planning in the health sector. J Roy Soc of Health 115: 382-385.
93. Davies R and Davies H (1994). Modelling patient flows and resource provision in health systems. Omega 22: 123-131.
94. Stafford EF Jr. (1978). Simulationvs. mathematical analysis for systems modeling: a comparison of techniques. In: Proceedings of the 1978 Summer Computer Simulation Conference. AFIPS Press: Los Angeles, California, USA, 24-26 July, pp 153-159.
95. Carlson RC, Hershey JC and Kropp DH (1979). Use of optimization and simulation models to analyze outpatient health care settings. Decis Sci 10: 412-433.
96. Kropp D, Carlson RC and Jucker JV (1978). Use of both optimization and simulation models to analyze complex systems. In: Highland HJ, Hull LG and Neilsen NR (eds). Proceedings of the 1978 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Miami Beach, Florida, USA, 4-6 December, pp 195-201.
97. Kropp D and Hershey J (1979). Recursive optimization- simulation modeling for the analysis of ambulatory health care facilities. Simuletter 10: 43-46.
98. Butler TW, Karwan KR, Sweigart JR and Reeves GR (1992). An integrative model-based approach to hospital layout. IIE Trans 24: 144-152.
99. Carson Y and Maria A (1997). Simulation optimization: Methods and applications. In: Andradottir S, Healy KJ, Withers DE and Nelson BL (eds). Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 7-10 December, pp 118-126.
100. Glover F, Kelly JP and Laguna ML (1996). New advances and applications of combining simulation and optimization. In: Charnes JM, Morrice DM, Brunner DT and Swain JJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Coronado, California, USA, 8-11 December, pp 144-152.
101. Benson D (1997). Simulation modeling and optimization using ProModel. In: Andradottir S, Healy KJ, Withers DE and Nelson BL (eds). Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 7-10 December, pp 587-593.
102. Carson JS (1996). AutoStat output statistical analysis for Auto- mMod Users. In: Charnes JM, Morrice DM, Brunner DT and Swain JJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simu-lation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Coronado, California, USA, 8-11 December, pp 492-499.
103. Gipps PJ (1986). The role of computer graphics in validating simulation models. Math and Comp Simul 28: 285-289.
104. Sargent RG (1992). Validation and verification of simulation models. In: Swain JJ, Goldsman D, Crain RC and Wilson JR (eds). Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Arlington, Virginia, USA, 13-16 December, pp 104-114.
105. Paul RJ (1989). Visual simulation: Seeing is believing. Impacts of Recent Computer Advances on Opns Res 9: 422-432.
106. Banks J (1997). The future of simulation software: A panel discussion. In: Andradottir S, Kealy KJ, Withers DE and Nelson BL (eds). Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 7-10 December, pp 166-173.
107. Banks J (1996). Software for Simulation. In: Charnes JM, Morrice DM, Brunner DT and Swain JJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Coronado, California, USA, 8-11 December, pp 31-38.
108. Carroll D (1996). MedModel-Healthcare simulation software. In: Charnes JM, Morrice DM, Brunner DT and Swain JJ (eds). Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Coronado, California, USA, 8-11 December, pp 441-446.
109. Keller LF (1994). MedModel-Specialized software for the healthcare industry. In: Tew JD, Manivannan S, Sadowski DA and Seila AF (eds). Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 11 -14 December, pp 533-537.
110. Drevna MC and Kasales CJ (1984). Introduction to Arena. In: Sheppard S, Pooch UW and Pegden CD (eds). Proceedings of the 1984 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dallas, Texas, USA, 28-30 November, pp 431-436.
111. Jones LM and Hirst AJ (1986). Visual simulation in hospitals: A managerial or a political tool? Eur J Opl Res 29: 167-177.
112. Paul RJ and Kuljis J (1995). A generic simulation package for organizing outpatient clinics. In: Alexopoulos C, Kang K, Lilegdon WR and Goldsman D (eds). Proceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Washington DC, USA, 3-6 December, pp 1043-1047.
113. Wilson JCT (1981). Implementation of computer simulation projects in health care. J Opl Res Soc 32: 825-832.
114. Rakich JS, Kuzdrall PJ, Klafehn KA and Krigline AG (1991). Simulation in the hospital setting: Implications for managerial decision making and management development. J Mgmt Develop 10: 31-37.
115. Lowery JC (1994). Barriers to implementing simulation in health care. In: Tew JD, Manivannan S, Sadowski DA and Seila AF (eds). Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA, 11-14 December, pp 868-875.
116. Marsh J (1979). Simulation as a decision aid: A management perspective. Simuletter 10: 47-49.
117. Baezner D, Lomow G and Unger BW (1990). Sim+ + ™: The transition to distributed simulation. In: Nicol D (ed). Proceedings of the 1990 SCS Western Multiconference on Simulation: Distributed Simulation. Society for Computer Simulation, San Diego, California, USA, 17-19 January, pp 211-218.